Research Progress of Graphene and Its Derivatives towards Exhaled Breath Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sensing Principle
2.1. Charge Transfer Response Mechanism
2.2. Response Mechanism of Field-Effect Transistor
2.3. Thin-Film Interference Response Mechanism
3. Gas Monitoring for Medical Diagnosis
3.1. Nitric Oxide
3.2. Nitrogen Hydride
3.3. Sulfide Gas
Material | Gas | Detection Limit | Response/Recover Time (s) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
SnO2@GO | H2S | 200 ppb | 9/23 (54%RH) | [75] |
H2S | 6/21 (93.6%RH) | |||
ZnO/rGO | H2S | 136 ppb | 14/32 | [76] |
rGO/GaN | H2S | 100 ppm | ~800 | [77] |
(rGO) –NiO(NiOBNG) | H2S | 1 ppm | 31/49 | [78] |
H2S | 20 ppm | 38/44 | ||
H2S | 50 ppm | 28/75 | ||
β–Ga2O3/rGO | H2S | 3 ppm | N.A. | [79] |
WO3/rGO | H2S | 32.7 ppb | 340/180 | [80] |
GQD–SnO2 QNP/ZnO | H2S | 0.1 ppm | 14/13 | [81] |
3.4. VOCs
4. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Diseases | Gas | Normal Range | Symptoms Range | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
bromopnea | Hydrogen sulfide | <0.1 ppm | 0.1–0.5 ppm | [8] |
renal disease | Trimethylamine | <1.75 ppb | 1.75–38.02 ppb | [9] |
Isoprene | 28–144 ppb | 57–329.8 ppb | [9] | |
diabetes | Acetone | 300–900 ppb | ≥1800 ppb | [10] |
Ammonia | 74–2935 ppb | 2935–6770 ppb | [11] | |
lung cancer | Methanol | 157–344 ppb | >344 ppb | [12] |
Ethanol | 96–2848 ppb | >2848 ppb | [12] | |
Toluene | 1–18 ppb | ≥18 ppb | [13] | |
Benzene | 1.1–3.5 ppb | >3.5 ppb | [12] | |
asthma | Nitric oxide | <25 ppb | >50 ppb | [14] |
cancer | Cyclohexane | 0.1–15 ppb | >15 ppb | [15] |
Chloroform | <10 ppb | ≥10 ppb | [15] |
Material | Gas | Detection Limit | Response/Restore Time | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pd–rGO | NO | 2–420 ppb | 1000 s–1 h | [62] |
Sub–graphene–hemin | NO | 0.3 nM | 47–54 ms | [55] |
GQD–Tb3+–SOD | NO | 600 molecules/mL | 500 s | [59] |
LPFG coated with GO | NO | 0–400 ppm | 23.6 min/N.A. | [60] |
N–rGO/ZnO | NO | 100 ppb | 522/303 s | [61] |
300 ppb | 478/410 s | |||
800 ppb | 284/473 s | |||
Graphene/PS brush | NH3 | ≥4.88 ppb | 150 s/N.A. | [63] |
PPy | NH3 | 7.6 ppm | 105/182 s | [7] |
PPy/GO | NH3 | 0.90 ppm | 81/116 s | |
PPy/rGO | NH3 | 0.035 ppm | 72/151 s | |
PPy/srGO | NH3 | 0.00020 ppm | 48/234 s | |
PPy–rGO | NH3 | 10 ppm | ~100 s | [64] |
PPy/SnO2/GNR | NH3 | ≥0.6 ppm | ~100 s/200 s | [65] |
MoOx/GFET | NH3 | ≥310 ppb | 356 s | [66] |
PUF–PPy–GO | NH3 | 1.1–182 ppm | ~7/13 s | [67] |
GO–PANI | NH3 | 1 ppm | ~5/10 min | [68] |
Materials | Gas | Detection Limit | Response/Recovery Time (s) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Au NPs–rGO | TMA | ≥5 ppm | ~30 | [84] |
C60–g–CNT | ethanol | ≥400 ppb | ~300/400 | [11] |
methanol | ≥400 ppb | ~300/400 | ||
acetone | ≥400 ppb | ~300/400 | ||
chloroform | ≥400 ppb | ~300/400 | ||
toluene | ≥400 ppb | ~300/400 | ||
cyclohexane | ≥400 ppb | ~300/400 | ||
C60–g–rGO | ethanol | ≥400 ppb | ~300/400 | [11] |
methanol | ≥400 ppb | ~300/400 | ||
acetone | ≥400 ppb | ~300/400 | ||
chloroform | ≥400 ppb | ~300/400 | ||
toluene | ≥400 ppb | ~300/400 | ||
cyclohexane | ≥400 ppb | ~300/400 | ||
(Parylene C and GO) MS | toluene | 100–300 ppm | 164/412 | [87] |
eG | acetaldehyd | ≥10 ppm | N.A. | [88] |
GO thin film | ethanol | >80 ppm | N.A. | |
rGO/SnO2 | acetone | 0.25–30 ppm | 24/30 (5 ppm) | [89] |
SnxTi1−xO2/GO | toluene | 100 ppb | N.A. | [90] |
acetone | 200 ppb | N.A. | ||
Ag/Fe3O4/rGO | acetone | 35.81–50 ppm | ~50/70 | [91] |
SiNW/rGO | acetaldehyd | 1 ppm | 30/180 | [92] |
cyclohexane | 1 ppm | 30/60~120 |
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Yang, X.; Chi, H.; Tian, Y.; Li, T.; Wang, Y. Research Progress of Graphene and Its Derivatives towards Exhaled Breath Analysis. Biosensors 2022, 12, 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12020048
Yang X, Chi H, Tian Y, Li T, Wang Y. Research Progress of Graphene and Its Derivatives towards Exhaled Breath Analysis. Biosensors. 2022; 12(2):48. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12020048
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, **nxiu, Hong Chi, Yong Tian, Tianduo Li, and Yaoguang Wang. 2022. "Research Progress of Graphene and Its Derivatives towards Exhaled Breath Analysis" Biosensors 12, no. 2: 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12020048