Recent Developments in Semiconductor-Based Photocatalytic Degradation of Antiviral Drug Pollutants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Types of ATVs
3. Occurrence of ATVs in Aqueous Environments
4. Photocatalytic Degradation of ATVs
4.1. Principle of Photocatalytic Degradation
4.2. Semiconductor-Based Photocatalytic Degradation of ATVs
4.2.1. Metal Oxide Semiconductors
4.2.2. Doped Metal Oxide Semiconductors
4.2.3. Heterojunction Semiconductors
5. Challenges and Future Perspectives
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Virus | ATVs | CAS Number | Formula | Chemical Structure | Molecular Weight (MW) (g/mol) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HIV | abacavir | 136470-78-5 | C14H18N6O | 286.33 | |
bictegravir sodium | 1807988-02-8 | C21H17F3N3NaO5 | 471.36 | ||
lamivudine | 131086-21-0 | C8H11N3O3S | 229.26 | ||
nevirapine | 129618-40-2 | C15H12N2O4 | 266.29 | ||
stavudine | 3056-17-5 | C10H12N2O4 | 224.21 | ||
zidovudine | 30516-87-1 | C10H13N5O4 | 267.24 | ||
HSVs | acyclovir | 59277-89-3 | C8H11N5O3 | 225.20 | |
famciclovir | 104227-87-4 | C14H19N5O4 | 321.33 | ||
penciclovir | 39809-25-1 | C10H15N5O3 | 253.26 | ||
Influenza | amantadine | 768-94-5 | C10H17N | 151.24 | |
oseltamivir | 196618-13-0 | C16H28N2O4 | 312.40 | ||
zanamivir | 139110-80-8 | C12H20N4O7 | 332.31 | ||
SARS-CoV-2 | favipiravir | 259793-96-9 | C5H4FN3O2 | 157.10 | |
remdesivir | 39809-25-1 | C27H35N6O8P | 602.57 |
ATV | Concentration ng/L (Min–Max) | Country | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Influent | Effluent | |||
acyclovir | 1780–1990 | 27–53 | Germany | [62] |
lamivudine | 210–720 | ND | ||
nevirapine | 4.8–21.8 | 7–32 | ||
oseltamivir | 0–11.9 | 9–16 | ||
zidovudine | 310–380 | 98–564 | ||
stavudine | 11.6–22.8 | ND | ||
acyclovir | ND | ND | [63] | |
emtricitabine | ND | 130 | ||
emtricitabine carboxylate | ND | 120–1000 | ||
abacavir | 60–140 | ND | [64] | |
abacavir carboxylate | 180–500 | 100–280 | ||
emtricitabine | 100–980 | 59–170 | ||
emtricitabine carboxylate | 24–25 | 140–480 | ||
acyclovir | 520–4980 | 0–270 | ||
abacavir | 0–14,000 | ND | South Africa | [65] |
zidovudine | 6900–53,000 | 87–500 | ||
nevirapine | 670–2800 | 540–1900 | ||
lamivudine | 840–2200 | 0–130 | ||
efavirenz | 24,000–34,000 | 20,000–34,000 | ||
acyclovir | 0–406 | 0–205 | China | [16] |
ribavirin | ND | ND | ||
zidovudine | ND | ND |
ATV | Initial Concentration (μM) | Catalyst | Catalyst Dose (mg/L) | UV Range (nm) | Removal (%) | Rate Constant (min−1) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
oseltamivir | 24 | P25 | 20 | 365 | 96 | 0.040 | [78] |
acyclovir | 50 | P25 | 500 | 365 | 100 | – | [75] |
lamivudine | 100 | P25 | 1000 | 365 | >95 | 0.0542 | [76] |
1–amantadine | 100 | P25 | 1000 | 365 | 100 | 0.076 | [79] |
2–amantadine | 100 | P25 | 1000 | 365 | 100 | 0.084 | [79] |
rimantadine | 100 | P25 | 1000 | 365 | 100 | 0.102 | [79] |
zanamivir | 0.3 | AEROIXE TiO2 P25 | 17.7 | 380–420 | 100 | – | [80] |
ATVs | Initial Concentration (μM) | Catalyst | Catalyst Dose (mg/L) | UV Range (nm) | Removal (%) | Rate Constant (min−1) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
abacavir | 10 | GO-TiO2 | 100 | solar spectrum | 99.4 | 0.2610 | [91] |
acyclovir | 10 | TNPs-MWCNTs | 400 | 365 | 98.6 | - | [92] |
acyclovir | 10 | g-CN/TiO2 | 300 | >420 | 100 | 0.0076 | [76] |
acyclovir | 10 | Ag2MoO4/g-C3N4 | 250 | >420 | 100 | - | [95] |
arbidol hydrochloride | 10 | Ti3C2 MXene/g-C3N4 | 100 | >420 | 99.2 | 0.0295 | [96] |
zidovudine | 10 | CuSm0.06Fe1.94O4@g-C3N4 | 1200 | >420 | 71.5 | 0.0081 | [98] |
acyclovir | 10 | Bi4VO8Cl | 50 | 200–780 | 100 | - | [99] |
ribavirin | 10 | Bi4VO8Cl | 50 | 200–780 | 100 | - | [99] |
stavudine | 10 | CuO@Ag@Bi2S3 | 20 | 365 | 92.1 | - | [100] |
zidovudine | 10 | CuO@Ag@Bi2S3 | 20 | 365 | 87.4 | - | [100] |
lopinavir | 10 | ammonium molybdate (WU and WWphotocatalysts) | 400 | 500–550 | 95 | - | [102] |
ritonavir | 10 | ammonium molybdate (WU and WWphotocatalysts) | 400 | 500–550 | 95 | - | [102] |
nevirapine | 5 | FL-BP@Nb2O5 | 100 | >420 | 68 | 0.0152 | [103] |
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Zhang, Z.; He, D.; Zhao, S.; Qu, J. Recent Developments in Semiconductor-Based Photocatalytic Degradation of Antiviral Drug Pollutants. Toxics 2023, 11, 692. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11080692
Zhang Z, He D, Zhao S, Qu J. Recent Developments in Semiconductor-Based Photocatalytic Degradation of Antiviral Drug Pollutants. Toxics. 2023; 11(8):692. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11080692
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Zhaocheng, Dongyang He, Siyu Zhao, and Jiao Qu. 2023. "Recent Developments in Semiconductor-Based Photocatalytic Degradation of Antiviral Drug Pollutants" Toxics 11, no. 8: 692. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11080692