The Role of Emotional Skills (Competence) and Co** Strategies in Adolescent Depression
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Questionnaires
2.2.1. The Emotional Skills and Competence Questionnaire (ESCQ-45)
2.2.2. Short Version of the Co** Inventory for Adolescents
2.2.3. Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS)
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Data
3.2. Gender Differences in Depression, Emotional Competence, and Co** Styles
3.3. The Relationship between Depression, Emotional Competence, and Co** Styles
4. Discussion
4.1. Gender Differences in Depression, Emotional Competence, and Co** Styles
4.2. The Relationship between Depression, Emotional Competence, and Co** Styles
4.3. Implications and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Asymmetry | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | TR | S | K | K-S | ||
Depression | 16.10 | 12.24 | 0–42 | 0.51 | −0.88 | 0.11 ** | |
ESCQ-45 | ESCQ-45 total score | 3.43 | 0.53 | 1–5 | 0.44 | 0.15 | 0.08 * |
Perceiving and understanding emotions | 3.62 | 0.69 | 1–5 | −0.10 | −0.29 | 0.05 | |
Expressing and naming emotions | 3.05 | 0.75 | 1–5 | 0.26 | −0.36 | 0.09 * | |
Managing emotions | 3.58 | 0.53 | 1–5 | 0.11 | −0.05 | 0.05 | |
Co** style | Problem-focused co** | 15.82 | 3.83 | 0–24 | −0.26 | −0.46 | 0.09 * |
Emotion-focused co** | 11.06 | 5.62 | 0–24 | −0.03 | −0.59 | 0.08 * | |
Avoidance | 13.75 | 4.40 | 0–24 | 0.12 | −0.75 | 0.12 ** |
Girls (N = 85) | Boys (N = 57) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | T | |
Depression | 19.09 | 12.51 | 11.63 | 10.42 | 3.86 ** |
ESCQ-45 total score | 3.41 | 0.52 | 3.45 | 0.56 | −0.45 |
Perceiving and understanding emotions | 3.71 | 0.70 | 3.49 | 0.65 | 1.87 |
Expressing and naming emotions | 2.96 | 0.76 | 3.19 | 0.73 | −1.84 |
Managing emotions | 3.53 | 0.50 | 3.65 | 0.58 | −1.26 |
Problem-focused co** | 15.73 | 3.81 | 15.95 | 3.89 | −0.33 |
Emotion-focused co** | 12.09 | 5.56 | 9.51 | 5.41 | 2.75 * |
Avoidance | 14.75 | 4.27 | 12.26 | 4.19 | 3.43 * |
1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Depression | 1 | |||||||
2. | ESCQ-45 PUE | −0.04 | 1 | ||||||
3. | ESCQ-45 ENE | −0.52 ** | 0.38 ** | 1 | |||||
4. | ESCQ-45 ME | −0.55 ** | 0.51 ** | 0.63 ** | 1 | ||||
5. | ESCQ-45 total score | −0.44 ** | 0.78 ** | 0.82 ** | 0.85 ** | 1 | |||
6. | Problem-focused co** | −0.34 ** | 0.40 ** | 0.35 ** | 0.52 ** | 0.51 ** | 1 | ||
7. | Emotion-focused co** | −0.23 ** | 0.17 * | 0.46 ** | 0.25 ** | 0.36 ** | 0.29 ** | 1 | |
8. | Avoidance | 0.39 ** | 0.06 | −0.21 * | −0.08 | −0.10 | −0.22 ** | 0.00 | 1 |
Β | R | R2 | F | ΔR2 | ΔF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step one | 0.30 | 0.09 | 13.84 ** | 0.09 | 13.84 ** | |
Gender | −0.30 ** | |||||
Step two | 0.56 | 0.31 | 15.62 ** | 0.22 | 14.84 ** | |
Gender | −0.27 ** | |||||
Problem-focused co** | −0.21 * | |||||
Emotion-focused co** | −0.24 * | |||||
Avoidance | 0.27 * | |||||
Step three | 0.73 | 0.53 | 21.56 ** | 0.22 | 20.55 ** | |
Gender | −0.12 | |||||
Problem-focused co** | −0.05 | |||||
Emotion-focused co** | −0.09 | |||||
Avoidance | 0.25 ** | |||||
Perceiving and understanding emotions | 0.28 ** | |||||
Expressing and naming emotions | −0.20 * | |||||
Managing emotions | −0.49 ** |
Β | t | |
---|---|---|
Step one | ||
Emotional competence → Depression | −0.44 | −5.85 ** |
Step two | ||
Emotional competence → Problem-focused co** | 0.51 | 7.07 ** |
Emotional competence → Emotion-focused co** | 0.36 | 4.63 ** |
Emotional competence → Avoidance | −0.10 | −1.14 |
Step three | ||
Problem-focused co** → Depression | −0.16 | −1.78 |
Emotion-focused co** → Depression | −0.08 | −1.04 |
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Vucenovic, D.; Sipek, G.; Jelic, K. The Role of Emotional Skills (Competence) and Co** Strategies in Adolescent Depression. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2023, 13, 540-552. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13030041
Vucenovic D, Sipek G, Jelic K. The Role of Emotional Skills (Competence) and Co** Strategies in Adolescent Depression. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2023; 13(3):540-552. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13030041
Chicago/Turabian StyleVucenovic, Dario, Gabriela Sipek, and Katarina Jelic. 2023. "The Role of Emotional Skills (Competence) and Co** Strategies in Adolescent Depression" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 13, no. 3: 540-552. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13030041