Modular and Integrated Systems for Nanoparticle and Microparticle Synthesis—A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Integrated Systems for Synthesising NPs
2.1. Systems Based on Top-Down Methods
2.1.1. Sonication Systems
2.1.2. Laser Ablation Systems
2.2. Systems Based on Bottom-Up Methods
2.2.1. Microfluidic and Millifluidic Systems
2.2.2. Flame Synthesis Systems
3. Integrated Systems for MPs Production
3.1. Microfluidic Systems
3.2. Acoustic Systems
3.3. Centrifugal and Spinning Systems
3.4. Jetting Systems
4. Conclusions and Outlook
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type to NPs | Applications | Reference |
---|---|---|
Liquid metal (EGaIn, Galinstan, other Ga-based alloys) | Soft/flexible/wearable electronics Biomedical applications (e.g., drug delivery, medical imaging, therapeutics, and antimicrobial activities) | [12,14,15,16] |
Nobel metal (Au, Ag, platinum group of metals) | Antimicrobial activities Optoelectronics Catalysis Biomedical applications (e.g., drug delivery, medical imaging, and photothermal therapeutics) | [17,18,19,20] |
Transition metal (Cu, Ni, etc.) | Wastewater treatment Antimicrobial and anticancer activities Catalysis Biomedicine Energy storage | [21,22,23,24] |
Oxides of metals (Fe2O3, SnO2, Al2O3, etc.) | Anti-infective applications Electrochemical sensing and biosensing Catalysis Optoelectronics Medical imaging | [25,26,27] |
Semiconductor quantum dots (CdSe, CdTe, CdSeTe, etc.) | Catalysis Solar concentrators Medical imaging Cellular imaging | [28,29,30,31] |
Carbon-based materials (CNTs, graphene, CB, etc.) | Electrochemical sensing Energy storage Catalysis Cellular imaging Biomedical applications (e.g., bioimaging, biosensors, drug delivery, theranostics, and tissue engineering) | [4,32,33,34,35] |
Organic polymer (PLGA, PLGA@HF, PEG, etc.) | Mostly biomedical applications (e.g., drug delivery, tissue regeneration, molecular imaging, and cancer phototherapy) | [36,37,38] |
NPs Type | Enabling Technologies/Modules | Crucial Parameters | NP Size (nm) | Costs 1 | Year | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EGaIn | Microfluidics Ultrasonic bath | Dimension of microchannel s Centrifugal force | 200–700 (peak) | ★★ | 2018 | Tang [51] |
EGaIn | Liquid-based nebulization | Input voltage | ~160–200 | ★ | 2019 | Tang [55] |
EGaIn additive | Ultrasonic bath Cooling water machine | 286 ± 21 | ★★★ | 2020 | Guo [74] | |
Au | Laser ablation | Subpulse number in an envelope | ~4–120 | ★★★ | 2017 | Yu [62] |
Ag | Laser ablation | Liquid medium | 3.4–15.4 | ★★★ | 2020 | Menazea [66] |
Au, Ag | Laser ablation Ultrasonic bath | Ultrasonic field | 5.4–7.8 (Au)/7.9–12.1 (Ag) | ★★★★ | 2020 | Hu [59] |
Au | Laser ablation | pH | 13 ± 3 | ★★★ | 2017 | Palazzo [75] |
Au | Laser ablation | 14 ± 2.1 | ★★★ | 2015 | Affandi [76] | |
Au | Laser ablation Magnetic field | Field tensity | ~3–8 | ★★★★ | 2016 | Serkov [68] |
Au | Laser ablation Magnetic field | Residence time in the external magnetic field | ~20 | ★★★★ | 2019 | Shafeev [69] |
Ag | Laser ablation | Laser pulse energy | ~10 | ★★★ | 2015 | Valverde-Alva [77] |
Au | Laser ablation | Laser fluence Liquid media | ~3.16 (average) | ★★★ | 2015 | Tomko [78] |
Ag | Laser ablation | Laser wavelength | 3 and 20 | ★★★ | 2016 | Kőrösi [64] |
Ag, Cu, Ag-Cu alloy | Femtosecond laser ablation Laser irradiation | ~33.4(Ag)/~22.7(Cu)/~23.8(Ag-Cu alloy) | ★★★ | 2019 | Bharati [79] | |
Copper (I and II) oxide | Continuous flow Laser ablation | ~14 | ★★★ | 2019 | Al-Antaki [80] | |
Pt, Au, CuO | High-speed pulsed laser ablation | Laser fluences Repetition rates Ablation time | 4–7 | ★★★ | 2016 | Streubel [73] |
Al, Ti | Laser ablation | Laser pulse number Water depth | 19–38 (Ti)/29–41 (Al) | ★★★ | 2015 | Mahdieh [63] |
Pt, Au, Ag, Al, Cu, Ti | Laser ablation Two scanning systems | Repetition rate of laser | 7 | ★★★★ | 2016 | Streubel [61] |
CuO | Laser ablation in liquid | Laser energy | 3–40 | ★★★ | 2016 | Khashan [81] |
Cu3Mo2O9 nanorods | Laser ablation Electrochemistry | ~100 (diameter) ~3 μm (length) | ★★★ | 2011 | Liu [70] | |
CdO | Pulsed laser ablation | ~47 | ★★★ | 2017 | Mostafa [82] | |
Au@CdO | Pulsed laser ablation | ~11.35 | ★★★ | 2017 | Mostafa [83] | |
Transition metal vanadates nanostructures | Laser ablation Electrochemistry | Applied voltage | ~300 (diameter) ~100–140 (thickness) | ★★★ | 2012 | Liang [72] |
Cobalt oxide/hydroxide | Laser ablation | Laser wavelength Laser fluence | ~10–22 (average) | ★★★ | 2014 | Hu [84] |
CeO2/Pd | Pulse laser ablation | ~20(CeO2)/~9(Pd) | ★★★ | 2015 | Ma [85] | |
GeO2 nanotubes/spindles | Laser ablation Electrical field Ultrasonic vibrator | Applied electrical field | ~200–500 (nanotube) ~200–400 (spindle) | ★★★★ | 2008 | Liu [67] |
FePO4 | Ultrasonic intensification Im**ing jet reactor | Ultrasonic power | 107–191 | ★★★★ | 2019 | Guo [86] |
α-Fe2O3 | laser ablation | Laser fluencies | 50–110 | ★★★ | 2015 | Ismail [87] |
Fe2O3 | Laser ablation/fragmentation technique | Liquid media | 50–200 | ★★★ | 2014 | Pandey [88] |
Magnetic NPs | Laser ablation Magnetic field | ~200–500 | ★★★★ | 2014 | Liang [60] | |
Carbon nanotube | Laser ablation | Laser wavelength | 1.3 | ★★★ | 2015 | Chrzanowska [89] |
Carbon | Pulsed laser ablation in vacuum | ~33 | ★★★ | 2017 | Kazemizadeh [90] |
NPs Type | Enabling Technologies/Modules | Crucial Parameters | NP Size (nm) | Costs 1 | Year | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CdSe | Continuous-microflow synthesis High-pressure microreactor | Solvent phase Concentration Temperature Residence time | ~3–6 | ★★★★ | 2008 | Marre [94] |
CdSe | Combinational microreactors | Temperature Reaction time Reaction additive concentration | ~2–4.5 | ★★★★ | 2010 | Toyota [95] |
CdTe, CdSe, alloy CdSeTe | Multichannel droplet reactor | ★★★★ | 2013 | Nightingale [91] | ||
InP/ZnSeS | Millifluidic reactor system | Flow rate Reactor temperature Shell precursor concentration | 5.9 ± 1.2 | ★★★ | 2018 | Vikram [96] |
PbS | Droplet-based microfluidic | Temperature Flow rate | 2–6 | ★★ | 2015 | Lignos [97] |
Au | Millifluidic benchtop reactor system “Y” mixer Flow synthesis | Concentration | ~2–40 | ★★★ | 2013 | Lohse [100] |
Au | Zigzag micromixer | Seeds volume Residence channel length | 75 ± 6 | ★★★ | 2017 | Thiele [117] |
Au, bimetallic AuPd | Millifluidics Continuous flow | Flow rate Reactor geometry | 6.4 ± 1.5 (I-shape connection)/6.3 ± 1.3 (helical reactor) | ★★ | 2019 | Cattaneo [102] |
Ag | Droplet-based microfluidic reactor | Static mixing Temperature Flow rate | 4.37–11.45 | ★★★ | 2018 | Kwak [104] |
Ag | Drop-based microfluidics | Concentration ratios Flow rates | 4.9 ± 1.2 | ★★ | 2016 | Xu [118] |
Nobel metal | Millilitre-sized droplet reactors | Cap** agent Reductant Reaction temperature | ~9–50 | ★★★ | 2014 | Zhang [101] |
Nobel metal | Multichannel droplet reactor | Cap** agent Reductant Reaction temperature | ~2.5 | ★★★ | 2018 | Niu [105] |
Pd-Pt, Pd@Au (core@shell) | Duo-microreactor | Concentration | 18.0 ± 2.7 | ★★★★ | 2019 | Santana [119] |
BaSO4, Au, CaCO3 | Segmented flow microchannel Passive picoinjection | Injection volume | 30–40 (BaSO4) 32–91 (Au) | ★★★★ | 2018 | Du [120] |
Superparamagnetic iron oxide | Micellar electrospray | 36 ± 6 | ★★★★ | 2014 | Duong [121] | |
Ni | Continuous flow microreactor | Flow rates | ~6.43–8.76 | ★★★ | 2015 | Xu [122] |
Fe3O4 | Flow synthesis “T” mixer | Linear velocity Residence time Reactor dimension | 4.9 ± 0.7 | ★★ | 2015 | Jiao [123] |
PLGA@HF, PLGA@AcDX | Multiplex microfluidics | Flow rates | ~60–550 | ★★ | 2017 | Liu [108] |
PLGA | Microfluidic origami chip | Flow rates | ~100 | ★★ | 2013 | Sun [106] |
PLGA, hydrophobic chitosan, acetylated dextran | 3D coaxial flows Glass capillaries | ~100–400 | ★★★ | 2015 | Liu [107] | |
Metal-organic frameworks (MIL-88B) | Nanolitre continuous reactor Segmented flow | Residence time Temperature Volume slug | 90–900 | ★★★ | 2013 | Paseta [124] |
Silica, polymersomes, niosomes | Microreaction technology | Flow rates | 238–361 (silica)/275–75 (niosomes) | ★★★ | 2019 | Bomhard [125] |
Ag | Liquid flame spray | Passing times | ~10–100 | ★★★ | 2017 | Brobbey [92] |
SnO2 | Single droplet combustion Flame spray pyrolysis | Metal-precursor concentration | ~3–39 | ★★★★ | 2020 | Li [112] |
α-Al2O3 | Flame synthesis | Ratios of oxygen and acetyl | 50–150 | ★★★ | 2014 | Kathirvel [114] |
Cs0.32WO3 | Flame-assisted spray pyrolysis | Flame temperature Flow rate | ~6–300 | ★★★ | 2018 | Hirano [116] |
Fe/Al2O3 | Flame spray pyrolysis | Precursor molar ratio Multicomponent structures | 183–187 | ★★★ | 2016 | Hafshejani [115] |
Carbon | Flame synthesis Conical chimney | Combustion regime | ~200 | ★★★ | 2016 | Esmeryan [113] |
Carbon nanotube | Flame synthesis Methane diffusion flames | Sampling time Sampling height Sampling substrate | 30–110 | ★★★ | 2018 | Chu [111] |
Onion-like carbon | “Wick-and-oil” flame synthesis | ~25 ± 5 | ★★★ | 2016 | Mohapatra [93] |
MPs Type | Enabling Technologies/Modules | Crucial Parameters | MP Size (μm) | Costs 1 | Year | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PEDOT/PSS-agarose hybrid MPs | Microfluidic droplet generator | Continuous oil flow rate | 20–80 | ★★ | 2016 | Lee [127] |
Solid core enzyme-immobilised microcapsules | Flow focusing | 580 ± 10 | ★★ | 2019 | Varshney [132] | |
Magnetic droplets | Step emulsion device Magnetically driven microfluidic droplet generation technique | Dimensions of channels | 85–125 | ★★ | 2016 | Kahkeshani [130] |
W/O emulsions W/O/W emulsions | Flow focusing Droplet-based microfluidics Commercially available self-setting rubber | Flow rate Nozzle diameter | 100–500 | ★ | 2015 | Lapierre [131] |
Chitosan microspheres | 512-microchannel geometrical passive breakup device T-junction | Flow rate | 40.0 ± 2.2 | ★★ | 2019 | Kim [133] |
PLGA microspheres | 512-channel geometric droplet-splitting microfluidic device 256 T-junction | 6.56 | ★★ | 2020 | Kim [136] | |
Cell-laden microgel | Flow-focusing platform On-chip | Cell concentration | ~240–300 | ★★ | 2019 | Mohamed [138] |
Drops | Parallelised microfluidic device Millipede device | Device geometry | 20–160 | ★★ | 2016 | Amstad [135] |
Free-floating polymer (PEGDA) | Contact flow lithography system | Microchannel dimensions | 20–150 | ★★★ | 2015 | Goff [139] |
W/O and O/W emulsions | Glass microfluidic device Step emulsification | 80.9 (CV = 2.8%) | ★★ | 2017 | Ofner [137] | |
Chitosan/TiO2 composite | Factory-on-chip Modularised microfluidic reactors | 539.65 | ★★★ | 2017 | Han [134] | |
Water-in-water (W/W) emulsions | Microneedle-assistance Microfluidics Flow focusing | Column pressure | 5–65 | ★★★ | 2019 | Jeyhani [128] |
W/O emulsions | Electrical detection Microfluidics Closed-loop control | Flow rate | 200 | ★★★★ | 2017 | Fu [144] |
Liquid metal | Microfluidic flow-focusing device | Electrical potential Flow rate | ~80–160 | ★★★ | 2016 | Tang [48] |
W/O and oil-in water (O/W) emulsions | 3D-printed droplet generator Plug-and-play | Liquid flow rate ratio Viscosity of the dispersed phase | ~50 | ★★ | 2016 | Zhang [146] |
PEGDA | 3D-printed generator Screw-and-nut | T-junction gap height Flow rates | 34–1404 | ★★ | 2019 | Nguyen [147] |
W/O droplets | 3D-printing technology Millifluidics Chimney-shaped void geometry | Flow rates Apex angle | 36–616 | ★★ | 2019 | Hwang [148] |
Magnetic liquid metal | 3D-printed coaxial microfluidic device | Orifice diameter Flow rate ratio | 650–1900 | ★★★ | 2020 | He [149] |
EGaIn | Acoustic waves Electrochemistry Electrocapillary | Oxidative/reducing voltages Activating frequency | 10–80 | ★★★ | 2016 | Tang [48] |
Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions | Ultrasonic transducer | Vibrational velocity Pressure | 62.5 ± 2.6 | ★★★ | 2018 | Fujimoro [151] |
Pure water, silicone oils | Ultrasonic torsional transducer | Pressure Resonance frequency Diameter of liquid column | ~80–120 | ★★★ | 2015 | Kishi [150] |
W/O microdroplets | Glass-capillary-based microfluidic device Tabletop minicentrifuge | Diameter of inner and outer capillary orifice | ~6.6–13.8 | ★★ | 2014 | Yamashita [154] |
W/O emulsions | Spinning micropipette liquid emulsion generator | Flow rate Motion velocity of the micropipette | 25–230 | ★★ | 2016 | Chen [49] |
W/O emulsion | Centrifugal microchannel | Size of microchannels Centrifugal force | ~52.5 | ★★ | 2017 | Chen [156] |
Calcium alginate | Centrifugal microfluidic technique | Centrifugal force Circumference of the channel outlet | ~109–269 | ★★★ | 2015 | Liu [162] |
W/O picolitre droplets | Centrifuge-based step emulsification device | Level of oil phase Centrifugal force Height of microchannel | 18–90 | ★★★ | 2019 | Shin [155] |
Gallium-based liquid metal | Submerged electrodispersion technique Spinning disk | Electric field Flow rate Rotation speed of the disk | ~10–800 | ★★★ | 2019 | Zhang [157] |
Water, liquid metal, hydrogel, double emulsions | Spinning conical frustum | Rotational speed Applied voltage Flow rate | ~200–550 | ★ | 2019 | Tang [129] |
Sodium alginate multicompartmental particles | Centrifuge-based droplet shooting device | Barrel configuration Diameter of capillary orifice | 99 and 16 | ★★★ | 2012 | Maeda [152] |
Sodium alginate with complex shape | Centrifuge 3D nonequilibrium-induced microflows | Diffusional flow Marangoni microflows | ~112.4–135.1 (various shapes) | ★★★ | 2016 | Hayakawa [153] |
Janus MPs | Centrifugal gravity UV irradiation | 282 (mean) | ★★★ | 2020 | Tsuchiya [163] | |
Solder (Sn63Pb37) | Piezoelectric membrane-piston-based jetting technology | Pulse length Voltage value Temperature | ~85 | ★★★★ | 2019 | Ma [160] |
PDMS, UV-curing optical glue (high viscosity >2000 cps) | Tip-assisted electric field intensity enhancement effect High-resolution capability of EHD printing | Applied voltage Gap distance Nozzle inner diameter Deposition time | >2.3 | ★★★★ | 2019 | Zou [164] |
Al | Pneumatic drop-on-demand technology | The aspect ratio of the nozzle hole The distance between inlet hole and nozzle hole | 359.9 | ★★★★ | 2017 | Zhong [165] |
Ink drops | Pneumatic valve Feedback control Ejection technology Machine vision | Solenoid valve “ON” time | ★★★★★ | 2018 | Wang [166] | |
Al alloys (AlSi12) | StarJet technology | Applied pressures | 235 ± 15 | ★★★★ | 2017 | Gerdes [126] |
Alginate | Drop-on-demand jetting Piezoelectric print-head | Voltage waveform Microdroplet velocity Concentration of CaCl2 solution | ~80–110 | ★★★★ | 2016 | Gao [158] |
Water drops | Piezo-actuated microdroplet generator Drop on demand | Deflection voltage Suction and compression time Nozzle diameter | 450–1000 | ★★★★ | 2014 | Sadeghian [167] |
Chitosan aerogel | Jet cutting Supercritical drying of gel | Nozzle diameter Cutting disc velocity Number of wires of the cutting disc | 700–900 | ★★★ | 2020 | López-Iglesias [168] |
Sodium alginate | Alternating viscous and inertial force jetting mechanism | Applied voltage Nozzle diameter Fluid viscosity | ~30–80 | ★★★★ | 2017 | Zhao [169] |
Sodium alginate | Alternating viscous and inertial force jetting mechanism | Actuation signal waveforms Nozzle dimensional features Solution velocity | 53–72 | ★★★★ | 2015 | Zhao [159] |
Al | Supersonic laser-induced jetting | Incubation time Droplet velocity | ~3.9 | ★★★★ | 2015 | Zenou [161] |
High viscous microdroplets | Pneumatically driven inkjet printing system | Droplet volume Standoff distance frequency | ~143–247 (12.2–63.5 nL) | ★★★★ | 2016 | Choi [50] |
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Lu, H.; Tang, S.-Y.; Yun, G.; Li, H.; Zhang, Y.; Qiao, R.; Li, W. Modular and Integrated Systems for Nanoparticle and Microparticle Synthesis—A Review. Biosensors 2020, 10, 165. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10110165
Lu H, Tang S-Y, Yun G, Li H, Zhang Y, Qiao R, Li W. Modular and Integrated Systems for Nanoparticle and Microparticle Synthesis—A Review. Biosensors. 2020; 10(11):165. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10110165
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu, Hongda, Shi-Yang Tang, Guolin Yun, Haiyue Li, Yuxin Zhang, Ruirui Qiao, and Weihua Li. 2020. "Modular and Integrated Systems for Nanoparticle and Microparticle Synthesis—A Review" Biosensors 10, no. 11: 165. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10110165