Recent Advances of Biochar-Based Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Role of Biochar in the Fabrication of Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors
2.1. Absorbent
2.2. Catalyst
2.3. Carrier
3. The Application of Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors Based on Biochar
3.1. Application in Detecting Heavy Metals
3.2. Application in Detecting Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Residues
3.3. Application in Detecting Environmental Estrogen
3.4. Application in Detecting Organic Pollutants
3.5. Application in Biosensors
3.6. Applications in Detecting Other Subjects
4. Challenges and Prospects for the Study of Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors Based on Biochar
- (1)
- From the above works and other reported works, the mesopores/macropores structure of biochar is very beneficial for sensing surface construction and can provide biochar with excellent properties. Generally, the surface area and pore size of biochar increases with rising pyrolysis temperatures [68]. However, higher temperatures could result in the porous structure being destroyed and blocked [69] and, more importantly, higher pyrolysis temperatures would decrease the number of functional groups [70]. Therefore, how to improve the biochar sorption capacity and thus improve the electrochemical response signal need to be addressed.
- (2)
- It is worth noting that various redox couples of metal ions have been used as the redox probe in the fabrication of electrodes. Although the metal ions exhibit excellent redox properties, the dispersibility of metal ions in biochar still need to be improved because of the great influence of the redox property in dispersibility. Therefore, how to carry, absorb, or wrap redox metal ions and thus improve the dispersibility of metal ions in the biochar need to be considered further.
- (3)
- The application of biochar is increasingly popular because one of its advantages is low-cost. However, the current technique of preparing biochar always needs a high-temperature treatment. Therefore, it is still a significant challenge to optimize the synthesis process for a mild and low-energy-consuming condition. Additionally, further studies are needed to prepare activated biochar that has a special structure and abundant functional groups under low temperatures.
- (4)
- Whether used as an absorbent, a catalyst, or a carrier, the possible interference produced from the original biomass (e.g., from heavy metals) must be considered, because such interference might contaminate the analytes or affect the repeatability of the sensors, which is an important technical indicator for the evaluation of sensors and biosensors [71,72]. Therefore, how to realize the controlling preparation of biochar with uniform size and composition still needs wider and more thorough study.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Target Analyte | Biomass Resource | Preparation Method | Types of Biochar for Electrode Modification | Analysis Technique | Linear Range (μM) | LOD (nM) | Real Sample | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
17β-estradiol | Bagasse | Pyrolysis | Biochar | DPV | 0.05–20 | 11.30 | Ground water | [27] |
Acetaminophen | Mushroom | Pyrolysis | Zno-moo3/biochar | DPV | 2.5–2000 | 1140 | Blood serum and Tablet | [47] |
Baicalin | Pomelo peel | Hydrothermal synthesis & Pyrolysis | A-mosx/biochar | DPV | 0.01–5 | 2 | Shuang-Huang-Lian oral liquid | [48] |
Bisphenol A | Bagasse | Pyrolysis | Tyrosinase/biochar | I-t | 0.02–10 | 3.18 | Ground water | [49] |
Bisphenol A | Bagasse | Pyrolysis | Magnetic nanoscale biochar/tyrosinase | I-t | 0.01–1.01 | 2.78 | Environmental water | [43] |
Carbendazim | Eichhornia crassipes | Pyrolysis | Reduced graphene oxide/biochar | DPV | 0.03–0.9 | 2.3 | Orange juice, lettuce leaves, drinking water, and wastewater | [41] |
Catechol and hydroquinone Simultaneously | Rice flour; Urea; Sodium citrate | Hydrothermal synthesis | N-doped porous biochar | DPV | 0.4–15 and 0.4–20 | 37 and 47 | - | [50] |
Catechol and hydroquinone; levofloxacin and norfloxacin; tert-butylhydroquinone and butylated hydroxy-anisole. | Babassu petiole | Pyrolysis | Ferrocyanide/biochar | SWV | - | - | - | [10] |
Clenbuterol | Kudzu vine | Pyrolysis | Zn/biochar | DPV | 0.95–14.31 | 750 | Bovine serum | [51] |
Cu2+ | Castor oil cake | Pyrolysis | Biochar | DPASV | 1.5– 31 | 400 | Spirit drinks | [52] |
Dibutyl phthalate | Corncob | Pyrolysis | MIP/biochar | DPV | 0–1.8 | 2.6 | Rice wine | [53] |
Glucose | Eggshell membrane | Pyrolysis, | Cu2+–Cu+/biochar | I-t | 12.5–70 | 1040 | Human serum | [29] |
Glucose | Castor oil cake | Pyrolysis | Ni/biochar | I-t | 5.0–100.0 | 137 | Human saliva and blood serum | [37] |
Glucose | Waste microalgal sludge | Pyrolysis | Co/chitosan/biochar | I-t | - | - | - | [40] |
Glyphosate herbicide | Babassu petiole | Pyrolysis | Copper hexadecafuoro-29H/biochar | SWV | 0.3–4 | 20 | Lake water and River water | [9] |
H2O2 | Hazelnut shell | Microwave assisted pyrolysis | Fe3O4/biochar | I-t | 600–10,000 | 503 × 103 | Milk | [54] |
Hantavirus nucleoprotein | Castor bean | Pyrolysis | Biochar | CV | 5.0 ng·mL−1–1.0 μg·mL−1 | 0.14 ng·mL−1 | Human serum | [46] |
Hesperetin | Kudzu vine | Hydrothermal synthesis | MoSe2/biochar | DPV | 0.01–9.5 | 2 | Oranges | [36] |
Hydroquinone Catechol | White myoga ginger | Pyrolysis | Au/biochar | DPV | 0.008–1.0 and 1.0–7.0; 0.01–1.0 and 1.0–7.0 | 2; 4 | Tap water | [42] |
Hydroquinone Catechol | Dracaena sanderiana | Co-pyrolysis | Au/biochar | DPV | 0.01–0.2 and 0.2–10; 0.04–0.4 and 0.4–15 | 3.4; 9.0 | Local tap water | [11] |
Isoniazid | Castor oil cake | Pyrolysis | Copper hexacyanoferrate/biochar | I-t | 1.0–10 | 63 | Human urine | [55] |
Methyl parathion | Castor oil cake | Pyrolysis | Biochar | DPV | 0.1–70 | 39 | Tap water | [31] |
Microcystin-LR | Sugarcane waste | Pyrolysis | Antibody/biochar | I-t | 0.1 × 10−3–0.1 | 0.017 | Lake water and River water | [56] |
NH3(g) | Corn stover | Pyrolysis & Solvent casting method | Polylactic acid/biochar | LSV | 80–170 ppm | 80 ppm | [57] | |
Paraquat | Water hyacinth | Pyrolysis | Rgo/biochar | DPV | 0.74–9.82 | 20 | Coconut water, wastewater, honey, lettuce and lemon | [58] |
Pb2+ | Spent coffee grounds | Pyrolysis | Biochar | DPASV | 0.128–2.44 | 4.5 | Gunshot residues and hair dye | [59] |
Pb2+ | Peach wood | Pyrolysis, | Biochar | SWASV | 0.5–120 μg·L−1 | 0.02 μg·L−1 | Tap water | [60] |
Pb2+ | Litsea cubeba shell | Pyrolysis & solvothermal method | Bismuth nanocluster/biochar | DPASV | 0.014 × 10−3–4.83 | 0.005 | Paddy water | [38] |
Pb2+; Hg2+ | Magnolia grandiflora fruit | Pyrolysis | Biochar/uio-66-NH2/biochar | DPASV | 0.001–1000 μg·L−1 | 0.3 ng·L−1 | Lake water and paddy water | [61] |
Pb2+; Cd2+ | Babassu petiole | Pyrolysis | Nanodiamonds/Biochar/Chitosan | SWASV | 1.0–75.0; 0.25 –6.00 | 110; 56 | River water | [62] |
RAC | Eggshell membrane | Pyrolysis, | Cu2+–Cu+/biochar | DPV | 0.1–1.75 | 41 | The pork sausage | [28] |
Tetrabromo-bisphenol A | Excess sludge | Pyrolysis | Fe3O4/biochar | DPV | 0.005–1 | 3.2 | River water | [35] |
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Li, Y.; Xu, R.; Wang, H.; Xu, W.; Tian, L.; Huang, J.; Liang, C.; Zhang, Y. Recent Advances of Biochar-Based Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors. Biosensors 2022, 12, 377. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12060377
Li Y, Xu R, Wang H, Xu W, Tian L, Huang J, Liang C, Zhang Y. Recent Advances of Biochar-Based Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors. Biosensors. 2022; 12(6):377. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12060377
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Yunxiao, Rui Xu, Huabin Wang, Wumei Xu, Liyan Tian, **gxin Huang, Chengyue Liang, and Yong Zhang. 2022. "Recent Advances of Biochar-Based Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors" Biosensors 12, no. 6: 377. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12060377