Antimicrobial Activity of Five Apitoxins from Apis mellifera on Two Common Foodborne Pathogens
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Apitoxin Collection
4.2. Mellitin Determination of Apitoxin by HPLC-UV
4.3. Salmonella and L. monocytogenes Strains
4.4. Determination of Minium Inhibitory and Biocidal Concentrations
4.5. Stastitical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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MIC (µg/mL) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strain | Source | Code | Apitoxin 1 | Apitoxin 2 | Apitoxin 3 | Apitoxin 4 | Apitoxin 5 |
S. Anatum | PF | A1 | 512 | 256 | 256 | 512 | 512 |
S. Anatum | PF | A6 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
S. Anatum | PF | A15 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
S. enterica subspecies arizonae | PF | AZ1 | 512 | 256 | 256 | 512 | 512 |
S. enterica subspecies arizonae | PF | AZ6 | 512 | 256 | 256 | 512 | 256 |
S. enterica subspecies arizonae | PF | AZ12 | 256 | 256 | 256 | 512 | 512 |
S. enterica subspecies arizonae | PF | AZ16 | 1024 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
S. enterica subspecies arizonae | PF | AZ20 | 512 | 256 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
S. enterica subspecies arizonae | PF | AZ21 | 512 | 512 | 256 | 256 | 256 |
S. Bardo | PF | B2 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
S. Bardo | PF | B3 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
S. Bredeney | PF | BR1 | 1024 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
S. Dabou | PF | DA1 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 256 |
S. Drac | PF | DC4 | 1024 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
S. Enteritidis | CK | ET1 | 512 | 512 | 256 | 256 | 256 |
S. Enteritidis | PF | ET2 | 512 | 512 | 256 | 256 | 512 |
S. Infantis | PF | I1 | 256 | 256 | 256 | 512 | 256 |
S. Infantis | PF | I2 | 256 | 256 | 256 | 512 | 256 |
S. Infantis | PF | I3 | 256 | 256 | 256 | 512 | 256 |
S. Infantis | PF | I4 | 256 | 256 | 256 | 1024 | 256 |
S. Infantis | PF | I7 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 256 | 256 |
S. Infantis | PF | I12 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
S. Infantis | PF | I11 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
S. Infantis | PF | I18 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 256 | 512 |
S. Isangi | PF | IG1 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
S. Isangi | PF | IG9 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
S. Montevideo | PF | M1 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
S. Mbandaka | PF | MB1 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 256 |
S. Ndolo | PF | ND1 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
S. Ndolo | PF | ND2 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
S. Ndolo | PF | ND5 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 256 | 256 |
S. Newport | PF | N1 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
S. Newport | PF | N6 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
S. Rissen | PF | R1 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 256 |
S. enterica subspecies salamae | PF | SA1 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 1024 | 512 |
S. enterica subspecies salamae | PF | SA2 | 1024 | 512 | 512 | 1024 | 512 |
S. enterica subspecies salamae | PF | SA3 | 1024 | 1024 | 1024 | 1024 | 1024 |
S. Seftenberg | PF | S1 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
S. Stanleyville | PF | ST1 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
S. Thompson | PF | TM1 | 1024 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
S. Typhimurium | CK | T2 | 512 | 256 | 512 | 512 | 256 |
S. Typhimurium | CK | T3 | 512 | 512 | 256 | 512 | 512 |
S. Typhimurium | PF | T6 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
S. Typhimurium | PF | T10 | 512 | 512 | 256 | 512 | 256 |
S. Typhimurium | PF | T12 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 256 |
S. Typhimurium | PF | T13 | 512 | 256 | 256 | 512 | 256 |
S. Typhimurium | PF | T18 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
S. Typhimurium | PF | T21 | 256 | 512 | 256 | 256 | 256 |
S. Typhimurium | PF | T24 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
S. Typhimurium | CC | CECT 4395 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
MIC (µg/mL) | 256 | 6 (12%) | 11 (22%) | 15 (30%) | 7 (14%) | 17 (34%) | |
512 | 38 (76%) | 38 (76%) | 34 (68%) | 39 (78%) | 33 (64%) | ||
1024 | 6 (12%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 4 (8%) | 1 (2%) |
MIC (µg/mL) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strain | Source | Code | Apitoxin 1 | Apitoxin 2 | Apitoxin 3 | Apitoxin 4 | Apitoxin 5 |
L. monocytogenes | RM | LHICA 1 | 16 | 16 | 32 | 16 | 32 |
L. monocytogenes | RM | LHICA 2 | 16 | 16 | 32 | 16 | 32 |
L. monocytogenes | CH | LHICA 3 | 32 | 16 | 32 | 32 | 32 |
L. monocytogenes | CH | LHICA 4 | 32 | 32 | 16 | 32 | 32 |
L. monocytogenes | CH | LHICA 5 | 16 | 16 | 32 | 32 | 32 |
L. monocytogenes | FP | LHICA 6 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 32 | 32 |
L. monocytogenes | FP | LHICA 7 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 16 | 32 |
L. monocytogenes | CC | CECT 934 | 32 | 16 | 32 | 16 | 32 |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
MIC (µg/mL) | 16 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 0 | |
32 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 8 |
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Lamas, A.; Arteaga, V.; Regal, P.; Vázquez, B.; Miranda, J.M.; Cepeda, A.; Franco, C.M. Antimicrobial Activity of Five Apitoxins from Apis mellifera on Two Common Foodborne Pathogens. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 367. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9070367
Lamas A, Arteaga V, Regal P, Vázquez B, Miranda JM, Cepeda A, Franco CM. Antimicrobial Activity of Five Apitoxins from Apis mellifera on Two Common Foodborne Pathogens. Antibiotics. 2020; 9(7):367. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9070367
Chicago/Turabian StyleLamas, Alexandre, Vicente Arteaga, Patricia Regal, Beatriz Vázquez, José Manuel Miranda, Alberto Cepeda, and Carlos Manuel Franco. 2020. "Antimicrobial Activity of Five Apitoxins from Apis mellifera on Two Common Foodborne Pathogens" Antibiotics 9, no. 7: 367. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9070367