Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Streptococcus suis Isolated from Diseased Pigs in Thailand, 2018–2020
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Bacterial Sampling
2.2. Seroty**
2.3. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles
2.4. Correlations between Two Different Antibiotic Susceptibility Statuses among Isolates
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Bacterial Collection
4.2. Multiplex PCR-Based Seroty**
4.3. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Serotypes | Year of Isolation, n (%) | p-Values | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 n = 72 | 2019 n = 97 | 2020 n = 77 | |||
Serotype 2 or ½ | 18 (25.0) | 26 (26.8) | 19 (24.7) | 0.941 | 63 (25.6) |
Serotype 3 | 4 (5.6) | 4 (4.1) | 4 (5.2) | 0.902 | 12 (4.9) |
Serotype 8 | 4 (5.6) | 11 (11.3) | 4 (5.2) | 0.229 | 19 (7.7) |
Serotype 9 | 3 (4.2) | 6 (6.2) | 7 (9.1) | 0.470 | 16 (6.5) |
Serotype 16 | 4 (5.6) | 2 (2.1) | 3 (3.9) | 0.485 | 9 (3.7) |
Serotype 21 | 3 (4.2) | 7 (7.2) | 6 (7.8) | 0.626 | 16 (6.5) |
Serotype 29 | 4 (5.6) | 7 (7.2) | 8 (10.4) | 0.528 | 19 (7.7) |
Other serotypes a | 21 (29.2) | 21 (21.6) | 16 (20.8) | 0.410 | 58 (23.6) |
Non-typeable | 11 (15.3) | 13 (13.4) | 10 (13.0) | 0.910 | 34 (13.8) |
Antibiotic Drugs | MIC Breakpoints (µg/mL) | MIC Values (µg/mL) a | MIC50 | MIC90 | S (%) | I (%) | R (%) | MIC Ranges | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | I | R | 0.008 | 0.016 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 32 | 64 | 128 | 256 | 512 | |||||||
Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid | ≤8/4 | 16/8 | ≥32/16 | 194 | 13 | 27 | 8 | 4 | ≤2 | 8 | 95.1 | 3.3 | 1.6 | ≤2–>16 | ||||||||||||
Ampicillin | ≤0.5 | 1 | ≥2 | 150 | 11 | 6 | 15 | 13 | 7 | 13 | 31 | ≤0.25 | >16 | 65.4 | 2.4 | 32.1 | ≤0.25–>16 | |||||||||
Cefepime | ≤2 | 4 | ≥8 | 168 | 26 | 18 | 18 | 10 | 6 | ≤0.5 | 4 | 68.3 | ND | 31.7 | ≤0.5–>8 | |||||||||||
Cefotaxime | ≤0.5 | - | ≥1 | 27 | 20 | 52 | 64 | 28 | 12 | 43 | 1 | >4 | 40.2 | ND | 59.8 | ≤0.12–>4 | ||||||||||
Ceftiofur | ≤0.5 | - | ≥1 | 142 | 24 | 29 | 15 | 5 | 15 | 16 | ≤0.25 | 8 | 85.4 | 2.0 | 12.6 | ≤0.25–>8 | ||||||||||
Ceftriaxone | ≤0.5 | - | ≥1 | 30 | 16 | 46 | 68 | 22 | 64 | 1 | >2 | 37.4 | ND | 62.6 | ≤0.12–>2 | |||||||||||
Cefuroxime | ≤0.5 | - | ≥1 | 79 | 76 | 38 | 7 | 46 | 1 | >4 | 32.1 | ND | 67.9 | ≤0.5–>4 | ||||||||||||
Daptomycin | ≤1 | - | ≥2 | 22 | 98 | 107 | 6 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 97.2 | ND | 2.8 | ≤0.06–>2 | ||||||||||
Ertapenem | ≤0.5 | - | ≥1 | 240 | 3 | 2 | 1 | ≤0.5 | ≤0.5 | 97.6 | ND | 2.4 | ≤0.5–4 | |||||||||||||
Meropenem | ≤2 | - | ≥4 | 241 | 4 | 1 | ≤0.25 | ≤0.25 | 100.0 | ND | 0.0 | ≤0.25–1 | ||||||||||||||
Penicillin | ≤0.25 | 0.5 | ≥1 | 15 | 10 | 20 | 28 | 41 | 19 | 16 | 27 | 16 | 54 | 1 | >8 | 29.7 | 16.7 | 53.7 | ≤0.03–>8 | |||||||
Vancomycin | ≤1 | - | ≥2 | 237 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | ≤0.5 | ≤0.5 | 97.2 | ND | 2.8 | ≤0.5–>4 | ||||||||||||
Azithromycin | ≤0.5 | 1 | ≥2 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 235 | >2 | >2 | 3.3 | 0.4 | 96.3 | ≤0.25–>2 | ||||||||||||
Chloramphenicol | ≤4 | 8 | ≥16 | 5 | 64 | 72 | 41 | 38 | 26 | 8 | >32 | 28.0 | 29.3 | 42.7 | 2–>32 | |||||||||||
Chlortetracycline | ≤2 | 4 | ≥8 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 17 | 218 | >8 | >8 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 95.5 | ≤0.5–>8 | ||||||||||||
Clindamycin | ≤0.5 | 1–2 | ≥4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 238 | >16 | >16 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 99.6 | 0.25–>16 | ||||||||||||
Erythromycin | ≤0.25 | 0.5 | ≥1 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 230 | >2 | >2 | 2.4 | 0.4 | 97.2 | ≤0.25–>2 | ||||||||||||
Florfenicol | ≤2 | 4 | ≥8 | 6 | 58 | 58 | 14 | 110 | 4 | >8 | 26.0 | 23.6 | 50.4 | 1–>8 | ||||||||||||
Gentamicin | ≤4 | 8 | ≥16 | 24 | 35 | 47 | 16 | 11 | 113 | 8 | >16 | 43.1 | 6.5 | 50.4 | ≤1–>16 | |||||||||||
Linezolid | ≤2 | - | ≥4 | 2 | 25 | 98 | 56 | 52 | 13 | 1 | 4 | 73.6 | ND | 26.4 | ≤0.25–>4 | |||||||||||
Neomycin | ≤16 | - | ≥32 | 26 | 70 | 51 | 33 | 66 | 16 | >32 | 59.8 | ND | 40.2 | ≤4–>32 | ||||||||||||
Oxytetracycline | ≤4 | - | ≥8 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 231 | >8 | >8 | 3.7 | ND | 96.3 | ≤0.5–>8 | ||||||||||||
Spectinomycin | ≤64 | - | ≥128 | 17 | 46 | 40 | 7 | 136 | >64 | >64 | 44.7 | ND | 55.3 | ≤8–>64 | ||||||||||||
Tetracycline | ≤0.5 | 1 | ≥2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 239 | >8 | >8 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 99.2 | ≤1–>8 | |||||||||||||
Tiamulin | ≤16 | - | ≥32 | 9 | 8 | 12 | 2 | 7 | 13 | 7 | 188 | >32 | >32 | 20.7 | ND | 79.3 | ≤0.5–>32 | |||||||||
Tigecycline | ≤0.25 | - | ≥0.5 | 2 | 19 | 53 | 68 | 104 | 0.12 | >0.12 | ND | ND | ND | ≤0.02–>0.12 | ||||||||||||
Tilmicosin | ≤16 | - | ≥32 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 240 | >64 | >64 | 2.0 | ND | 98.0 | ≤4–>64 | |||||||||||||
Tulathromycin | ND | ND | ND | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 232 | >64 | >64 | ND | ND | ND | ≤1–>64 | ||||||||||
Tylosin tartrate | ≤4 | - | ≥8 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 240 | >32 | >32 | 2.0 | ND | 98.0 | 1–>32 | |||||||||||||
Danofloxaci | ND | ND | ND | 2 | 8 | 51 | 53 | 132 | >1 | >1 | ND | ND | ND | ≤0.12–>1 | ||||||||||||
Enrofloxacin | ≤0.5 | 1 | ≥2 | 1 | 20 | 70 | 20 | 12 | 123 | 2 | >2 | 37.0 | 8.1 | 54.9 | ≤0.12–>2 | |||||||||||
Levofloxacin | ≤0.01 | 0.03–2 | ≥4 | 83 | 32 | 8 | 12 | 111 | 2 | >4 | 0.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | ≤0.5–>4 | ||||||||||||
Moxifloxacin | ≤0.5 | - | ≥1 | 206 | 27 | 12 | 1 | ≤1 | 2 | ND | ND | ND | ≤1–8 | |||||||||||||
Sulphadimethoxine | ND | ND | ND | 13 | 233 | >256 | >256 | ND | ND | ND | ≤256–>256 | |||||||||||||||
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | ≤0.5/9.5 | 1/19–2/38 | ≥4/76 | 79 | 5 | 3 | 26 | 133 | >2 | >4 | 32.1 | 3.3 | 64.6 | ≤0.5–>2 |
Antibiotic Drugs | Antimicrobial Susceptibility, n (%) | p-Values | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 n = 72 | 2019 n = 97 | 2020 n = 77 | ||||||||
S | I | R | S | I | R | S | I | R | ||
Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid | 67 (93.1) | 1 (1.4) | 4 (5.6) | 94 (96.9) | 3 (3.1) | 0 (0.0) | 73 (94.8) | 4 (5.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.022 * |
Ampicillin | 56 (77.8) | 1 (1.4) | 15 (20.8) | 61 (62.9) | 1 (1.0) | 35 (36.1) | 44 (57.1) | 4 (5.2) | 29 (37.7) | 0.038 * |
Cefepime | 53 (73.6) | ND | 19 (26.4) | 69 (71.1) | ND | 28 (28.9) | 46 (59.7) | ND | 31 (40.3) | 0.142 |
Cefotaxime | 28 (38.9) | ND | 44 (61.1) | 41 (42.3) | ND | 56 (57.7) | 30 (39.0) | ND | 47 (61.0) | 0.872 |
Ceftiofur | 65 (90.3) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (9.7) | 83 (85.6) | 3 (3.1) | 11 (11.3) | 62 (80.5) | 2 (2.6) | 13 (16.9) | 0.373 |
Ceftriaxone | 26 (36.1) | ND | 46 (63.9) | 40 (41.2) | ND | 57 (58.8) | 26 (33.8) | ND | 51 (66.2) | 0.578 |
Cefuroxime | 23 (31.9) | ND | 49 (68.1) | 37 (38.1) | ND | 60 (61.9) | 19 (24.7) | ND | 58 (75.3) | 0.168 |
Daptomycin | 69 (95.8) | ND | 3 (4.2) | 95 (97.9) | ND | 2 (2.1) | 75 (97.4) | ND | 2 (2.6) | 0.709 |
Ertapenem | 70 (97.2) | ND | 2 (2.8) | 95 (97.9) | ND | 2 (2.1) | 75 (97.4) | ND | 2 (2.6) | 0.951 |
Meropenem | 72 (100.0) | ND | 0 (0.0) | 97 (100.0) | ND | 0 (0.0) | 77 (100.0) | ND | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
Penicillin | 28 (38.9) | 10 (13.9) | 34 (47.2) | 24 (24.7) | 23 (23.7) | 50 (51.5) | 21 (27.3) | 8 (10.4) | 48 (62.3) | 0.045 * |
Vancomycin | 71 (98.6) | ND | 1 (1.4) | 93 (95.9) | ND | 4 (4.1) | 75 (97.4) | ND | 2 (2.6) | 0.565 |
Azithromycin | 2 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 70 (97.2) | 3 (3.1) | 1 (1.0) | 93 (95.9) | 3 (3.9) | 0 (0.0) | 74 (96.1) | 0.791 |
Chloramphenicol | 16 (22.2) | 28 (38.9) | 28 (38.9) | 34 (35.1) | 21 (21.6) | 42 (43.3) | 19 (24.7) | 23 (29.9) | 35 (45.5) | 0.113 |
Chlortetracycline | 2 (2.8) | 2 (2.8) | 68 (94.4) | 3 (3.1) | 1 (1.0) | 93 (95.9) | 2 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 75 (97.4) | 0.588 |
Clindamycin | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 71 (98.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 97 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 77 (100.0) | 0.297 |
Erythromycin | 2 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 70 (97.2) | 2 (2.1) | 1 (1.0) | 94 (96.9) | 2 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 75 (97.4) | 0.802 |
Florfenicol | 20 (27.8) | 20 (27.8) | 32 (44.4) | 29 (29.9) | 18 (18.6) | 50 (51.5) | 15 (19.5) | 20 (26.0) | 42 (54.5) | 0.346 |
Gentamicin | 35 (48.6) | 3 (4.2) | 34 (47.2) | 38 (39.2) | 7 (7.2) | 52 (53.6) | 33 (42.9) | 6 (7.8) | 38 (49.4) | 0.719 |
Linezolid | 55 (76.4) | ND | 17 (23.6) | 72 (74.2) | ND | 25 (25.8) | 54 (70.1) | ND | 23 (29.9) | 0.676 |
Neomycin | 38 (52.8) | ND | 34 (47.2) | 63 (64.9) | ND | 34 (35.1) | 46 (59.7) | ND | 31 (40.3) | 0.280 |
Oxytetracycline | 2 (2.8) | ND | 70 (97.2) | 5 (5.2) | ND | 92 (94.8) | 2 (2.6) | ND | 75 (97.4) | 0.600 |
Spectinomycin | 37 (51.4) | ND | 35 (48.6) | 45 (46.4) | ND | 52 (53.6) | 28 (36.4) | ND | 49 (63.6) | 0.167 |
Tetracycline | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 72 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.1) | 95 (97.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 77 (100.0) | 0.213 |
Tiamulin | 19 (26.4) | ND | 53 (73.6) | 18 (18.6) | ND | 79 (81.4) | 14 (18.2) | ND | 63 (81.8) | 0.370 |
Tilmicosin | 2 (2.8) | ND | 70 (97.2) | 1 (1.0) | ND | 96 (99.0) | 2 (2.6) | ND | 75 (97.4) | 0.666 |
Tylosin tartrate | 2 (2.8) | ND | 70 (97.2) | 2 (2.1) | ND | 95 (97.9) | 1 (1.3) | ND | 76 (98.7) | 0.815 |
Enrofloxacin | 23 (31.9) | 7 (9.7) | 42 (58.3) | 38 (39.2) | 9 (9.3) | 50 (51.5) | 30 (39.0) | 4 (5.2) | 43 (55.8) | 0.687 |
Levofloxacin | 0 (0.0) | 39 (54.2) | 33 (45.8) | 0 (0.0) | 47 (48.5) | 50 (51.5) | 0 (0.0) | 37 (48.1) | 40 (51.9) | 0.701 |
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 26 (36.1) | 3 (4.2) | 43 (59.7) | 35 (36.1) | 3 (3.1) | 59 (60.8) | 19 (24.7) | 2 (2.6) | 56 (72.7) | 0.495 |
Antibiotic Drugs | Antimicrobial Susceptible, n (%) | p-Values | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serotype 2 or ½ | Serotype 3 | Serotype 8 | Serotype 9 | Serotype 16 | Serotype 21 | Serotype 29 | Other Serotypes a | Non- Typeable | ||
n = 63 | n = 12 | n = 19 | n = 16 | n = 9 | n = 16 | n = 19 | n = 58 | n = 34 | ||
Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid | 62 (98.4) | 12 (100.0) | 19 (100.0) | 16 (100.0) | 9 (100.0) | 15 (93.8) | 17 (89.5) | 55 (94.8) | 29 (85.3) | 0.566 |
Ampicillin | 50 (79.4) | 12 (100.0) | 17 (89.5) | 12 (75.0) | 4 (44.4) | 10 (62.5) | 8 (42.1) | 38 (65.5) | 10 (29.4) | <0.001 * |
Cefepime | 52 (82.5) | 11 (91.7) | 17 (89.5) | 12 (75.0) | 3 (33.3) | 11 (68.8) | 13 (68.4) | 36 (62.1) | 13 (38.2) | <0.001 * |
Cefotaxime | 24 (38.1) | 6 (50.0) | 16 (84.2) | 8 (50.0) | 4 (44.4) | 6 (37.5) | 6 (31.6) | 24 (41.4) | 5 (14.7) | 0.001 * |
Ceftiofur | 59 (93.7) | 12 (100.0) | 18 (94.7) | 16 (100.0) | 6 (66.7) | 12 (75.0) | 16 (84.2) | 49 (84.5) | 22 (64.7) | 0.013 * |
Ceftriaxone | 23 (36.5) | 6 (50.0) | 16 (84.2) | 6 (37.5) | 3 (33.3) | 6 (37.5) | 6 (31.6) | 19 (32.8) | 7 (20.6) | 0.003 * |
Cefuroxime | 19 (30.2) | 5 (41.7) | 15 (78.9) | 3 (18.8) | 4 (44.4) | 5 (31.3) | 3 (15.8) | 19 (32.8) | 6 (17.6) | 0.001 * |
Daptomycin | 61 (96.8) | 12 (100.0) | 18 (94.7) | 16 (100.0) | 9 (100.0) | 14 (87.5) | 19 (100.0) | 57 (98.3) | 33 (97.1) | 0.461 |
Ertapenem | 62 (98.4) | 12 (100.0) | 19 (100.0) | 16 (100.0) | 9 (100.0) | 15 (93.8) | 18 (94.7) | 58 (100.0) | 31 (91.2) | 0.233 |
Meropenem | 63 (100.0) | 12 (100.0) | 19 (100.0) | 16 (100.0) | 9 (100.0) | 16 (100.0) | 19 (100.0) | 58 (100.0) | 34 (100.0) | ND |
Penicillin | 30 (47.6) | 9 (75.0) | 8 (42.1) | 5 (31.3) | 3 (33.3) | 3 (18.8) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (22.4) | 2 (5.9) | <0.001 * |
Vancomycin | 61 (96.8) | 12 (100.0) | 19 (100.0) | 16 (100.0) | 9 (100.0) | 14 (87.5) | 19 (100.0) | 57 (98.3) | 32 (94.1) | 0.341 |
Azithromycin | 1 (0.02) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (22.2) | 2 (12.5) | 2 (10.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.025* |
Chloramphenicol | 30 (47.6) | 1 (8.3) | 2 (10.5) | 7 (43.8) | 1 (11.1) | 7 (43.8) | 8 (42.1) | 9 (15.5) | 4 (11.8) | <0.001 * |
Chlortetracycline | 1 (1.6) | 1 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.3) | 4 (6.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.256 |
Clindamycin | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.151 |
Erythromycin | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (6.3) | 2 (10.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.264 |
Florfenicol | 19 (30.2) | 2 (16.7) | 3 (15.8) | 7 (43.8) | 1 (11.1) | 6 (37.5) | 8 (42.1) | 11 (19.0) | 7 (20.6) | 0.012 * |
Gentamicin | 19 (30.2) | 5 (41.7) | 9 (47.4) | 7 (43.8) | 2 (22.2) | 6 (37.5) | 12 (63.2) | 33 (56.9) | 13 (38.2) | 0.078 |
Linezolid | 47 (74.6) | 8 (66.7) | 12 (63.2) | 15 (93.8) | 6 (66.7) | 9 (56.3) | 15 (78.9) | 47 (81.0) | 22 (64.7) | 0.216 |
Neomycin | 27 (42.9) | 7 (58.3) | 11 (57.9) | 8 (50.0) | 4 (44.4) | 7 (43.8) | 16 (84.2) | 41 (70.7) | 26 (76.5) | 0.004 * |
Oxytetracycline | 1 (1.6) | 1 (8.3) | 1 (5.3) | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.3) | 4 (6.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.641 |
Spectinomycin | 23 (36.5) | 7 (58.3) | 14 (73.7) | 9 (56.3) | 3 (33.3) | 5 (31.3) | 10 (52.6) | 28 (48.3) | 11 (32.4) | 0.071 |
Tetracycline | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.978 |
Tiamulin | 11 (17.5) | 5 (41.7) | 4 (21.1) | 2 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (25.0) | 6 (31.9) | 15 (25.9) | 4 (11.8) | 0.216 |
Tilmicosin | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) | 2 (10.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.149 |
Tylosin tartrate | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.3) | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (10.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.149 |
Enrofloxacin | 27 (42.9) | 9 (75.0) | 9 (47.4) | 11 (68.8) | 1 (11.1) | 2 (12.5) | 6 (31.6) | 21 (36.2) | 5 (14.7) | <0.001 * |
Levofloxacin | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 * |
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 28 (44.4) | 10 (83.3) | 12 (63.2) | 6 (37.5) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (18.8) | 1 (5.3) | 13 (22.4) | 6 (17.6) | <0.001 * |
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Lunha, K.; Chumpol, W.; Samngamnim, S.; Jiemsup, S.; Assavacheep, P.; Yongkiettrakul, S. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Streptococcus suis Isolated from Diseased Pigs in Thailand, 2018–2020. Antibiotics 2022, 11, 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11030410
Lunha K, Chumpol W, Samngamnim S, Jiemsup S, Assavacheep P, Yongkiettrakul S. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Streptococcus suis Isolated from Diseased Pigs in Thailand, 2018–2020. Antibiotics. 2022; 11(3):410. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11030410
Chicago/Turabian StyleLunha, Kamonwan, Wiyada Chumpol, Sukuma Samngamnim, Surasak Jiemsup, Pornchalit Assavacheep, and Suganya Yongkiettrakul. 2022. "Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Streptococcus suis Isolated from Diseased Pigs in Thailand, 2018–2020" Antibiotics 11, no. 3: 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11030410