Brassicaceae Fungi and Chromista Diseases: Molecular Detection and Host–Plant Interaction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Most Impactful Fungal Brassica Diseases and Their Molecular Detection
2.1. Alternaria Leaf Spot
Molecular Technique | Detected Pathogen | Primer Name | Target Gene | Starting Material | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Multiplex PCR | Alternaria brassicae Alternaria brassicicola | AbeABC1F and AbeABC1R Aba28sF and Aba28sR | ABC transporter (Atr1) gene ABS 28 based SSR marker | Pure DNA extracted from mycelium QIAamp® DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen) | [15] |
Conventional PCR | Alternaria brassicicola | Acola-sens and Acola-reverse primers | ITS region | Pure DNA extracted from fungal isolates and seed samples (CTAB Protocol) | [39] |
Conventional PCR Real-Time PCR | Alternaria brassicae | ABCsens and ABCrev 115sens and 115rev | ABC transporter gene NRPS Gene (non-ribosomal peptide synthase) | DNA extracted from pure fungal cultures and seed macerates | [28] |
Multiplex PCR | Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans Fusarium oxysporum | Focs-1/Focs-2 W106R/F106S | Foc-specific fragments, whose length is 7 382 bp (Foc7382) | Pure DNA from plant (NuClean Plant Gen DNA Kit, Transgen Biotech Co., Ltd., Bei**g, China) Pure DNA from fungal isolates following Lin et al. [40] | [17] |
Real-time PCR Conventional PCR | Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans | Cong_PG1_F., Cong_PG1_R., Cong_PG1_Probe PG1congF PG1congR | pg1 gene (endopolygalacturonase) | Pure DNA from from soil using FastDNA SPIN Kit (Q-BioGene, Montreal, QC, Canada) and from fungal isolates following Saitoh et al. [41] | [42] |
Multiplex PCR | Peronospora parasitica | ITS4 and ITS5 (PpITS2F), (PpITS2R) | ITS region | Pure DNA extracted from fungal mycelium (CTAB Protocol) | [43] |
Conventional PCR | Leptosphaeria maculans (anamorphe: Phoma lingam) | LmacF and LmacR | ITS region along with the 5.8S rRNA gene | Pure DNA extracted from imported canola seeds and pure cultures DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen) | [44,45] |
Conventional PCR | Plasmodiophora brassicae | TC1F and TC1R TC2F and TC2R | partial 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene 18S and ITS region | Pure DNA from mycelium, root, and soil (Roger and bendish [46] and Fast DNA spin Kit, Qbiogene Inc., Irvine, CA, USA) | [47] |
Conventional PCR | Albugo candida | ACAN-1and ACAN-2 DC6 and LR-0 | ITS1 region ITS region | Pure DNA extracted from symptomatic and asymptomatic plant tissue and surface-sterilized seed (CTAB protocol) Pure DNA extracted from leaf tissue; method described by Cenis et al. [48] and a modified protocol by Choi et al. [49] | [50] [51,52] |
Real-Time PCR | Pyrenopeziza brassicae | OrSU677 and OrSU678 primers Probe: OrSU681 | Cutinase gene Pbc1 | Pure DNA extracted from symptomatic plant DNeasy Plant Minikit (Qiagen) | [53] |
Conventional PCR | Leptosphaeria maculans | ITS1 and ITS4 | ITS region | Pure DNA extracted from fungal cells DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen) | [45] |
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) | Pythium ultimum | SW-1 primer set (F3, B3, FIP, BIP, F-Loop) | target gene encoding a spore wall protein W-1 | Pure DNA from pure cultures and infected plant tissues (CTAB method) | [54] |
Quantitative PCR | Rhizoctonia solani | Specific primers: GMRS3-R GRSM4M Probe: GRMP | ITS region | Pure DNA from mycelium, plant, and soil (Fast DNA Spin Kit, MP Biomedicals, Solon, OH, USA) | [55] |
Conventional PCR | Neopseudocercosporella capsellae | ITS1 and ITS4 | ITS region | Pure DNA extracted from mycelium (protocol adopted with some modification by Cenis [48]) | [56] |
Nested PCR Quantitative PCR | Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | ITS4/ITS5 and XJJ21/XJJ222 SSBZF and SSBZR Hydrolysis Probe: SSBZP | ITS region SS1G_00263 | Pure DNA extracted from mycelium and petals (CTAB and microwave-based method) | [57,58] |
Simplex and Multiplex PCR | Sclerotinia minor Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | SMLcc2 F SMLcc2 R SSaspr F SSaspr R | laccase 2 (Lcc2) aspartyl protease (Aspr) | Pure DNA from plants and fungal isolates following Sambrook and Russell [59] | [16] |
Conventional PCR | Erysiphe cruciferarum | EryF and EryR | ITS region | Pure DNA from mycelium and infected plant tissue | [60] |
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) | Pyrenopeziza brassicae | Pb_ITS_F3, Pb_ITS_B3, Pb_ITS_FIP, Pb_ITS_BIP, Pb_ITS_LoopF, Pb_ITS_LoopB, Pb_BTUB_F3, Pb_BTUB_B3, Pb_BTUB_FIP, Pb_BTUB_BIP, Pb_BTUB_LoopF, Pb_BTUB_LoopB | ITS region B-tubulin region | Pure DNA from Mycelium and Master Pure Yeast DNA Purification kit | [61] |
2.2. Blackleg Disease
2.3. Downy Mildew
2.4. Clubroot Disease
2.5. Fusarium Yellows
2.6. Sclerotinia Disease
2.7. Powdery Mildew
2.8. Dam**-Off and Wirestem
2.9. White Rust
2.10. White Leaf Spot
3. Plant–Fungus Interaction in Brassicaceae
3.1. Beneficial Plant–Fungus Interaction in Brassicaceae
3.2. Host–Pathogen Interactions and Omics Technologies
3.2.1. Examples of the Application of Transcriptomics, Pangenomics, and Metabolomics in Brassica crops
3.2.2. Omics Technologies, Genome Editing, and Bioinformatics Methods
3.2.3. Responses of Brassica spp. to Fungal Infection
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mourou, M.; Raimondo, M.L.; Lops, F.; Carlucci, A. Brassicaceae Fungi and Chromista Diseases: Molecular Detection and Host–Plant Interaction. Plants 2023, 12, 1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051033
Mourou M, Raimondo ML, Lops F, Carlucci A. Brassicaceae Fungi and Chromista Diseases: Molecular Detection and Host–Plant Interaction. Plants. 2023; 12(5):1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051033
Chicago/Turabian StyleMourou, Marwa, Maria Luisa Raimondo, Francesco Lops, and Antonia Carlucci. 2023. "Brassicaceae Fungi and Chromista Diseases: Molecular Detection and Host–Plant Interaction" Plants 12, no. 5: 1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051033