Recent Progress in Wearable Biosensors: From Healthcare Monitoring to Sports Analytics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Sweat: Sweat is a biofluid produced and excreted by the eccrine glands within the epidermis, containing numerous important biomarkers that could be detected and assessed through the non-invasive collection and biochemical analysis [27,43,45,61,62]. For example, wearable microfluidic/electrochemical sweat biosensors are able to detect various electrolytes, such as sodium ions (Na+) [14,61,63,64,65,66,67], potassium ions (K+) [14,63], calcium ions (Ca2+) [32], and ammonium (NH4+) [68], multiple metabolites, such as glucose [14,37,69,70,71,72], lactate [14,21,63,73,74,75], several heavy metal species, such as zinc, iron, copper, and magnesium [61,76], and drug contents, such as Levodopa [77] (more sweat analytes can be found in Section 5.1 and Table 1). As such, sweat contains a wealth of physiologically relevant information [41,43,45] that can reflect hydration [21,27,33,74], electrolyte balance [63], exercise intensity [78], renal function [34,79], etc. For diagnostic use, wearable sweat biosensors are used to diagnose cystic fibrosis (CF), liver diseases, kidney disorders, as well as to monitor stress levels by measuring the cortisol concentrations in sweat [34,43,80]. Nonetheless, wearable biosensors capable of real-time biochemical analysis are still at an early stage of development. For instance, challenges still exist in extracting and calibrating the concentration of biomarkers in sweat due to regional variations and individual hydration status. Besides, other daunting challenges will be discussed in Section 6. In this paper, an in-depth overview of wearable sweat biosensing will be presented since sweat is the most well-studied analyte source among all six typical biofluids in the wearable biosensing field.
- Interstitial fluid (ISF): ISF is an attractive biofluid presented in the human dermis, and has rich analytes from blood, especially through capillaries. Due to the ease of fluid exchange, lots of analytes have near levels of concentration between ISF and blood [81]. The microneedle patches have many diagnostic applications via ISF manipulation [82]. The MNs are the miniaturized replica of hypodermic needles aimed at minimally-invasive transdermal ISF biosensing [37,83] without blood sampling, which will be briefly reviewed in Section 5.3.1.
- Saliva: Saliva has been recognized as an alternative to blood, too [57,58,59,60]. Non-invasive analysis of fluoride (F-), Na+, pH, and uric acid has been demonstrated [84]. The mouthguard platforms combined with electrochemical biosensors for monitoring were developed for wearable salivary monitoring of metabolites [85]. However, salivary monitoring may be affected by huge amounts of microbes (e.g., bacteria) in the oral cavity that could cause specimen contamination [86].
- Tears: Recently, the contact lens has attracted considerable interest as a platform for in situ biosensing of tear fluid [46,56]. Research shows that glucose, Na+, and K+ can be found in tears and tear fluid is less complicated than blood due to the presence of the blood-tear barrier [55]. Unfortunately, tear fluid has a relatively low potential for wearable biosensing because of the low diversity of analytes and a strong reliance on proximal wireless power delivery.
- Urine: Urinalysis has been widely used as a means to monitor the overall health status and screen various diseases due to ease of non-invasive collection and relatively large amounts [31,32,54,85]. Despite these advantages, urinalysis still has difficulties performing on-field wearable biosensing due to the difficulty of calibration of concentration levels of analytes levels, because they are strongly related to individuals’ hydration levels.
- Blood: It is known that blood analysis is usually not suitable for wearable sensing due to its invasive nature, skin-piercing for blood sampling. Only several recent studies demonstrate its utility in wearable biosensing. These studies harnessed fingernail-mounting optoelectronic biosensors to in situ continuous monitoring of vital signs [26,52,53]. A representative example [26] will be discussed in Section 4.2.4.
2. Materials and Fabrication Strategies
2.1. Materials
2.2. Fabrication Strategies
3. Sampling Modalities
4. Sensing Modalities
4.1. Electrochemical Sensing
4.1.1. Potentiometry
4.1.2. Conductometry
4.1.3. Voltammetry/Amperometry
4.2. Optical Sensing
4.2.1. Fluorometry
4.2.2. Bioluminescence
4.2.3. Colorimetry
4.2.4. Optoelectronic Sensing
4.3. Other Sensing Modalities
Volumetry
5. Key Analytes and Wearable Biosensing Platforms
5.1. Key Analytes in Wearable Biosensing
5.2. Wearable Sweat Biosensing Platforms for Healthcare and Sports Monitoring
5.3. Microneedles Platforms
- Easy-to-use. MNs are user-friendly biosensing and drug delivery devices that can be directly applied to the skin. Conventional methods, hypodermic injections, conversely, demand professional personnel who undergo rigorous medical training [179].
- Real-time in situ biosensing and controllable/long-term drug delivery. MNs realize pain-free, in situ diagnostics even combine with feedback-based long-term drug delivery [160].
5.3.1. Microneedles for Transdermal Biosensing
5.3.2. Microneedles for Pain-free Drug Delivery
6. Unsolved Challenges for Future Research
7. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Figeys, D.; Pinto, D. Lab-on-a-chip: A revolution in biological and medical sciences. Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 330A–335A. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Manz, A.; Graber, N.; Widmer, H.M. Miniaturized total chemical analysis systems: A novel concept for chemical sensing. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 1990, 1, 244–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sackmann, E.K.; Fulton, A.L.; Beebe, D.J. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature 2014, 507, 181–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mark, D.; Haeberle, S.; Roth, G.; von Stetten, F.; Zengerle, R. Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip platforms: Requirements, characteristics and applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 1153–1182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lindström, S.; Andersson-Svahn, H. Miniaturization of biological assays—Overview on microwell devices for single-cell analyses. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj. 2011, 1810, 308–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, S.H.; Fujii, T. Efficient analysis of a small number of cancer cells at the single-cell level using an electroactive double-well array. Lab Chip 2016, 16, 2440–2449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Huang, L.; Bian, S.; Cheng, Y.; Shi, G.; Liu, P.; Ye, X.; Wang, W. Microfluidics cell sample preparation for analysis: Advances in efficient cell enrichment and precise single cell capture. Biomicrofluidics 2017, 11, 011501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cheng, Y.-H.; Chen, Y.-C.; Brien, R.; Yoon, E. Scaling and automation of a high-throughput single-cell-derived tumor sphere assay chip. Lab Chip 2016, 16, 3708–3717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bian, S.; Zhou, Y.; Hu, Y.; Cheng, J.; Chen, X.; Xu, Y.; Liu, P. High-throughput in situ cell electroporation microsystem for parallel delivery of single guide RNAs into mammalian cells. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 42512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Whitesides, G.M. The origins and the future of microfluidics. Nature 2006, 442, 368–373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yılmaz, B.; Yılmaz, F. Chapter 8—Lab-on-a-chip technology and its applications. In Omics Technologies and Bio-Engineering; Barh, D., Azevedo, V., Eds.; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2018; pp. 145–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carlo, D.D.; Lee, L.P. Dynamic single-cell analysis for quantitative biology. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 7918–7925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lin, C.-H.; Hsiao, Y.-H.; Chang, H.-C.; Yeh, C.-F.; He, C.-K.; Salm, E.M.; Chen, C.; Chiu, I.-M.; Hsu, C.-H. A microfluidic dual-well device for high-throughput single-cell capture and culture. Lab Chip 2015, 15, 2928–2938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gao, W.; Emaminejad, S.; Nyein, H.Y.Y.; Challa, S.; Chen, K.; Peck, A.; Fahad, H.M.; Ota, H.; Shiraki, H.; Kiriya, D.; et al. Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis. Nature 2016, 529, 509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kim, J.; Campbell, A.S.; de Ávila, B.E.-F.; Wang, J. Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. Nat. Biotechnol. 2019, 37, 389–406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tüdős, A.J.; Besselink, G.A.J.; Schasfoort, R.B.M. Trends in miniaturized total analysis systems for point-of-care testing in clinical chemistry. Lab Chip 2001, 1, 83–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dincer, C.; Kling, A.; Chatelle, C.; Armbrecht, L.; Kieninger, J.; Weber, W.; Urban, G.A. Designed miniaturization of microfluidic biosensor platforms using the stop-flow technique. Analyst 2016, 141, 6073–6079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Medina-Sánchez, M.; Miserere, S.; Merkoçi, A. Nanomaterials and lab-on-a-chip technologies. Lab Chip 2012, 12, 1932–1943. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, M.; Wu, J.; Wang, L.; ** method for microfluidic devices. Lab Chip 2002, 2, 131–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koh, A.; Kang, D.; Xue, Y.; Lee, S.; Pielak, R.M.; Kim, J.; Hwang, T.; Min, S.; Banks, A.; Bastien, P.; et al. A soft, wearable microfluidic device for the capture, storage, and colorimetric sensing of sweat. Sci. Transl. Med. 2016, 8, 366ra165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kaminski, T.S.; Scheler, O.; Garstecki, P. Droplet microfluidics for microbiology: Techniques, applications and challenges. Lab Chip 2016, 16, 2168–2187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ray, T.; Choi, J.; Reeder, J.; Lee, S.P.; Aranyosi, A.J.; Ghaffari, R.; Rogers, J.A. Soft, skin-interfaced wearable systems for sports science and analytics. Curr. Opin. Biomed. Eng. 2019, 9, 47–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ying, M.; Bonifas, A.P.; Lu, N.; Su, Y.; Li, R.; Cheng, H.; Ameen, A.; Huang, Y.; Rogers, J.A. Silicon nanomembranes for fingertip electronics. Nanotechnology 2012, 23, 344004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- He, S.; Feng, S.; Nag, A.; Afsarimanesh, N.; Han, T.; Mukhopadhyay, S.C. Recent progress in 3D printed mold-based sensors. Sensors 2020, 20, 703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kim, J.; Gutruf, P.; Chiarelli, A.M.; Heo, S.Y.; Cho, K.; ** of soft functional components for paper electronics. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 11488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Li, G.; Wu, X.; Lee, D.-W. Selectively plated stretchable liquid metal wires for transparent electronics. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2015, 221, 1114–1119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eom, J.; Jaisutti, R.; Lee, H.; Lee, W.; Heo, J.-S.; Lee, J.-Y.; Park, S.K.; Kim, Y.-H. Highly sensitive textile strain sensors and wireless user-interface devices using all-polymeric conducting fibers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 10190–10197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shin, K.-Y.; Lee, J.S.; Jang, J. Highly sensitive, wearable and wireless pressure sensor using free-standing ZnO nanoneedle/PVDF hybrid thin film for heart rate monitoring. Nano Energy 2016, 22, 95–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luheng, W.; Tianhuai, D.; Peng, W. Influence of carbon black concentration on piezoresistivity for carbon-black-filled silicone rubber composite. Carbon 2009, 47, 3151–3157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, Y.; Li, Y.; Li, Z.; Wang, Y.; Dai, K.; Zheng, G.; Liu, C.; Shen, C. The effect of filler dimensionality on the electromechanical performance of polydimethylsiloxane based conductive nanocomposites for flexible strain sensors. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2017, 139, 64–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tian, L.; Li, Y.; Webb, R.C.; Krishnan, S.; Bian, Z.; Song, J.; Ning, X.; Crawford, K.; Kurniawan, J.; Bonifas, A.; et al. Flexible and stretchable 3ω sensors for thermal characterization of human skin. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, 1701282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, D.-H.; Lu, N.; Ma, R.; Kim, Y.-S.; Kim, R.-H.; Wang, S.; Wu, J.; Won, S.M.; Tao, H.; Islam, A.; et al. Epidermal electronics. Science 2011, 333, 838–843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, S.; Wei, Y.; Wei, S.; Lin, Y.; Liu, L. Ultrasensitive cracking-assisted strain sensors based on silver nanowires/graphene hybrid particles. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 25563–25570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, Y.; Huang, X. Mechanisms and materials of flexible and stretchable skin sensors. Micromachines 2017, 8, 69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Li, Z.; Liu, H.; Ouyang, C.; Wee, W.H.; Cui, X.; Lu, T.J.; **guan-Murphy, B.; Li, F.; Xu, F. Recent advances in pen-based writing electronics and their emerging applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26, 165–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yin, Z.; Huang, Y.; Bu, N.; Wang, X.; ** inkjet-printed resistive sensors array. IEEE Sens. J. 2020, 20, 4087–4095. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karim, N.; Afroj, S.; Malandraki, A.; Butterworth, S.; Beach, C.; Rigout, M.; Novoselov, K.S.; Casson, A.J.; Yeates, S.G. All inkjet-printed graphene-based conductive patterns for wearable e-textile applications. J. Mater. Chem. C 2017, 5, 11640–11648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Neophytou, M.; Cambarau, W.; Hermerschmidt, F.; Waldauf, C.; Christodoulou, C.; Pacios, R.; Choulis, S.A. Inkjet-printed polymer–fullerene blends for organic electronic applications. Microelectron. Eng. 2012, 95, 102–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oncescu, V.; O’Dell, D.; Erickson, D. Smartphone based health accessory for colorimetric detection of biomarkers in sweat and saliva. Lab Chip 2013, 13, 3232–3238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, Q.; Jiang, D.; Xu, C.; Yuancai, G.; Liu, X.; Wei, Q.; Huang, L.; Ren, X.; Wang, C.; Wang, Y. Wearable electrochemical biosensor based on molecularly imprinted Ag nanowires for noninvasive monitoring lactate in human sweat. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2020, 320, 128325. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Chen, Y.; Huang, J.; Liu, Y.; Peng, J.; Chen, S.; Song, K.; Ouyang, X.; Cheng, H.; Wang, X. Skin-interfaced microfluidic devices with one-opening chambers and hydrophobic valves for sweat collection and analysis. Lab Chip 2020, 2635–2645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ogasawara, K.; Tsuru, T.; Mitsubayashi, K.; Karube, I. Electrical conductivity of tear fluid in healthy persons and keratoconjunctivitis sicca patients measured by a flexible conductimetric sensor. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 1996, 234, 542–546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shibasaki, K.; Kimura, M.; Ikarashi, R.; Yamaguchi, A.; Watanabe, T. Uric acid concentration in saliva and its changes with the patients receiving treatment for hyperuricemia. Metabolomics 2012, 8, 484–491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soukup, M.; Biesiada, I.; Henderson, A.; Idowu, B.; Rodeback, D.; Ridpath, L.; Bridges, E.G.; Nazar, A.M.; Bridges, K.G. Salivary uric acid as a noninvasive biomarker of metabolic syndrome. Diab. Metab. Syndr. 2012, 4, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Girotti, S.; Bolelli, L.; Roda, A.; Gentilomi, G.; Musiani, M. Improved detection of toxic chemicals using bioluminescent bacteria. Anal. Chim. Acta 2002, 471, 113–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petänen, T.; Romantschuk, M. Use of bioluminescent bacterial sensors as an alternative method for measuring heavy metals in soil extracts. Anal. Chim. Acta 2002, 456, 55–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jouanneau, S.; Durand, M.-J.; Courcoux, P.; Blusseau, T.; Thouand, G. Improvement of the Identification of Four Heavy Metals in Environmental Samples by Using Predictive Decision Tree Models Coupled with a Set of Five Bioluminescent Bacteria. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 2925–2931. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yeh, H.-W.; Ai, H.-W. Development and Applications of Bioluminescent and Chemiluminescent Reporters and Biosensors. Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2019, 12, 129–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Roda, A.; Cevenini, L.; Michelini, E.; Branchini, B.R. A portable bioluminescence engineered cell-based biosensor for on-site applications. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011, 26, 3647–3653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Burlage, R.S.; Sayler, G.S.; Larimer, F. Monitoring of naphthalene catabolism by bioluminescence with nah-lux transcriptional fusions. J. Bacteriol. 1990, 172, 4749–4757. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cevenini, L.; Calabretta, M.M.; Tarantino, G.; Michelini, E.; Roda, A. Smartphone-interfaced 3D printed toxicity biosensor integrating bioluminescent “sentinel cells”. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2016, 225, 249–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Araki, H.; Kim, J.; Zhang, S.; Banks, A.; Crawford, K.E.; Sheng, X.; Gutruf, P.; Shi, Y.; Pielak, R.M.; Rogers, J.A. Materials and device designs for an epidermal UV colorimetric dosimeter with near field communication capabilities. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, 1604465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, C.; Li, X.; Hu, H.; Zhang, L.; Huang, Z.; Lin, M.; Zhang, Z.; Yin, Z.; Huang, B.; Gong, H.; et al. Monitoring of the central blood pressure waveform via a conformal ultrasonic device. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2018, 2, 687–695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boutry, C.M.; Beker, L.; Kaizawa, Y.; Vassos, C.; Tran, H.; Hinckley, A.C.; Pfattner, R.; Niu, S.; Li, J.; Claverie, J.; et al. Biodegradable and flexible arterial-pulse sensor for the wireless monitoring of blood flow. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2019, 3, 47–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tian, L.; Zimmerman, B.; Akhtar, A.; Yu, K.J.; Moore, M.; Wu, J.; Larsen, R.J.; Lee, J.W.; Li, J.; Liu, Y.; et al. Large-area MRI-compatible epidermal electronic interfaces for prosthetic control and cognitive monitoring. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2019, 3, 194–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qi, M.; Huang, J.; Wei, H.; Cao, C.; Feng, S.; Guo, Q.; Goldys, E.M.; Li, R.; Liu, G. Graphene oxide thin film with dual function integrated into a nanosandwich device for in vivo monitoring of interleukin-6. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 41659–41668. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Mickle, A.D.; Gutruf, P.; McIlvried, L.A.; Guo, H.; Wu, Y.; Golden, J.P.; Xue, Y.; Grajales-Reyes, J.G.; Wang, X.; et al. Battery-free, fully implantable optofluidic cuff system for wireless optogenetic and pharmacological neuromodulation of peripheral nerves. Sci. Adv. 2019, 5, eaaw5296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Choi, J.; Xue, Y.; **a, W.; Ray, T.R.; Reeder, J.T.; Bandodkar, A.J.; Kang, D.; Xu, S.; Huang, Y.; Rogers, J.A. Soft, skin-mounted microfluidic systems for measuring secretory fluidic pressures generated at the surface of the skin by eccrine sweat glands. Lab Chip 2017, 17, 2572–2580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jagannath, B.; Lin, K.-C.; Pali, M.; Sankhala, D.; Muthukumar, S.; Prasad, S. A sweat-based wearable enabling technology for real-time monitoring of IL-1β and CRP as potential markers for inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2020, 26, 1533–1542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hao, Z.; Wang, Z.; Li, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Wang, X.; De Moraes, C.G.; Pan, Y.; Zhao, X.; Lin, Q. Measurement of cytokine biomarkers using an aptamer-based affinity graphene nanosensor on a flexible substrate toward wearable applications. Nanoscale 2018, 10, 21681–21688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parlak, O.; Keene, S.T.; Marais, A.; Curto, V.F.; Salleo, A. Molecularly selective nanoporous membrane-based wearable organic electrochemical device for noninvasive cortisol sensing. Sci. Adv. 2018, 4, eaar2904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kinnamon, D.; Ghanta, R.; Lin, K.-C.; Muthukumar, S.; Prasad, S. Portable biosensor for monitoring cortisol in low-volume perspired human sweat. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 13312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yang, Y.; Song, Y.; Bo, X.; Min, J.; Pak, O.S.; Zhu, L.; Wang, M.; Tu, J.; Kogan, A.; Zhang, H.; et al. A laser-engraved wearable sensor for sensitive detection of uric acid and tyrosine in sweat. Nat. Biotechnol. 2019, 217–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Qiao, L.; Benzigar, M.R.; Subramony, J.A.; Lovell, N.H.; Liu, G. Advances in sweat wearables: Sample extraction, real-time biosensing, and flexible platforms. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 34337–34361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shawcross, D.L.; Shabbir, S.S.; Taylor, N.J.; Hughes, R.D. Ammonia and the neutrophil in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2010, 51, 1062–1069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, H.; Choi, T.K.; Lee, Y.B.; Cho, H.R.; Ghaffari, R.; Wang, L.; Choi, H.J.; Chung, T.D.; Lu, N.; Hyeon, T.; et al. A graphene-based electrochemical device with thermoresponsive microneedles for diabetes monitoring and therapy. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2016, 11, 566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, C.-T.; Chen, M.-L.; Huang, L.-L.; Mao, I.F. Uric acid and urea in human sweat. Chin. J. Physiol. 2002, 45, 109–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Farrell, P.M.; Rosenstein, B.J.; White, T.B.; Accurso, F.J.; Castellani, C.; Cutting, G.R.; Durie, P.R.; LeGrys, V.A.; Massie, J.; Parad, R.B.; et al. Guidelines for diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in newborns through older adults: Cystic fibrosis foundation consensus report. J. Pediatr. 2008, 153, S4–S14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tai, L.-C.; Gao, W.; Chao, M.; Bariya, M.; Ngo, Q.P.; Shahpar, Z.; Nyein, H.Y.Y.; Park, H.; Sun, J.; Jung, Y.; et al. Methylxanthine drug monitoring with wearable sweat sensors. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1707442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rawson, T.M.; Gowers, S.A.N.; Freeman, D.M.E.; Wilson, R.C.; Sharma, S.; Gilchrist, M.; MacGowan, A.; Lovering, A.; Bayliss, M.; Kyriakides, M.; et al. Microneedle biosensors for real-time, minimally invasive drug monitoring of phenoxymethylpenicillin: A first-in-human evaluation in healthy volunteers. Lancet Digit. Health 2019, 1, e335–e343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nyein, H.Y.Y.; Tai, L.-C.; Ngo, Q.P.; Chao, M.; Zhang, G.B.; Gao, W.; Bariya, M.; Bullock, J.; Kim, H.; Fahad, H.M.; et al. A wearable microfluidic sensing patch for dynamic sweat secretion analysis. ACS Sens. 2018, 3, 944–952. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liang, B.; Cao, Q.; Mao, X.; Pan, W.; Tu, T.; Fang, L.; Ye, X. An integrated paper-based microfluidic device for real-time sweat potassium monitoring. IEEE Sens. J. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miller, P.R.; **ao, X.; Brener, I.; Burckel, D.B.; Narayan, R.; Polsky, R. Microneedle-based transdermal sensor for on-chip potentiometric determination of k+. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2014, 3, 876–881. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keene, S.T.; Fogarty, D.; Cooke, R.; Casadevall, C.D.; Salleo, A.; Parlak, O. Wearable organic electrochemical transistor patch for multiplexed sensing of calcium and ammonium ions from human perspiration. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2019, 8, 1901321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, G.; Cheng, C.; Yuan, W.; Liu, Z.; Zhu, L.; Li, X.; Lu, Y.; Chen, Z.; Liu, J.; Cui, Z.; et al. Smartphone-based battery-free and flexible electrochemical patch for calcium and chloride ions detections in biofluids. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2019, 297, 126743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bollella, P.; Sharma, S.; Cass, A.E.G.; Antiochia, R. Microneedle-based biosensor for minimally-invasive lactate detection. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2019, 123, 152–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Windmiller, J.R.; Bandodkar, A.J.; Valdés-Ramírez, G.; Parkhomovsky, S.; Martinez, A.G.; Wang, J. Electrochemical sensing based on printable temporary transfer tattoos. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 6794–6796. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Windmiller, J.R.; Bandodkar, A.J.; Parkhomovsky, S.; Wang, J. Stamp transfer electrodes for electrochemical sensing on non-planar and oversized surfaces. Analyst 2012, 137, 1570–1575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, Y.-L.; Liu, R.; Qin, Y.; Qiu, Q.-F.; Chen, Z.; Cheng, S.-B.; Huang, W.-H. Flexible electrochemical urea sensor based on surface molecularly imprinted nanotubes for detection of human sweat. Anal. Chem. 2018, 90, 13081–13087. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chang, H.; Zheng, M.; Yu, X.; Than, A.; Seeni, R.Z.; Kang, R.; Tian, J.; Khanh, D.P.; Liu, L.; Chen, P.; et al. A swellable microneedle patch to rapidly extract skin interstitial fluid for timely metabolic analysis. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1702243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ng, K.W.; Lau, W.M.; Williams, A.C. Towards pain-free diagnosis of skin diseases through multiplexed microneedles: Biomarker extraction and detection using a highly sensitive blotting method. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res. 2015, 5, 387–396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Windmiller, J.R.; Valdés-Ramírez, G.; Zhou, N.; Zhou, M.; Miller, P.R.; **, C.; Brozik, S.M.; Polsky, R.; Katz, E.; Narayan, R.; et al. Bicomponent microneedle array biosensor for minimally-invasive glutamate monitoring. Electroanalysis 2011, 23, 2302–2309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ranamukhaarachchi, S.A.; Padeste, C.; Dübner, M.; Häfeli, U.O.; Stoeber, B.; Cadarso, V.J. Integrated hollow microneedle-optofluidic biosensor for therapeutic drug monitoring in sub-nanoliter volumes. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 29075. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kim, J.; Jeerapan, I.; Imani, S.; Cho, T.N.; Bandodkar, A.; Cinti, S.; Mercier, P.P.; Wang, J. Noninvasive alcohol monitoring using a wearable tattoo-based iontophoretic-biosensing system. ACS Sens. 2016, 1, 1011–1019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohan, A.M.V.; Windmiller, J.R.; Mishra, R.K.; Wang, J. Continuous minimally-invasive alcohol monitoring using microneedle sensor arrays. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2017, 91, 574–579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Miller, P.R.; Skoog, S.A.; Edwards, T.L.; Lopez, D.M.; Wheeler, D.R.; Arango, D.C.; **ao, X.; Brozik, S.M.; Wang, J.; Polsky, R.; et al. Multiplexed microneedle-based biosensor array for characterization of metabolic acidosis. Talanta 2012, 88, 739–742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Corrie, S.R.; Fernando, G.J.P.; Crichton, M.L.; Brunck, M.E.G.; Anderson, C.D.; Kendall, M.A.F. Surface-modified microprojection arrays for intradermal biomarker capture, with low non-specific protein binding. Lab Chip 2010, 10, 2655–2658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Coffey, J.W.; Corrie, S.R.; Kendall, M.A.F. Early circulating biomarker detection using a wearable microprojection array skin patch. Biomaterials 2013, 34, 9572–9583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Biagi, S.; Ghimenti, S.; Onor, M.; Bramanti, E. Simultaneous determination of lactate and pyruvate in human sweat using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography: A noninvasive approach. Biomed. Chromatogr. 2012, 26, 1408–1415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, J.; Campbell, A.S.; Wang, J. Wearable non-invasive epidermal glucose sensors: A review. Talanta 2018, 177, 163–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moyer, J.; Wilson, D.; Finkelshtein, I.; Wong, B.; Potts, R. Correlation between sweat glucose and blood glucose in subjects with diabetes. Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2012, 14, 398–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, Y.-C.; Park, J.-H.; Prausnitz, M.R. Microneedles for drug and vaccine delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2012, 64, 1547–1568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, M.; Hu, L.; Xu, C. Recent advances in the design of polymeric microneedles for transdermal drug delivery and biosensing. Lab Chip 2017, 17, 1373–1387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tasca, F.; Tortolini, C.; Bollella, P.; Antiochia, R. Microneedle-based electrochemical devices for transdermal biosensing: A review. Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 2019, 16, 42–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, P.M.; Cornwell, M.; Prausnitz, M.R. Minimally invasive extraction of dermal interstitial fluid for glucose monitoring using microneedles. Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2005, 7, 131–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bariya, S.H.; Gohel, M.C.; Mehta, T.A.; Sharma, O.P. Microneedles: An emerging transdermal drug delivery system. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2012, 64, 11–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ye, Y.; Wang, J.; Hu, Q.; Hochu, G.M.; **n, H.; Wang, C.; Gu, Z. Synergistic transcutaneous immunotherapy enhances antitumor immune responses through delivery of checkpoint inhibitors. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 8956–8963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, Y.; Brown, K.; Siebenaler, K.; Determan, A.; Dohmeier, D.; Hansen, K. Development of lidocaine-coated microneedle product for rapid, safe, and prolonged local analgesic action. Pharm. Res. 2012, 29, 170–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pere, C.P.P.; Economidou, S.N.; Lall, G.; Ziraud, C.; Boateng, J.S.; Alexander, B.D.; Lamprou, D.A.; Douroumis, D. 3D printed microneedles for insulin skin delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 2018, 544, 425–432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Aust, M.C.; Fernandes, D.; Kolokythas, P.; Kaplan, H.M.; Vogt, P.M. Percutaneous collagen induction therapy: An alternative treatment for scars, wrinkles, and skin laxity. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2008, 121, 1421–1429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fabbrocini, G.; Fardella, N.; Monfrecola, A.; Proietti, I.; Innocenzi, D. Acne scarring treatment using skin needling. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2009, 34, 874–879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, S.T.; Lee, K.H.; Sim, H.J.; Suh, K.S.; Jang, M.S. Treatment of acne vulgaris with fractional radiofrequency microneedling. J. Dermatol. 2014, 41, 586–591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Babity, S.; Roohnikan, M.; Brambilla, D. Advances in the design of transdermal microneedles for diagnostic and monitoring applications. Small 2018, 14, 1803186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nir, Y.; Paz, A.; Sabo, E.; Potasman, I. Fear of injections in young adults: Prevalence and associations. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2003, 68, 341–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, J.; Liu, X.; Fu, Y.; Song, Y. Recent advances of microneedles for biomedical applications: Drug delivery and beyond. Acta Pharm. Sin. B 2019, 9, 469–483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, J.; Zhang, Y.; Ye, Y.; DiSanto, R.; Sun, W.; Ranson, D.; Ligler, F.S.; Buse, J.B.; Gu, Z. Microneedle-array patches loaded with hypoxia-sensitive vesicles provide fast glucose-responsive insulin delivery. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2015, 112, 8260–8265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, W.; Tian, R.; Xu, C.; Yung, B.C.; Wang, G.; Liu, Y.; Ni, Q.; Zhang, F.; Zhou, Z.; Wang, J.; et al. Microneedle-array patches loaded with dual mineralized protein/peptide particles for type 2 diabetes therapy. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 1777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Than, A.; Liang, K.; Xu, S.; Sun, L.; Duan, H.; **, F.; Xu, C.; Chen, P. Transdermal delivery of anti-obesity compounds to subcutaneous adipose tissue with polymeric microneedle patches. Small Methods 2017, 1, 1700269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di, J.; Yao, S.; Ye, Y.; Cui, Z.; Yu, J.; Ghosh, T.K.; Zhu, Y.; Gu, Z. Stretch-triggered drug eelivery from wearable elastomer films containing therapeutic depots. ACS Nano 2015, 9, 9407–9415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dardano, P.; Rea, I.; De Stefano, L. Microneedles-based electrochemical sensors: New tools for advanced biosensing. Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 2019, 17, 121–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, R.; Zhang, M.; **, C. In vivo and in situ imaging of controlled-release dissolving silk microneedles into the skin by optical coherence tomography. J. Biophotonics 2017, 10, 870–877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mouton, J.W.; Ambrose, P.G.; Canton, R.; Drusano, G.L.; Harbarth, S.; MacGowan, A.; Theuretzbacher, U.; Turnidge, J. Conserving antibiotics for the future: New ways to use old and new drugs from a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic perspective. Drug Resist. Updat. 2011, 14, 107–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bandodkar, A.J.; You, J.-M.; Kim, N.-H.; Gu, Y.; Kumar, R.; Mohan, A.M.V.; Kurniawan, J.; Imani, S.; Nakagawa, T.; Parish, B.; et al. Soft, stretchable, high power density electronic skin-based biofuel cells for scavenging energy from human sweat. Energy Environ. Sci. 2017, 10, 1581–1589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rawson, T.M.; Sharma, S.; Georgiou, P.; Holmes, A.; Cass, A.; O’Hare, D. Towards a minimally invasive device for beta-lactam monitoring in humans. Electrochem. Commun. 2017, 82, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amjadi, M.; Sheykhansari, S.; Nelson, B.J.; Sitti, M. Recent advances in wearable transdermal delivery systems. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1704530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, H.; Song, C.; Hong, Y.S.; Kim, M.S.; Cho, H.R.; Kang, T.; Shin, K.; Choi, S.H.; Hyeon, T.; Kim, D.-H. Wearable/disposable sweat-based glucose monitoring device with multistage transdermal drug delivery module. Sci. Adv. 2017, 3, e1601314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jia, W.; Valdés-Ramírez, G.; Bandodkar, A.J.; Windmiller, J.R.; Wang, J. Epidermal biofuel cells: Energy harvesting from human perspiration. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 7233–7236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Katz, E.; MacVittie, K. Implanted biofuel cells operating in vivo–methods, applications and perspectives–feature article. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 2791–2803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, C.-E.; Gai, P.; Song, R.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, J.; Zhu, J.-J. Nanostructured material-based biofuel cells: Recent advances and future prospects. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46, 1545–1564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Giugliano, D.; Ceriello, A.; Esposito, K. Glucose metabolism and hyperglycemia. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87, 217S–222S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Key Targets | Analytes | References | Representative Applications |
---|---|---|---|
Electrolytes | 1 Na+ | [14,61,126] |
|
1,2 K+ | [158,159,160] | ||
1 NH4+ | [35,68,161] | ||
1 Ca2+ | [32,161,162] | ||
Metabolites | 1,2 Glucose | [37,75,153] |
|
1,2 Lactate | [74,127,163] | ||
1 Creatinine | [21,34] | ||
1 Chloride | [33,69,74,91] | ||
1 Uric acid | [150,164,165] | ||
1 Urea | [34,166] | ||
2 Cholesterol | [167] | ||
Heavy metals | 1 Zn | [31,61,76] |
|
1 Cu,1 Cd,1 Pb,1 Hg | [31] | ||
Cytokines | 1,3 IL-1β | [146] |
|
1,3 CRP | [146] | ||
1,2,3 TNF-α | [147,168] | ||
Hormones | 1 Cortisol | [80,148,149] |
|
Amino acids | 1 Tyrosine | [150] |
|
2 Glutamate | [169] | ||
Exogenous drugs | 2 β-lactam | [83] |
|
2 Vancomycin | [170] | ||
1 Levodopa | [77] | ||
1 Caffeine | [156] | ||
Others | 1,2 Ethanol | [35,171,172] |
|
1,2 pH | [32,34,74,173] |
| |
1 Sweat loss/rate | [21,33,34,73] |
| |
2 Immunoglobulin | [174,175] |
|
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ye, S.; Feng, S.; Huang, L.; Bian, S. Recent Progress in Wearable Biosensors: From Healthcare Monitoring to Sports Analytics. Biosensors 2020, 10, 205. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10120205
Ye S, Feng S, Huang L, Bian S. Recent Progress in Wearable Biosensors: From Healthcare Monitoring to Sports Analytics. Biosensors. 2020; 10(12):205. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10120205
Chicago/Turabian StyleYe, Shun, Shilun Feng, Liang Huang, and Shengtai Bian. 2020. "Recent Progress in Wearable Biosensors: From Healthcare Monitoring to Sports Analytics" Biosensors 10, no. 12: 205. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10120205