Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Based T1 Map** and Extracellular Volume Fractions Are Associated with Peripheral Artery Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Patient Demographics
4.2. Intra-Observer Reproducibility
4.3. Skeletal Muscle Native Peak T1 Map**
4.4. Skeletal Muscle ECV
4.5. Native Peak T1 and ECV
4.6. Associations of ECV and Native Peak T1 Map** with Clinical Measures of PAD
5. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | PAD Patients (n = 18) | Controls (n = 19) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 67.6 ± 9.10 | 65.4 ± 7.19 | 0.43 |
Males, n (%) | 11 (61.1) | 11 (57.9) | 0.84 |
Black race, n (%) | 4 (22.2) | 4 (21.1) | 0.86 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.1 ± 3.85 | 28.2 ± 5.20 | 0.48 |
Resting ABI | 0.734 ± 0.22 | 1.16 ± 0.087 | <0.0001 |
Delta ABI | 0.179 ± 0.18 | 0.110 ± 0.097 | 0.16 |
History of smoking, n (%) | 16 (88.9) | 8 (42.1) | 0.006 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 7 (38.9) | 3 (15.8) | 0.11 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 17 (94.4) | 11 (57.9) | 0.010 |
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 17 (94.4) | 11 (57.9) | 0.010 |
Heart rate (bpm) | 68.6 ± 15.9 | 63.7 ± 6.89 | 0.24 |
Hematocrit (%) | 38.5 ± 5.73 | 41.2 ± 3.68 | 0.14 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 71.8 ± 21.4 | 78.4 ± 18.1 | 0.36 |
Anticoagulation, n (%) | 8 (44.4) | 3 (15.8) | 0.06 |
ACE inhibitor, n (%) | 8 44.4) | 5 (26.3) | 0.25 |
Beta blocker, n (%) | 9 (50.0) | 7 (36.8) | 0.42 |
Claudication onset time (s) | 112.6 ± 102.8 | N/A | <0.0001 |
Peak walking time (s) | 298.2 ± 88.0 | 355.3 ± 20.6 | 0.009 |
Completed 6 min treadmill walking, n (%) | 10 (58.8) | 18 (94.7) | 0.010 |
Cholesterol-lowering drug use, n (%) | 15 (83.3) | 8 (42.1) | 0.010 |
Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 8 (44.4) | 4 (21.1) | 0.13 |
Lower extremity revascularization history, n (%) | 12 (66.7) | 0 (0.0) | <0.0001 |
Family history of coronary heart disease, n (%) | 11 (61.1) | 8 (42.1) | 0.25 |
Intra-Observer ICC for the Anterior Muscle Group (Right Side) | Intra-Observer ICC for the Lateral Muscle Group (Right Side) | Intra-Observer ICC for the Deep Posterior Muscle Group (Right Side) | Intra-Observer ICC for the Soleus Muscle (Right Side) | Intra-Observer ICC for the Gastrocnemius Muscle (Right Side) | |
Average ICC (95% CI) | 0.946 (0.885–0.975) | 0.883 (0.746–0.946) | 0.728 (0.430–0.871) | 0.903 (0.794–0.954) | 0.919 (0.828–0.962) |
Intra-observer ICC for the anterior muscle group (left side) | Intra-observer ICC for the lateral muscle group (left side) | Intra-observer ICC for the deep posterior muscle group (left side) | Intra-observer ICC for the soleus muscle (left side) | Intra-observer ICC for the gastrocnemius muscle (left side) | |
Average ICC (95% CI) | 0.955 (0.904–0.979) | 0.933 (0.857–0.969) | 0.828 (0.633–0.920) | 0.961 (0.914–0.982) | 0.892 (0.772–0.949) |
Intra-observer ICC for the anterior muscle group (bilateral average) | Intra-observer ICC for the lateral muscle group (bilateral average) | Intra-observer ICC for the deep posterior muscle group (bilateral average) | Intra-observer ICC for the soleus muscle (bilateral average) | Intra-observer ICC for the gastrocnemius muscle (bilateral average) | |
Average ICC (95% CI) | 0.954 (0.902–0.978) | 0.942 (0.877–0.973) | 0.786 (0.548–0.899) | 0.948 (0.889–0.975) | 0.914 (0.819–0.960) |
Intra-observer ICC for the cross-sectional leg area (bilateral average) | Intra-observer ICC for the anterior tibialis artery (right side) | Intra-observer ICC for the anterior tibialis artery (left side) | Intra-observer ICC for the posterior tibialis artery (right side) | Intra-observer ICC for the posterior tibialis artery (left side) | |
Average ICC (95% CI) | 0.961 (0.917–0.982) | 0.992 (0.992–0.992) | 0.988 (0.987–0.989) | 0.959 (0.957–0.960) | 0.986 (0.985–0.987) |
Intra-observer ICC for the peroneal artery (right side) | Intra-observer ICC for the peroneal artery (left side) | ||||
Average ICC (95% CI) | 0.934 (0.924–0.942) | 0.955 (0.953–0.957) |
Variables | PAD Patients (n = 18) | Controls (n = 19) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Native peak T1 of composite arteries (ms) | 1729 (1679–1810) | 1688 (1637–1756) | 0.17 |
Cross-sectional area, anterior muscle group (mm2) | 795 (678–980) | 971 (802–1309) | 0.045 |
Cross-sectional area, lateral muscle group (mm2) | 454 (385–554) | 597 (483–803) | 0.007 |
Cross-sectional area, deep posterior muscle group (mm2) | 677 (531–803) | 624 (491–947) | 1.00 |
Cross-sectional area, soleus muscle (mm2) | 1459 (1235–1882) | 1759 (1333–2322) | 0.18 |
Cross-sectional area, gastrocnemius muscle (mm2) | 1326 (1099–1800) | 1649 (1204–2146) | 0.11 |
Average cross-sectional area (mm2) | 954 (828–1175) | 1175 (954–1546) | 0.055 |
Native peak T1, anterior muscle group (ms) | 1835.5 (188) | 1746 (163) | 0.027 |
Native peak T1, lateral muscle group (ms) | 1907 (65) | 1755 (279) | 0.002 |
Native peak T1, deep posterior muscle group (ms) | 1917.5 (106) | 1782 (296) | 0.012 |
Native peak T1, soleus muscle (ms) | 1930 (143) | 1899 (164) | 0.29 |
Native peak T1, gastrocnemius muscle (ms) | 1945.5 (50) | 1934 (160) | 0.74 |
Minimum T1, anterior muscle group (ms) | 878 (777–963) | 878 (777–963) | 0.53 |
Minimum T1, lateral muscle group (ms) | 897 (818–955) | 840 (718–926) | 0.45 |
Minimum T1, deep posterior muscle group (ms) | 729 (637–802) | 712 (595–889) | 0.87 |
Minimum T1, soleus muscle (ms) | 728 (643–813) | 823 (797–912) | 0.024 |
Minimum T1, gastrocnemius muscle (ms) | 730 (524–900) | 651 (0–809) | 0.55 |
Average cross-sectional native peak T1 (ms) | 1902 (1877–1924) | 1823 (1709–1883) | 0.005 |
Average cross-sectional mean T1 (ms) | 1218 (1143–1263) | 1190 (1140–1258) | 0.45 |
ECV, anterior muscle group (%) | 26.4 (21.2–31.5) | 17.3 (10.2–25.1) | 0.046 |
ECV, lateral muscle group (%) | 21.7 (15.1–31.2) | 24.7 (19.6–38.5) | 0.43 |
ECV, deep posterior muscle group (%) | 29.0 (22.5–36.1) | 24.1 (16.5–31.0) | 0.19 |
ECV, soleus muscle (%) | 22.7 (19.5–27.8) | 13.8 (10.2–19.1) | 0.020 |
ECV, gastrocnemius muscle (%) | 21.8 (15.1–26.5) | 16.8 (13.3–23.6) | 0.38 |
ECV, averaged over 5 muscle compartments (%) | 22.9 (21.0–27.5) | 24.5 (20.7–28.0) | 0.68 |
Independent Variables | n | β | Standard Error | R2 | Adjusted r2 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ECV, AM (%) | Resting ABI | 28 | 0.243 | 9.086 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.21 |
Δ ABI | 27 | −0.213 | −23.030 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.28 | |
Claudication onset time (s) | 27 | 0.150 | 0.018 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.46 | |
Peak walking time (s) | 27 | −0.201 | −0.035 | 0.04 | 0.002 | 0.31 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27 | −0.216 | −0.501 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.27 | |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 27 | 0.079 | 0.041 | 0.006 | −0.04 | 0.72 | |
ECV, LM (%) | Resting ABI | 28 | 0.244 | 9.086 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.21 |
Δ ABI | 27 | −0.213 | −23.034 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.28 | |
Claudication onset time (s) | 27 | −0.081 | −0.009 | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.69 | |
Peak walking time (s) | 27 | 0.146 | 0.023 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.47 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28 | −0.052 | −0.116 | 0.003 | −0.04 | 0.79 | |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 23 | −0.122 | −0.064 | 0.02 | −0.03 | 0.58 | |
ECV, DM (%) | Resting ABI | 28 | 0.389 | 3.197 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.041 |
Δ ABI | 27 | 0.080 | 4.055 | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.69 | |
Claudication onset time (s) | 27 | 0.135 | 0.013 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.50 | |
Peak walking time (s) | 27 | −0.192 | −0.027 | 0.04 | −0.002 | 0.34 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28 | −0.580 | −1.120 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.001 | |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 23 | 0.373 | 0.176 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.08 | |
ECV, SM (%) | Resting ABI | 28 | 0.403 | 1.580 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.034 |
Δ ABI | 27 | −0.093 | −9.920 | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.64 | |
Claudication onset time (s) | 27 | 0.226 | 0.024 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.26 | |
Peak walking time (s) | 27 | 0.029 | 0.004 | 0.001 | −0.04 | 0.89 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28 | −0.247 | 0.394 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.21 | |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 23 | 0.244 | 0.128 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.26 | |
ECV, GM (%) | Resting ABI | 28 | 0.104 | 0.669 | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.60 |
Δ ABI | 27 | 0.140 | 5.410 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.49 | |
Claudication onset time (s) | 27 | 0.112 | 0.015 | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.58 | |
Peak walking time (s) | 27 | −0.022 | −0.002 | 0.001 | −0.04 | 0.91 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28 | −0.247 | −0.511 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.21 | |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 23 | −0.020 | 0.007 | 0.00 | −0.05 | 0.93 |
Independent Variables | n | β | Standard Error | R2 | Adjusted r2 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Native peak T1 of AM (ms) | Resting ABI | 37 | −0.276 | −73.6 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.10 |
Δ ABI | 36 | 0.201 | 237.4 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.24 | |
Claudication onset time (s) | 36 | 0.083 | 0.159 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.63 | |
Peak walking time (s) | 36 | −0.354 | −0.893 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.03 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 37 | 0.153 | 5.79 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.37 | |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 31 | −0.152 | −1.33 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.42 | |
Native peak T1 of LM (ms) | Resting ABI | 37 | −0.359 | −120.2 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.029 |
Δ ABI | 36 | 0.277 | 258.7 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.10 | |
Claudication onset time (s) | 36 | 0.344 | 0.517 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.040 | |
Peak walking time (s) | 36 | −0.141 | −0.281 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.41 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 37 | 0.166 | 4.87 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.33 | |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 31 | 0.049 | 0.347 | 0.002 | −0.03 | 0.79 | |
Native peak T1 of DM (ms) | Resting ABI | 37 | −0.102 | −26.2 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.55 |
Δ ABI | 36 | 0.216 | 240.8 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.21 | |
Claudication onset time (s) | 36 | −0.026 | −0.046 | 0.00 | −0.03 | 0.88 | |
Peak walking time (s) | 36 | −0.199 | −0.472 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.25 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 37 | 0.110 | 3.85 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.52 | |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 31 | 0.011 | 0.093 | 0.00 | −0.03 | 0.95 | |
Native peak T1 of SM (ms) | Resting ABI | 37 | −0.141 | −59.9 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.41 |
Δ ABI | 36 | 0.192 | 153.0 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.26 | |
Claudication onset time (s) | 36 | 0.122 | 0.156 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.48 | |
Peak walking time (s) | 36 | −0.233 | −0.395 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.17 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 37 | −0.071 | −1.78 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.68 | |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 31 | −0.144 | 0.902 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.44 | |
Native peak T1 of GM (ms) | Resting ABI | 37 | −0.199 | −75.8 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.24 |
Δ ABI | 36 | 0.185 | 131.7 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.28 | |
Claudication onset time (s) | 36 | 0.024 | 0.027 | 0.001 | −0.03 | 0.89 | |
Peak walking time (s) | 36 | −0.091 | −0.139 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.60 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 37 | 0.353 | 7.94 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.032 | |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 31 | 0.131 | 0.672 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.48 |
Independent Variables | n | β | Standard Error | R2 | Adjusted r2 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Native peak T1 averaged over all calf muscle compartments (ms) | Resting ABI | 37 | −0.379 | −145.1 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.021 |
Δ ABI | 36 | 0.289 | 204.3 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.09 | |
Claudication onset time (s) | 36 | 0.143 | 0.163 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.40 | |
Peak walking time (s) | 36 | −0.289 | −0.436 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.09 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 37 | 0.183 | 4.14 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.28 | |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) |
Independent Variables | n | β | Standard Error | R2 | Adjusted r2 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ECV (averaged over all calf muscle compartments) (%) | Resting ABI | 28 | 0.016 | 0.324 | <0.001 | −0.04 | 0.93 |
Δ ABI | 27 | 0.019 | 1.06 | <0.001 | −0.04 | 0.93 | |
Claudication onset time (s) | 27 | 0.117 | 0.007 | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.56 | |
Peak walking time (s) | 27 | 0.014 | 0.001 | <0.001 | −0.04 | 0.95 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28 | −0.091 | −0.103 | 0.008 | −0.03 | 0.65 | |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 23 | −0.058 | −0.016 | 0.003 | −0.04 | 0.79 |
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Fitian, A.I.; Shieh, M.C.; Gimnich, O.A.; Belousova, T.; Taylor, A.A.; Ballantyne, C.M.; Bismuth, J.; Shah, D.J.; Brunner, G. Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Based T1 Map** and Extracellular Volume Fractions Are Associated with Peripheral Artery Disease. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2024, 11, 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11060181
Fitian AI, Shieh MC, Gimnich OA, Belousova T, Taylor AA, Ballantyne CM, Bismuth J, Shah DJ, Brunner G. Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Based T1 Map** and Extracellular Volume Fractions Are Associated with Peripheral Artery Disease. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease. 2024; 11(6):181. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11060181
Chicago/Turabian StyleFitian, Asem I., Michael C. Shieh, Olga A. Gimnich, Tatiana Belousova, Addison A. Taylor, Christie M. Ballantyne, Jean Bismuth, Dipan J. Shah, and Gerd Brunner. 2024. "Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Based T1 Map** and Extracellular Volume Fractions Are Associated with Peripheral Artery Disease" Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 11, no. 6: 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11060181