Impact of Drying Processes for Camellia Seeds on the Volatile Compounds of Camellia Seed Oil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Oil Samples
2.2. Determination of Oil Contents and Quality Parameters
2.3. Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry Analysis
2.4. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of GC-IMS
2.5. Determination of Key Aroma Compounds
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Fatty Acid Composition and Quality Parameters of CO Samples
3.2. GC-IMS Topography of CO Samples
3.3. Fingerprint Study of VOCs in CO Samples
3.4. Identification of VOCs in CO Samples
3.5. Identification of Key Aroma Compounds
3.6. Principal Component Analysis of VOCs in CO Samples
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compounds and Parameters | y1 | y2 |
---|---|---|
Palmitic acid (C16:0) | 5.18% | 5.88% |
Stearic acid (C18:0) | 1.75% | 1.90% |
Oleic acid (C18:1n9c) | 83.60% | 82.80% |
Linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) | 8.83% | 8.69% |
Linolenic acid (C18:3n3) | 0.14% | 0.15% |
Arachidonic acid (C20:1n9c) | 0.51% | 0.56% |
Vitamin E (mg/kg) | 184.71 | 186.52 |
Acid value (mg/g) | 0.54 | 0.88 |
Peroxide value (g/100 g) | 0.03 | 0.07 |
No. | Label | CAS | Formula | MW A | RI B | Rt C [s] | Dt D [a.u.] | Relative Content (%) E | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
y1 | y2 | ||||||||
1 | Nonanal M | 124-19-6 | C9H18O | 142.2 | 1102.2 | 782.118 | 1.47435 | 2.64 ± 0.01 | 1.45 ± 0.01 |
2 | Nonanal D | 124-19-6 | C9H18O | 142.2 | 1103.3 | 784.609 | 1.93263 | 0.52 ± 0.03 | 0.27 ± 0.03 |
3 | 1-Octanol M | 111-87-5 | C8H18O | 130.2 | 1082.4 | 738.529 | 1.47038 | 1.07 ± 0.03 | 0.25 ± 0.01 |
4 | 1-Octanol D | 111-87-5 | C8H18O | 130.2 | 1081.3 | 736.212 | 1.87906 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 |
5 | (E)-2-Octenal M | 2548-87-0 | C8H14O | 126.2 | 1065.1 | 702.55 | 1.3329 | 0.33 ± 0.02 | 0.71 ± 0.01 |
6 | (E)-2-Octenal D | 2548-87-0 | C8H14O | 126.2 | 1066.9 | 706.29 | 1.81446 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.13 ± 0.01 |
7 | Octanal M | 124-13-0 | C8H16O | 128.2 | 1012 | 602.494 | 1.40315 | 5.67 ± 0.17 | 4.24 ± 0.03 |
8 | Octanal D | 124-13-0 | C8H16O | 128.2 | 1012.8 | 603.916 | 1.82745 | 4.68 ± 0.15 | 2.30 ± 0.02 |
9 | 1-Heptanol M | C111706 | C7H16O | 116.2 | 981 | 541.358 | 1.4056 | 7.08 ± 0.05 | 2.50 ± 0.06 |
10 | 1-Heptanol D | C111706 | C7H16O | 116.2 | 979 | 537.092 | 1.75632 | 2.44 ± 0.01 | 0.47 ± 0.01 |
11 | Benzaldehyde M | 100-52-7 | C7H6O | 106.1 | 964.1 | 506.07 | 1.15348 | 0.94 ± 0.03 | 3.15 ± 0.00 |
12 | Benzaldehyde D | 100-52-7 | C7H6O | 106.1 | 963.7 | 505.231 | 1.46625 | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 1.19 ± 0.03 |
13 | Butyrolactone M | 96-48-0 | C4H6O2 | 86.1 | 924.7 | 432.297 | 1.08595 | 2.37 ± 0.08 | 4.24 ± 0.06 |
14 | Butyrolactone D | 96-48-0 | C4H6O2 | 86.1 | 921.3 | 426.428 | 1.29743 | 0.45 ± 0.02 | 1.43 ± 0.07 |
15 | Hexanoic acid M | 142-62-1 | C6H12O2 | 116.2 | 991.5 | 564.753 | 1.30276 | 2.77 ± 1.35 | 0.41 ± 0.09 |
16 | Hexanoic acid D | 142-62-1 | C6H12O2 | 116.2 | 991.5 | 564.753 | 1.63685 | 0.37 ± 0.22 | 0.06 ± 0.00 |
17 | Heptanal M | 111-71-7 | C7H14O | 114.2 | 902.7 | 395.754 | 1.33669 | 3.30 ± 0.02 | 2.78 ± 0.04 |
18 | Heptanal D | 111-71-7 | C7H14O | 114.2 | 902.3 | 395.205 | 1.69772 | 2.01 ± 0.01 | 1.86 ± 0.01 |
19 | 1-Hexanol M | 111-27-3 | C6H14O | 102.2 | 874 | 356.774 | 1.33519 | 3.45 ± 0.00 | 1.66 ± 0.03 |
20 | 1-Hexanol D | 111-27-3 | C6H14O | 102.2 | 872.7 | 355.126 | 1.6408 | 1.18 ± 0.01 | 0.38 ± 0.01 |
21 | 2-Heptanone M | 110-43-0 | C7H14O | 114.2 | 892.8 | 380.381 | 1.26329 | 0.95 ± 0.02 | 1.05 ± 0.02 |
22 | 2-Heptanone D | 110-43-0 | C7H14O | 114.2 | 893.1 | 380.93 | 1.62732 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | 0.28 ± 0.00 |
23 | Furan-2-carbaldehyde M | 98-01-1 | C5H4O2 | 96.1 | 829.8 | 306.813 | 1.09251 | 0.34 ± 0.01 | 1.39 ± 0.04 |
24 | Furan-2-carbaldehyde | 98-01-1 | C5H4O2 | 96.1 | 829.3 | 306.264 | 1.3292 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.29 ± 0.01 |
25 | Hexanal M | 66-25-1 | C6H12O | 100.2 | 794.1 | 271.675 | 1.2558 | 3.47 ± 0.03 | 2.18 ± 0.03 |
26 | Hexanal D | 66-25-1 | C6H12O | 100.2 | 792.9 | 270.577 | 1.56589 | 9.17 ± 0.08 | 9.21 ± 0.06 |
27 | 1-Pentanol M | 71-41-0 | C5H12O | 88.1 | 761.3 | 240.863 | 1.25576 | 3.28 ± 0.01 | 2.67 ± 0.05 |
28 | 1-Pentanol D | 71-41-0 | C5H12O | 88.1 | 760.3 | 239.983 | 1.51156 | 1.79 ± 0.02 | 2.41 ± 0.04 |
29 | 1-Butanol, 3-methyl M | 123-51-3 | C5H12O | 88.1 | 731.3 | 215.058 | 1.24701 | 0.54 ± 0.01 | 1.65 ± 0.02 |
30 | 1-Butanol, 3-methyl D | 123-51-3 | C5H12O | 88.1 | 729.1 | 213.299 | 1.49516 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.89 ± 0.01 |
31 | Pentanal M | 110-62-3 | C5H10O | 86.1 | 695.4 | 187.787 | 1.1847 | 2.73 ± 0.00 | 1.05 ± 0.02 |
32 | n-pentanal D | 110-62-3 | C5H10O | 86.1 | 695.4 | 187.787 | 1.42192 | 1.84 ± 0.01 | 1.50 ± 0.07 |
33 | 2-Methylbutanal | 96-17-3 | C5H10O | 86.1 | 661.5 | 166.381 | 1.41099 | 1.96 ± 0.05 | 3.36 ± 0.13 |
34 | 1-Butanol M | 71-36-3 | C4H10O | 74.1 | 664 | 167.848 | 1.17705 | 3.05 ± 0.03 | 1.02 ± 0.03 |
35 | 1-Butanol D | 71-36-3 | C4H10O | 74.1 | 661 | 166.088 | 1.38147 | 0.81 ± 0.04 | 1.39 ± 0.02 |
36 | 2-Butanone | 78-93-3 | C4H8O | 72.1 | 614.2 | 140.87 | 1.25357 | 0.40 ± 0.01 | 1.11 ± 0.01 |
37 | Acetic acid M | 64-19-7 | C2H4O2 | 60.1 | 605.7 | 136.765 | 1.05242 | 8.56 ± 0.44 | 2.51 ± 0.12 |
38 | Acetic acid D | 64-19-7 | C2H4O2 | 60.1 | 603.3 | 135.592 | 1.15409 | 0.77 ± 0.05 | 0.39 ± 0.01 |
39 | 2-Methylpropan-1-ol D | 78-83-1 | C4H10O | 74.1 | 629.2 | 148.494 | 1.35524 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 1.05 ± 0.02 |
40 | 2-Methylpropan-1-ol M | 78-83-1 | C4H10O | 74.1 | 635.3 | 151.72 | 1.17267 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.33 ± 0.02 |
41 | Ethyl Acetate | 141-78-6 | C4H8O2 | 88.1 | 589.4 | 129.141 | 1.36398 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 10.46 ± 0.09 |
42 | 1-Propanol D | 71-23-8 | C3H8O | 60.1 | 556.6 | 115.066 | 1.26778 | 0.75 ± 0.02 | 7.06 ± 0.16 |
43 | 1-Propanol M | 71-23-8 | C3H8O | 60.1 | 551.5 | 113.013 | 1.1202 | 11.09 ± 0.09 | 1.97 ± 0.29 |
44 | Propanoic acid | 79-09-4 | C3H6O2 | 74.1 | 680.9 | 178.111 | 1.10599 | 1.36 ± 0.02 | 0.26 ± 0.00 |
45 | Methyl butanoate | 623-42-7 | C5H10O2 | 102.1 | 742.3 | 224.148 | 1.15409 | 0.59 ± 0.12 | 1.60 ± 0.06 |
46 | 2-Butanone, 3-hydroxy- | 513-86-0 | C4H8O2 | 88.1 | 709.5 | 198.051 | 1.05898 | 0.78 ± 0.06 | 1.31 ± 0.03 |
47 | 3-methylbutanoic acid M | 503-74-2 | C5H10O2 | 102.1 | 835.6 | 312.998 | 1.21968 | 0.58 ± 0.20 | 0.94 ± 0.23 |
48 | 3-methylbutanoic acid D | 503-74-2 | C5H10O2 | 102.1 | 838.9 | 316.514 | 1.48612 | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 0.29 ± 0.08 |
49 | (E)-2-Heptenal M | 18829-55-5 | C7H12O | 112.2 | 959.8 | 497.383 | 1.25623 | 0.72 ± 0.00 | 1.23 ± 0.02 |
50 | (E)-2-Heptenal D | 18829-55-5 | C7H12O | 112.2 | 959.2 | 496.234 | 1.67137 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.27 ± 0.01 |
51 | 1-Penten-3-ol | 616-25-1 | C5H10O | 86.1 | 681.6 | 178.563 | 1.35608 | 1.02 ± 0.01 | 6.35 ± 0.04 |
52 | 1 | Unidentified | 0 | 722.1 | 207.666 | 1.19022 | 0.31 ± 0.01 | 0.85 ± 0.00 | |
53 | 2 | Unidentified | 0 | 761.1 | 240.675 | 1.06706 | 0.43 ± 0.03 | 2.10 ± 0.02 | |
Total | Aldehydes | 40.75 | 38.56 | ||||||
Alcohols | 38.011 | 32.14 | |||||||
Acids | 14.58 | 4.86 | |||||||
Esters | 3.61 | 17.73 | |||||||
Ketones | 2.33 | 3.75 |
No. | Label | Odor Detection Threshold (mg/kg) | ROAV Value | Aroma/Flavor Description | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
y1 | y2 | ||||
1 | Nonanal M | 0.0035 | 1.33 | 0.98 | Oily, citrus, grass |
2 | Nonanal D | 0.0035 | 0.26 | 0.18 | Oily, citrus, grass |
3 | 1-Octanol M | 0.054 | 0.03 | 0.01 | |
4 | 1-Octanol D | 0.054 | 0.01 | 0 | |
5 | (E)-2-Octenal M | 0.003 | 0.19 | 0.56 | Grass, nutty, oily |
6 | (E)-2-Octenal D | 0.003 | 0.04 | 0.1 | Grass, nutty, oily |
7 | Octanal M | 0.0001 | 100 | 100 | Oily, soap, lemon, grass |
8 | Octanal D | 0.0001 | 82.49 | 54.37 | Oily, soap, lemon, grass |
9 | 1-Heptanol M | 0.2 | 0.06 | 0.03 | |
10 | 1-Heptanol D | 0.2 | 0.02 | 0.01 | |
11 | Benzaldehyde M | 0.3 | 0.01 | 0.02 | |
12 | Benzaldehyde D | 0.3 | 0 | 0.01 | |
13 | Butyrolactone M | 10 | 0 | 0 | |
14 | Butyrolactone D | 10 | 0 | 0 | |
15 | Hexanoic acid M | 0.7 | 0.01 | 0 | |
16 | Hexanoic acid D | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | |
17 | Heptanal M | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.13 | Oily, citrus |
18 | Heptanal D | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.09 | Oily, citrus |
19 | 1-Hexanol M | 0.2 | 0.03 | 0.02 | |
20 | 1-Hexanol D | 0.2 | 0.01 | 0 | |
21 | 2-Heptanone M | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | |
22 | 2-Heptanone D | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | |
23 | Furan-2-carbaldehyde M | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | |
24 | Furan-2-carbaldehyde | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | |
25 | Hexanal M | 0.0075 | 0.81 | 0.69 | Grass, fatty, oily |
26 | Hexanal D | 0.0075 | 2.15 | 2.9 | Grass, fatty, oily |
27 | 1-Pentanol M | 0.47 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
28 | 1-Pentanol D | 0.47 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
29 | 1-Butanol, 3-methyl M | 0.25 | 0 | 0.02 | |
30 | 1-Butanol, 3-methyl D | 0.25 | 0 | 0.01 | |
31 | n-Pentanal M | 0.012 | 0.4 | 0.21 | Almond, malt |
32 | n-Pentanal D | 0.012 | 0.27 | 0.3 | Almond, malt |
33 | 2-Methylbutanal | 0.0125 | 0.28 | 0.63 | Cocoa, almond |
34 | 1-Butanol M | 100 | 0 | 0 | |
35 | 1-Butanol D | 100 | 0 | 0 | |
36 | 2-Butanone | 15 | 0 | 0 | |
37 | Acetic acid M | 0.5 | 0.03 | 0.01 | |
38 | Acetic acid D | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | |
39 | 2-Methylpropan-1-ol D | 100 | 0 | 0 | |
40 | 2-Methylpropan-1-ol M | 100 | 0 | 0 | |
41 | Ethyl Acetate | 1.7 | 0 | 0.01 | |
42 | 1-Propanol D | 270 | 0 | 0 | |
43 | 1-Propanol M | 270 | 0 | 0 | |
44 | Propanoic acid | 0.72 | 0 | 0 | |
45 | Methyl butanoate | 0.5 | 0 | 0.01 | |
46 | 2-Butanone, 3-hydroxy- | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
47 | 3-methylbutanoic acid M | 0.026 | 0.04 | 0.09 | |
48 | 3-methylbutanoic acid D | 0.026 | 0.01 | 0.03 | |
49 | (E)-2-Heptenal M | 0.013 | 0.1 | 0.22 | Soap, fatty, almond |
50 | (E)-2-Heptenal D | 0.013 | 0.01 | 0.05 | Soap, fatty, almond |
51 | 1-Penten-3-ol | 0.35 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
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Ma, L.; Gao, J.; Zhang, Z.; Zhu, X.; Chen, B.; Chen, Y.; Deng, S.; Li, Z.; Chen, X. Impact of Drying Processes for Camellia Seeds on the Volatile Compounds of Camellia Seed Oil. Processes 2024, 12, 1332. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071332
Ma L, Gao J, Zhang Z, Zhu X, Chen B, Chen Y, Deng S, Li Z, Chen X. Impact of Drying Processes for Camellia Seeds on the Volatile Compounds of Camellia Seed Oil. Processes. 2024; 12(7):1332. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071332
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Li, **g Gao, Zhen Zhang, **aoyang Zhu, Bolin Chen, Yongzhong Chen, Senwen Deng, Zhigang Li, and **nzhi Chen. 2024. "Impact of Drying Processes for Camellia Seeds on the Volatile Compounds of Camellia Seed Oil" Processes 12, no. 7: 1332. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071332