Metabolic Biomarkers in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: The Role of PPAR-γ2 and PPAR-β/δ Polymorphisms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Phenoty** and Biochemical Data
2.3. Genoty**
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Population Characteristics
3.2. PPAR-γ2 rs18 01282 and PPAR-β/δ rs2016520
3.3. PPAR SNPs and Anthropometric Measures
3.4. PPAR SNPs and Glycemic Biomarkers
3.5. PPAR SNPs and Lipid Biomarkers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SNP | Sequence | Major Alelle Genotype | Heterozygous Genotype | Minor Alelle Genotype |
---|---|---|---|---|
rs1801282 | P1: 5′-GTGTATCAGTGAAGGAATCGCTTTCTTG-3 P2: 5′-TTGTGATATGTTTGCAGACAAGGTATCAG TGAAGGAATCGCTTTGTGC-3′ P3: 5′-TTTCTGTGTTTATTCCCATCTCTCCC-3′ | 230 bp | 230 and 250 bp | 250 bp |
rs2016520 | F: 5′-CATGGTATAGCACTGCAGGAA-3′ R: 5′-CTTCCTCCTGTGGCTGCTC-3′ | 269 bp | 269, 167, and 102 bp | 167 and 102 bp |
PPAR-γ2 rs1801282 | PPAR-β/δ rs2016520 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genotype n (%) | CC 238 (76.77) | CG 67 (21.61) | GG 5 (1.61) | H-WE p | TT 231 (73.57) | TC 79 (25.16) | CC 4 (1.27) | H-WE p |
0.99 | 0.63 | |||||||
Allele | C | G | T | C | ||||
n | 543 | 77 | 541 | 87 | ||||
(%) | (87.58) | (12.42) | (86.15) | (13.85) |
Variable | PPAR-γ2 rs1801282 | PPAR-β/δ rs2016520 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CC (n = 238) Md (IQR) | CG + GG (n = 73) Md (IQR) | p | TT (n = 231) Md (IQR) | TC + CC (n = 83) Md (IQR) | p | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 31 (27–35) | 31 (28–33) | 0.768 | 31 (27–35) | 32 (28–35) | 0.238 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 101 (95–110) | 106 (99–115) | 0.029 | 100 (95–110) | 103 (100–115) | 0.052 |
FPG (mg/dL) | 144 (114–179) | 157 (127–207) | 0.026 | 145 (117–177) | 158 (125–195) | 0.089 |
HbA1c (%) | 7 (6–9) | 8 (6–10) | 0.057 | 7 (6–9) | 8 (6–10) | 0.080 |
TG (mg/dL) | 177 (126–235) | 181 (138–254) | 0.250 | 174 (124–227) | 190 (155–282) | 0.026 |
TC (mg/dL) | 194 (164–220) | 192 (168–218) | 0.838 | 193 (165–217) | 189 (163–226) | 0.526 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 44 (36–54) | 47 (38–56) | 0.260 | 44 (37–54) | 46 (37–56) | 0.457 |
LDL-C (mg/d L) | 110 (80–134) | 99 (73–132) | 0.224 | 109 (79–132) | 103 (65–140) | 0.671 |
VLDL (mg/dL) | 35 (25–47) | 36 (28–51) | 0.250 | 35 (25–45) | 38 (31–56) | 0.026 |
TC/HDL-C index | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) | 0.303 | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) | 0.964 |
Variable | Dominant Model n = 213 | Over-Dominant Model n = 213 |
---|---|---|
β (95%CI) p | β (95%CI) p | |
PPAR-γ2 rs1801282 | 0.09 (0.02, 0.16) a 0.011 | 0.08 (0.01, 0.16) c 0.020 |
PPAR-β/δ rs2016520 | 0.10 (0.03, 0.16) b 0.005 | 0.10 (0.04, 0.17) d 0.003 |
Body mass index e | ||
Overweight | −0.11 (−0.21, −0.006) 0.038 | −0.11 (−0.21, −0.005) 0.041 |
Obesity grade I | −0.15 (−0.25, −0.05) 0.004 | −0.15 (−0.25, −0.04) 0.005 |
Obesity grade II | −0.11 (−0.22, 0.01) 0.064 | −0.11 (−0.22, 0.01) 0.066 |
Obesity grade III | −0.18 (−0.31, −0.05) 0.005 | −0.18 (−0.31, −0.05) 0.006 |
Age at the time ofT2D diagnosis (years) | −0.01 (−0.01, −0.004) <0.001 | −0.01 (−0.01, −0.004) <0.001 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | −0.003 (−0.005, −0.0004) 0.020 | −0.003 (−0.005, −0.0003) 0.024 |
Variable | PPAR-γ2 rs1801282-CC & PPAR-β/δ rs2016520-TT n = 168 | PPAR-γ2 rs1801282-CG + GG & PPAR-β/δ rs2016520-TT n = 61 | PPAR-γ2 rs1801282-CC & PPAR-β/δ rs2016520-TC + CC n = 50 | PPAR-γ2 rs1801282-CG + GG & PPAR-β/δ rs2016520-TC + CC n = 16 |
---|---|---|---|---|
β (95%CI) p | β (95%CI) p | β (95%CI) p | β (95%CI) p | |
Body mass index | ||||
Overweight | 0.23 (0.013, 0.454) 0.038 | 0.31 (−0.457, 1.072) 0.422 | 0.44 (−0.008, 0.890) 0.054 | 0.49 (−0.257, 1.242) 0.174 |
Obesity class I | 0.26 (0.038, 0.474) 0.022 | 0.27 (−0.500, 1.048) 0.479 | 0.24 (−0.205, 0.690) 0.282 | 0.93 (0.263, 1.598) 0.011 |
Obesity class II | 0.28 (0.030, 0.521) 0.028 | 0.17 (−0.658, 1.004) 0.677 | 0.18 (−0.307, 0.672) 0.458 | 0.99 (0.247, 1.726) 0.014 |
Obesity class III | 0.19 (−0.093, 0.470) 0.187 | −0.03 (−0.970, 0.914) 0.952 | 0.52 (−0.108, 1.144) 0.103 | 0.18 (−0.577, 0.946) 0.600 |
FPG (mg/dL) | 0.002 (0.00, 0.003) 0.005 | 0.00 (−0.002, 0.002) 0.983 | 0.004 (0.002, 0.005) <0.001 | 0.002 (0.00, 0.004) 0.033 |
Adj R2 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.61 |
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Reza-López, S.A.; González-Gurrola, S.; Morales-Morales, O.O.; Moreno-González, J.G.; Rivas-Gómez, A.M.; González-Rodríguez, E.; Moreno-Brito, V.; Licón-Trillo, A.; Leal-Berumen, I. Metabolic Biomarkers in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: The Role of PPAR-γ2 and PPAR-β/δ Polymorphisms. Biomolecules 2023, 13, 1791. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13121791
Reza-López SA, González-Gurrola S, Morales-Morales OO, Moreno-González JG, Rivas-Gómez AM, González-Rodríguez E, Moreno-Brito V, Licón-Trillo A, Leal-Berumen I. Metabolic Biomarkers in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: The Role of PPAR-γ2 and PPAR-β/δ Polymorphisms. Biomolecules. 2023; 13(12):1791. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13121791
Chicago/Turabian StyleReza-López, Sandra A., Susana González-Gurrola, Oscar O. Morales-Morales, Janette G. Moreno-González, Ana M. Rivas-Gómez, Everardo González-Rodríguez, Verónica Moreno-Brito, Angel Licón-Trillo, and Irene Leal-Berumen. 2023. "Metabolic Biomarkers in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: The Role of PPAR-γ2 and PPAR-β/δ Polymorphisms" Biomolecules 13, no. 12: 1791. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13121791