Study on Multiscale Virtual Environment Construction and Spatial Navigation Based on Hierarchical Structure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Considering the characteristics of the level of detail, this study proposes an MSVE construction method based on a hierarchical structure and the properties of psychological spaces, which can present information at different scales efficiently and ensures that the richness of the details is enhanced with the progression of the hierarchy;
- This study combines the progressive shift of a user’s perspective with spatial cognition and adopts different navigation strategies to realize multiscale spatial navigation tasks in VEs at different levels to satisfy the overall user cognition from a large scale of the spatial scope of the wetland to the small-scale local details of the wetland landscape, which is in line with human spatial cognitive habits;
- The stability, scalability, and strong applicability of the proposed hierarchical structure are verified by experiments, and the results show that the proposed design method can be employed to satisfy virtual scenarios of multiple scales and complexities.
2. Related Work
2.1. Concept of Scale
2.2. Multiscale Methods in VEs
2.3. MSVE
2.4. Spatial Navigation in MSVE
3. Hierarchical MSVE Design and Spatial Navigation
3.1. Necessity of MSVE Construction and Spatial Navigation
3.2. Proposed MSVE Design
- L0: Geographical space and wetland extent. A wetland is usually a broad area that encompasses a general spatial pattern and various geographical features. A large lake can be considered a geographical space because it occupies a large enough space and often requires symbolic representation to be recognized and understood. People must rely on maps or other forms of symbolic representation to understand and navigate such spaces;
- L1: Environmental space and nature reserves in wetlands. The delineation of protected areas involves specific parcels of land and regions that comprise unique wetland ecosystems. These areas are usually large enough that they cannot be fully grasped from a single perspective, but perception can be gradually built up by navigating within the area and accumulating spatial information. Protected areas can, therefore, be considered environmental spaces;
- L2: Vista space and wetland landscape types. The classification of landscape types involves identifying and categorizing different landscape elements within a wetland, such as watershed landscapes, wetland vegetated landscapes, wetland geomorphic landscapes, and man-made landscapes. These landscapes visually occupy a larger space, but can allow the observer to view and understand the structure and function of the ecosystem within the wetland from a single point;
- L3: Figural space and virtual wetland scenarios. Virtual wetland scenarios are simulated environments created using digital technology that include the detailed modelling of wetland elements (e.g., monoculture vegetation) and dynamic simulations of changes in ecological processes. These 3D scenes are typically displayed on VR devices and allow users to simulate observation, exploration, and interaction with multiple model details and dynamic changes in the scene.
4. Case Study
4.1. Study Area and Data Acquisition
4.3. Space Navigation Tasks in MSVE
5. Discussion
5.1. MSVE Construction Requirements
5.2. Promising Applicability of Hierarchical Structure with Spatial and Hierarchical Differences in MSVE
5.3. User Experience Improvement Using Multiple Spatial Navigation Strategies in MSVE
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Type of Multiscale Method | Method | Details |
---|---|---|
Multiscale technology | Hierarchical spatial division algorithms | Quadtree and octree algorithms |
Detail-level display methods | LOD, HLOD, and Nanite technology | |
Multiscale function | Viewpoint manipulation | Zooming, viewpoint switching, and free roaming |
Semantic query | Target information and object index | |
Map navigation | Mini-map, directional markers, glowing trajectory, and flight experience | |
Auxiliary equipment | Interactive equipment | Spatial tracking devices, wearable devices, gesture recognition, and controllers |
Data Type | Data Content | Data Format | Acquisition Method |
---|---|---|---|
Remote sensing images | Poyang Lake area’s high-variability remote sensing image with a resolution of 0.8 m | TIFF | High-variability satellite (HVS) |
Topographic data | DEM data on the Poyang Lake Wetland Area | TIFF | Remote sensing imagery/UAV |
Poyang Lake Wetland Boundary | Vector data on the extent of the wetland boundary of Poyang Lake, rivers, and lakes | SHP | https://www.webmap.cn/ (accessed on 4 September 2023) |
Wetland surface texture | 12 wetland surface textures, including mudflat, sand, and grassland | PNG | UAV/Digital camera |
Wetland waterbody | Images of the lake during calm and rippling periods | PNG | UAV |
Wetland vegetation | Variety of typical wetland vegetation, including different growth periods and polymorphic materials | OBJ/PNG | 3D scanner/Digital camera |
Man-made construction | Buildings and man-made landscapes at virtual set reconstruction sites | PNG | UAV/Digital camera |
Migratory bird material | Information on the postures and habitual movements of typical migratory birds | MP4/PNG | Webcam/Digital camera |
Weather data | Weather data on the Poyang Lake area, the update frequency is 2 h/time | TXT | Web crawling |
Wetland Conservation Zone | Number of Wetland Landscape Selections |
---|---|
PLNNR | 11 |
Poyang Lake Nanji Wetland National Nature Reserve | 12 |
East Poyang Lake National Wetland Park | 10 |
Duchang Migratory Bird Provincial Nature Reserve | 5 |
Yugan-Kangshan Migratory Bird County Nature Reserve | 10 |
Five Stars Siberian Cranes Sanctuary | 7 |
Other locations | 12 |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Chen, C.; Li, C.; Lu, K.; Chen, H.; **ao, X.; Fang, C. Study on Multiscale Virtual Environment Construction and Spatial Navigation Based on Hierarchical Structure. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2024, 13, 219. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13070219
Chen C, Li C, Lu K, Chen H, **ao X, Fang C. Study on Multiscale Virtual Environment Construction and Spatial Navigation Based on Hierarchical Structure. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2024; 13(7):219. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13070219
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Chao, Chaoyang Li, Kai Lu, Hao Chen, **n **ao, and Chaoyang Fang. 2024. "Study on Multiscale Virtual Environment Construction and Spatial Navigation Based on Hierarchical Structure" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 13, no. 7: 219. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13070219