Touch Avoidance with Close People and Strangers: Effects of Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Relationship Status
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age (Years, Mean ± SD) | 32.2 ± 13.5 Range 18–71 |
Gender | |
Male | 220 (48.9) |
Female | 230 (51.1) |
Sexual orientation | |
Among males: | |
Opposite-Sex Attraction | 170 (77.2) |
Same-Sex Attraction | 50 (22.8) |
Among females: | |
Opposite-Sex Attraction | 177 (77) |
Same-Sex Attraction | 53 (23) |
Relationship Status | |
Single | 183 (40.7) |
In a relationship | 267 (59.3) |
School Education | |
≤13 years | 288 (64) |
>13 years | 162 (36) |
Occupation | |
Employed | 202 (44.9) |
Unemployed | 248 (55.1) |
Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | p-Value | η2 | η2p | ω² | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Touch Avoidance—Family | ||||||||
Gender | 29.2313 | 1 | 29.2313 | 0.871 | 0.351 | 0.002 | 0.002 | −0.000 |
Sexual orientation | 396.4035 | 1 | 396.4035 | 11.807 | <0.001 *** | 0.026 | 0.026 | 0.023 |
Relationship status | 25.1487 | 1 | 25.1487 | 0.749 | 0.387 | 0.002 | 0.002 | −0.001 |
Gender × Sexual orientation | 61.0446 | 1 | 61.0446 | 1.818 | 0.178 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Gender × Relationship status | 18.4491 | 1 | 18.4491 | 0.550 | 0.459 | 0.001 | 0.001 | −0.001 |
Sexual orientation × Relatioship status | 161.6972 | 1 | 161.6972 | 4.816 | 0.029 * | 0.010 | 0.011 | 0.008 |
Gender × Sexual orientation × Relationship status | 24.1312 | 1 | 24.1312 | 0.719 | 0.397 | 0.002 | 0.002 | −0.001 |
Touch Avoidance— Partner | ||||||||
Gender | 138.631 | 1 | 138.631 | 2.37780 | 0.124 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.003 |
Sexual orientation | 3.585 | 1 | 3.585 | 0.06149 | 0.804 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.002 |
Relationship status | 783.035 | 1 | 783.035 | 13.43064 | <0.001 *** | 0.027 | 0.030 | 0.025 |
Gender × Sexual orientation | 569.838 | 1 | 569.838 | 9.77387 | 0.002 ** | 0.020 | 0.022 | 0.018 |
Gender × Relationship status | 0.557 | 1 | 0.557 | 0.00956 | 0.922 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.002 |
Sexual orientation × Relationship status | 0.275 | 1 | 0.275 | 0.00472 | 0.945 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.002 |
Gender × Sexual orientation × Relationship status | 146.460 | 1 | 146.460 | 2.51209 | 0.114 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.003 |
Touch Avoidance— Same-sex friends | ||||||||
Gender | 795.9 | 1 | 795.9 | 30.420 | <0.001 *** | 0.059 | 0.065 | 0.057 |
Sexual orientation | 416.2 | 1 | 416.2 | 15.907 | <0.001 *** | 0.031 | 0.035 | 0.029 |
Relationship status | 13.2 | 1 | 13.2 | 0.506 | 0.477 | 0.001 | 0.001 | −0.001 |
Gender × Sexual orientation | 101.7 | 1 | 101.7 | 3.888 | 0.049 * | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.006 |
Gender × Relationship status | 215.6 | 1 | 215.6 | 8.241 | 0.004 ** | 0.016 | 0.018 | 0.014 |
Sexual orientation × Relationship status | 25.7 | 1 | 25.7 | 0.983 | 0.322 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Gender × Sexual orientation × Relationship status | 181.9 | 1 | 181.9 | 6.952 | 0.009 ** | 0.014 | 0.016 | 0.012 |
Touch Avoidance— Opposite-sex friends | ||||||||
Gender | 245.77 | 1 | 245.77 | 7.660 | 0.006 ** | 0.017 | 0.017 | 0.014 |
Sexual orientation | 33.72 | 1 | 33.72 | 1.051 | 0.306 | 0.002 | 0.002 | −0.000 |
Relationship status | 13.60 | 1 | 13.60 | 0.424 | 0.515 | 0.001 | 0.001 | −0.001 |
Gender × Sexual orientation | 89.74 | 1 | 89.74 | 2.797 | 0.095 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.004 |
Gender × Relationship status | 47.11 | 1 | 47.11 | 1.468 | 0.226 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Sexual orientation × Relationship status | 45.50 | 1 | 45.50 | 1.418 | 0.234 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Gender × Sexual orientation × Relationship status | 120.93 | 1 | 120.93 | 3.769 | 0.053 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.006 |
Touch Avoidance—Strangers | ||||||||
Gender | 2.0205 | 1 | 2.0205 | 0.24395 | 0.622 | 0.001 | 0.001 | −0.002 |
Sexual orientation | 8.2365 | 1 | 8.2365 | 0.99444 | 0.319 | 0.002 | 0.002 | −0.000 |
Relationship status | 0.5375 | 1 | 0.5375 | 0.06489 | 0.799 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.002 |
Gender × Sexual orientation | 0.0586 | 1 | 0.0586 | 0.00707 | 0.933 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.002 |
Gender × Relationship status | 10.1274 | 1 | 10.1274 | 1.22273 | 0.269 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Sexual orientation × Relationship status | 5.3802 | 1 | 5.3802 | 0.64958 | 0.421 | 0.001 | 0.001 | −0.001 |
Gender × Sexual orientation × Relationship status | 5.6249 | 1 | 5.6249 | 0.67912 | 0.410 | 0.002 | 0.002 | −0.001 |
Male | Female | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Single | In a Relationship | Single | In a Relationship | |
EMM (SE) | EMM (SE) | EMM (SE) | EMM (SE) | |
Opposite-sex attraction | 14.80 (0.60) | 14.82 (0.54) | 10.25 (0.68) | 10.56 (0.47) |
Same-sex attraction | 13.40 (0.94) | 9.15 (1.14) | 8.08 (1.09) | 10.30 (0.92) |
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Bruno, F.; Lau, C.; Tagliaferro, C.; Quilty, L.C.; Chiesi, F. Touch Avoidance with Close People and Strangers: Effects of Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Relationship Status. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2023, 13, 1850-1858. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13090134
Bruno F, Lau C, Tagliaferro C, Quilty LC, Chiesi F. Touch Avoidance with Close People and Strangers: Effects of Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Relationship Status. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2023; 13(9):1850-1858. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13090134
Chicago/Turabian StyleBruno, Francesco, Chloe Lau, Carlotta Tagliaferro, Lena C. Quilty, and Francesca Chiesi. 2023. "Touch Avoidance with Close People and Strangers: Effects of Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Relationship Status" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 13, no. 9: 1850-1858. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13090134