Relationship between Socio-Emotional Competencies and the Overlap of Bullying and Cyberbullying Behaviors in Primary School Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Cyberbullying in Primary Education
1.2. Overlap of Off- and Online Bullying
1.3. Socio-Emotional Competencies and Cybervictimization
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Analysis of the Data
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence of the Off- and Online Bullying Overlap
3.2. Relationship between Socio-Emotional Competencies and the Bullying Overlap
3.3. Relationship with Factors of Socio-Emotional Competencies
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total | Boys | Girls | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | χ2 (1) | Yes | No | χ2 (1) | Yes | No | χ2 (1) | |
They posted something bad about me on the Internet | |||||||||
Physical bullying | 2.5 | 0.7 | 5.36 ** | 3.9 | 0.4 | 6.83 ** | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.08 |
Verbal bullying | 2.7 | 0.7 | 7.13 ** | 4.0 | 1.1 | 4.81 * | 1.5 | 0.3 | 2.13 |
Social bullying | 2.9 | 0.8 | 7.94 ** | 4.5 | 1.2 | 5.98 * | 1.6 | 0.3 | 2.63 |
They sent me a hurtful email or message | |||||||||
Physical bullying | 4.7 | 0.7 | 16.04 *** | 5.2 | 0.4 | 9.69 *** | 4.2 | 1.0 | 6.02 ** |
Verbal bullying | 4.9 | 0.9 | 16.89 *** | 5.0 | 1.4 | 5.89 * | 4.8 | 0.3 | 11.83 *** |
Social bullying | 5.7 | 0.8 | 24.23 *** | 6.3 | 1.2 | 11.18 *** | 5.2 | 0.3 | 13.80 *** |
They made hurtful comments about me on the Internet | |||||||||
Physical bullying | 4.0 | 0.6 | 14.57 *** | 5.5 | 0 | 12.96 *** | 2.3 | 1.0 | 1.53 |
Verbal bullying | 4.0 | 0.9 | 11.98 *** | 5.0 | 1.4 | 5.89 * | 3.0 | 0.3 | 6.27 * |
Social bullying | 4.4 | 0.9 | 14.50 *** | 5.8 | 1.5 | 8.15 ** | 3.2 | 0.3 | 7.42 ** |
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Decision-making | -- | 0.68 *** | 0.59 *** | 0.64 *** | −0.15 *** |
2. Relationship skills | 0.65 *** | -- | 0.60 *** | 0.62 *** | −0.19 *** |
3. Self-management | 0.55 *** | 0.49 *** | -- | 0.87 *** | −0.14 *** |
4. Social awareness | 0.57 *** | 0.52 *** | 0.86 *** | -- | −0.18 *** |
5. Bullying overlap | −0.10 ** | −0.14 *** | −0.15 *** | −0.12 ** | -- |
M boys | 3.39 | 3.40 | 3.21 | 3.20 | |
SD boys | 0.57 | 0.64 | 0.69 | 0.68 | |
M girls | 3.51 | 3.49 | 3.34 | 3.39 | |
SD girls | 0.49 | 0.55 | 0.60 | 0.56 | |
t | −3.74 *** | −2.43 * | −3.40 *** | −4.89 *** |
Variables | Offline Bullying | Online Bullying | Overlap | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | IC 95% | OR | IC 95% | OR | IC 95% | |
Decision-making | 0.71 | 0.41–1.22 | 1.93 | 0.02–16.82 | 0.85 | 0.34–2.11 |
Relationship skills | 0.73 | 0.45–1.21 | 12.42 | 0.04–38.61 | 0.41 * | 0.18–0.91 |
Self-management | 0.86 | 0.47–1.58 | 2.10 | 0.03–13.37 | 1.09 | 0.37–3.19 |
Social Awareness | 0.94 | 0.49–1.79 | 0.08 | 0.00–6.22 | 0.57 | 0.18–1.83 |
-2 LL | 602.10 | |||||
Nagelkerke R2 | 0.08 |
Variables | Offline Bullying | Overlap | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR | IC 95% | OR | IC 95% | |
Decision-making | 0.66 | 0.38–1.15 | 1.05 | 0.36–3.06 |
Relationship skills | 0.76 | 0.46–1.24 | 0.46 | 0.20–1.08 |
Self-management | 0.77 | 0.40–1.47 | 0.31* | 0.10–0.95 |
Social awareness | 1.15 | 0.57–2.33 | 1.58 | 0.45–5.58 |
-2 LL | 540.12 | |||
Nagelkerke R2 | 0.06 |
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Rodríguez-Álvarez, J.M.; Yubero, S.; Navarro, R.; Larrañaga, E. Relationship between Socio-Emotional Competencies and the Overlap of Bullying and Cyberbullying Behaviors in Primary School Students. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2021, 11, 686-696. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11030049
Rodríguez-Álvarez JM, Yubero S, Navarro R, Larrañaga E. Relationship between Socio-Emotional Competencies and the Overlap of Bullying and Cyberbullying Behaviors in Primary School Students. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2021; 11(3):686-696. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11030049
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez-Álvarez, Juan Manuel, Santiago Yubero, Raúl Navarro, and Elisa Larrañaga. 2021. "Relationship between Socio-Emotional Competencies and the Overlap of Bullying and Cyberbullying Behaviors in Primary School Students" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 11, no. 3: 686-696. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11030049