Flexible and Wearable Biosensors for Monitoring Health Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Detection Objects
2.1. Saliva
2.2. Sweat
2.3. Tears
2.4. Interstitial Fluids (ISFs)
2.5. Respiration
2.6. Physiological Pressure
3. Preparation Methods
3.1. Surface Processing
3.2. Micromanufacturing Technologies
4. Application Manners
4.1. Patch
4.2. Textile
4.3. Wearable Tattoo Sensors
4.4. Microneedles-Based Sensors
4.5. Contact Lenses Sensors
4.6. Mouthguard Sensors
5. Signal Processing
6. Wearable Biosensors
6.1. Physiological Pressure Sensors
6.2.1. Sweat Extraction Strategies
6.2.2. Common Sweat-Based Wearable Sensor
- pH and Ion Detection
- Glucose Detection
- Zn2+ Detection
- Urea Detection
- Levodopa Detection
- Vitamin C (VC) Detection
- Lactic Acid Detection
6.2.3. Problems That Occur When Analyzing Sweat
6.3. Wearable Self-Powered Biosensors
6.3.1. Piezoelectric Nanogenerators (PENGs)
6.3.2. Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs)
6.3.3. Pyroelectric Nanogenerators (PyNGs)
6.3.4. Biofuel Cell
7. Summary and Future Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Song, Z.; Zhou, S.; Qin, Y.; **a, X.; Sun, Y.; Han, G.; Shu, T.; Hu, L.; Zhang, Q. Flexible and Wearable Biosensors for Monitoring Health Conditions. Biosensors 2023, 13, 630. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060630
Song Z, Zhou S, Qin Y, **a X, Sun Y, Han G, Shu T, Hu L, Zhang Q. Flexible and Wearable Biosensors for Monitoring Health Conditions. Biosensors. 2023; 13(6):630. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060630
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Zhimin, Shu Zhou, Yanxia Qin, ** Sun, Guanghong Han, Tong Shu, Liang Hu, and Qiang Zhang. 2023. "Flexible and Wearable Biosensors for Monitoring Health Conditions" Biosensors 13, no. 6: 630. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060630