Global Prevalence of Zika and Chikungunya Coinfection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Guideline and Protocol
2.2. Literature Search Strategy
2.3. Eligibility Criteria
2.4. Data Extraction and Quality Assessment
2.5. Data Synthesis and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Selection of the Relevant Studies
3.2. Major Features of the Included Studies
3.3. Major Outcomes
3.4. Publication Bias and Quality Assessment
3.5. Outlier and Sensitivity Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Study ID (References) | Study Period | Country | Type of Participants | Number of Participants (Female) | Age of the Participant (Mean ± SD, Range) (Years) | Detection Technique | Adult/ Paediatric |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Souza-Santos 2023 [50] | 07/2018 to 10/2018 | Brazil | Random selection based on socioeconomic status | 2114 (NR) | 10–14 | Rapid test kit | Paediatric |
2 | Mac 2023 [32] | 12/2020 to 11/2021 | Nigeria | All outpatients, pregnant women, and people living with HIV | 871 (619) | 36.6 (0–80+) | Immunoblot assay | Both adult and paediatric |
3 | Frota 2023 [51] | 02/2018 to 12/2018 | Brazil | Women with suspected arbovirus infection | 1289 (all female) | 15–39 | RT-PCR | Both adult and paediatric |
4 | Khongwichit 2022 [33] | 10/2018 to 02/2020 | Thailand | Chikungunya suspected patients | 1806 (NR) | ≤10–>50 | RT-PCR | Both adult and paediatric |
5 | Bailly 2021 [35] | 06/2017 to 10/2017 | French Guiana | Patients with suspected arbovirus infection | 2697 (NR) | 34.1 (25–75) | Microsphere immunoassay | Adult |
6 | Calvo-Anguiano 2021 [52] | 04/2015 to 06/2015 and 02/2016 to 03/2016 | Mexico | Patients with suspected arbovirus infection | 253 (169) | 0–>50 | RT-qPCR and nested-PCR | Both adult and paediatric |
7 | Jacques 2021 [31] | 10/2018 to 05/2019 | Brazil | Pregnant women with obstetric complications | 780 (all female) | 26.5 ± 3.6 | RT-qPCR | Adult |
8 | Mota 2021 [53] | 2016 | Brazil | Patients with compatible symptoms of arbovirus infection | 182 (131) | 40.06 ± 19.86 | RT-qPCR | Adult |
9 | Leonhard 2021 [54] | 12/2014 to 02/2017 | Brazil | Patients with a suspected preceding arbovirus infection and an acute neurological disease | 71 (36) | 46 (32–56) | RT-PCR and ELISA | Adult |
10 | Eligio-Garcia 2020 [55] | 02/2019 to 08/2019 | Mexico | Asymptomatic pregnant women | 136 (all female) | 14–43 | RT-PCR and ELISA | Adult |
11 | Ferreira 2020 [56] | 12/2014 to 12/2016 | Brazil | Suspected arbovirus-associated neurological disease | 201 (106) | 48 (34–60) | RT-PCR and PRNT | Adult |
12 | Perisse 2020 [57] | 07/2018 to 10/2018 | Brazil | Suspected patients with both symptomatic and asymptomatic arboviral infections | 2120 (1624) | 43.7 ± 21.4 | Rapid test kit | Adult |
13 | Bagno 2019 [58] | NR | Brazil | Pregnant woman and their respective new-borns with symptoms of arboviral infection | 193 (NR) | NR | RT-PCR and ELISA | Both adult and paediatric |
14 | Ball 2019 [59] | 05/2014 To 02/2015 | Haiti | Acute febrile illness | 252 (120) | 7.8 ± 4.5 | RT-PCR | paediatric |
15 | de Souza Costa 2019 [60] | 2015 to 2016 | Brazil | Acute febrile illness | 453 (266) | NR | Rapid colorimetric tests and RT-PCR | Both adult and paediatric |
16 | Silva 2019 [61] | 09/2014 to 07/2016 | Brazil | Acute febrile illness | 948 (NR) | NR | RT-PCR and ELISA | Adult |
17 | Mercado-Reyes 2019 [62] | 10/2015 to 12/2016 | Colombia | Patients suspected of arbovirus infection | 23,871 (NR) | NR | RT-PCR | Both adult and paediatric |
18 | Carrillo-Hernandez 2019 [11] | 08/2015 to 04/2016 | Colombia | Patients with febrile syndrome | 157 (103) | 26.81 ± 14.54 | Conventional PCR and RT-PCR | Both adult and Paediatric |
19 | de Souza 2018 [63] | 2014 to 2015 | Brazil | Patients suspected of arbovirus infection | 299 (NR) | NR | RT-PCR and ELISA | Both adult and paediatric |
20 | Leal Azeredo 2018 [64] | 02/2016 to 03/2016 | Brazil | Patients suspected of arbovirus infection | 134 (NR) | NR | RT-PCR and ELISA | Both adult and paediatric |
21 | Loconsole 2018 [34] | 03/2015 to 06/2017 | Italy | Vector-borne disease suspected international travellers | 156 (77) | 33 (median) | ELISA | Adult |
22 | Mehta 2018 [65] | 11/2015 to 06/2016 | Brazil | Patients with new neurological conditions associated with suspected ZIKV infection | 35 (NR) | NR | RT-PCR | Adult |
23 | White 2018 [66] | 05/2014 to 07/2014 | Haiti | Acute febrile illness | 100 (NR) | NR | RT-PCR | paediatric |
24 | Alva-Urcia 2017 [67] | 01/2016 to 03/2016 | Peru | Acute febrile illness | 139 (63) | NR | RT-PCR | Both adult and paediatric |
25 | Cardoso 2017 [68] | 07/2015 to 04/2016 | Brazil | Patients suspected of arbovirus infection | 58 (NR) | NR | RT-PCR and ELISA | NR |
26 | Colombo 2017 [69] | 01/2016 to 11/2016 | Brazil | Patients with suspected zika virus | 433 (287) | 36.7 ± 16.8 | RT-PCR | Both adult and paediatric |
27 | Cunha 2017 [70] | 02/2016 | Brazil | Symptoms of arboviral infections | 142 (NR) | NR | RT-PCR and ELISA | Both adult and paediatric |
28 | da Costa 2017 [71] | 03/2016 to 05/2016 | Brazil | Symptoms compatible with dengue, chikungunya zika virus infection | 273 (175) | 37 ± NR | Molecular diagnostics and virus discovery methods | Both adult and paediatric |
29 | Kaur 2017 [72] | 08/2016 to 12/2016 | India | Suspected chikungunya virus | 600 (NR) | 35 ± NR | RT-PCR | Both adult and paediatric |
30 | Magalhaes 2017 [73] | 05/2015 to 05/2016 | Brazil | Acute febrile patients with arboviral symptoms | 263 (NR) | 29 (median) | RT-PCR and ELISA | Both adult and paediatric |
31 | Cabral-Castro 2016 [74] | 04/2015 to 01/2016 | Brazil | Patients with suspected dengue fever | 30 (NR) | NR | RT-PCR | NR |
32 | Pessoa 2016 [36] | 05/2015 | Brazil | Suspected dengue patients | 77 (52) | NR | RT-PCR and ELISA | Both adult and paediatric |
33 | Waggoner 2016 [75] | 09/2015 to 04/2016 | Nicaragua | Suspected arboviral illness | 346 (NR) | NR | RT-PCR | NR |
Subgroups | Prevalence of Zika- Chikungunya Coinfection [95% CIs] (%) | Number of Studies Analysed | Total Number of Subjects | Heterogeneity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I2 | p-Value | ||||
ZIKV-CHIKV coinfection from different countries | |||||
Brazil | 1.0 [0.6–1.4] | 19 | 10,003 | 87% | <0.01 |
Colombia | 2.4 [0.0–7.3] | 2 | 24,024 | 88% | <0.01 |
Haiti | 3.5 [0.2–6.8] | 2 | 352 | 50% | 0.16 |
Mexico | 1.8 [0.5–3.1] | 2 | 389 | 0% | 0.71 |
ZIKV-CHIKV coinfection from different regions | |||||
South America | 0.6 [0.4–0.9] | 24 | 36,940 | 85% | <0.01 |
North America | 2.8 [1.5–4.1] | 5 | 1087 | 43% | 0.13 |
Asia | 0.1 [0.0–0.3] | 2 | 2406 | 0% | 0.59 |
ZIKV-CHIKV coinfection in adult and paediatric | |||||
Adult | 0.7 [0.2–1.1] | 10 | 7326 | 84% | <0.01 |
Paediatric | 2.1 [0.0–4.2] | 3 | 2466 | 73% | 0.002 |
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Ahmed, S.; Sultana, S.; Kundu, S.; Alam, S.S.; Hossan, T.; Islam, M.A. Global Prevalence of Zika and Chikungunya Coinfection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diseases 2024, 12, 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12020031
Ahmed S, Sultana S, Kundu S, Alam SS, Hossan T, Islam MA. Global Prevalence of Zika and Chikungunya Coinfection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diseases. 2024; 12(2):31. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12020031
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmed, Saleh, Shabiha Sultana, Shoumik Kundu, Sayeda Sadia Alam, Tareq Hossan, and Md Asiful Islam. 2024. "Global Prevalence of Zika and Chikungunya Coinfection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Diseases 12, no. 2: 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12020031