Preventing Tire Blowout Accidents: A Perspective on Factors Affecting Drivers’ Intention to Adopt Tire Pressure Monitoring System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method and Theory Description
2.1. Risk Perception
2.2. Anticipated Regret
2.3. Optimism Bias
2.4. Method
3. Results
3.1. Model Analysis
3.2. Testing the Moderator Effects Optimism Bias
3.3. Statistical Cluster and Path Coefficient Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations and Future Research
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accidents (freq). | Accumulate | % | |||||||||||
total | 110 | 88 | 64 | 67 | 62 | 58 | 66 | 60 | 77 | 67 | 719 | ||
tire-related | 7 | 11 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 62 | 8.62 | |
Casualties (people) | 1648 (176) | 10.68 | |||||||||||
Fatal | total | 112 | 98 | 82 | 74 | 72 | 68 | 71 | 73 | 89 | 70 | 809 | |
tire-related | 7 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 9 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 3 | 77 | 9.52 | |
Serious | total | 86 | 104 | 102 | 75 | 47 | 103 | 70 | 83 | 89 | 80 | 839 | |
tire-related | 13 | 16 | 23 | 17 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 11 | 4 | 1 | 99 | 11.80 |
Items | N | % | Items | N | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Income (USD/Year) | ||||
Male | 165 | 60.2 | <20,000 | 21 | 7.7 |
Female | 109 | 39.8 | 20,000~30,000 | 85 | 31.0 |
Age | 30,001~40,000 | 90 | 32.8 | ||
18~30 | 8 | 2.9 | 40,001~50,000 | 43 | 15.7 |
31~40 | 88 | 32.1 | 50,001~60,000 | 22 | 8.0 |
41~50 | 88 | 32.1 | 60,001~70,000 | 6 | 2.2 |
51~60 | 58 | 21.2 | 70,001~80,000 | 7 | 2.6 |
61~ | 32 | 11.7 | Car Age (years) | ||
Education | 3~5 | 91 | 33.2 | ||
high school | 17 | 6.2 | 6~10 | 93 | 33.9 |
collage | 181 | 66.1 | 11~15 | 61 | 22.3 |
graduate school | 76 | 27.7 | 16~20 | 22 | 8.0 |
Time held License license | 21~ | 7 | 2.6 | ||
<1 | 10 | 3.7 | Experienced Times | ||
1~10 | 40 | 14.6 | No experienced | 155 | 56.6 |
11~20 | 108 | 39.4 | <5 | 108 | 39.4 |
21~30 | 62 | 22.6 | 6~10 | 11 | 4.0 |
31~40 | 42 | 15.3 | 11~ | 0 | 0.0 |
40~ | 12 | 4.4 | Check Times | ||
No check | 113 | 41.3 | |||
<5 | 148 | 54.0 | |||
6~10 | 13 | 4.7 | |||
11~ | 0 | 0.0 |
Item | Construct | CR | α | AVE | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Intention | 0.896 | 0.829 | 0.743 | 0.862 | - | - | - | - |
2. | Risk Perception | 0.928 | 0.907 | 0.681 | 0.476 | 0.825 | - | - | - |
3. | Anticipated Regret | 0.910 | 0.853 | 0.771 | 0.328 | 0.478 | 0.878 | - | - |
4. | General Optimism | 0.748 | 0.719 | 0.539 | 0.281 | 0.362 | 0.212 | 0.734 | - |
5. | Drive skill Optimism | 0.851 | 0.820 | 0.666 | 0.146 | 0.189 | −0.181 | 0.226 | 0.816 |
Variables | Direct Effect | Moderation Effect | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 0 | Model A1 | Model A2 | Model A3 | Model B1 | Model B2 | Model B3 | |
Independent variables | |||||||
Risk perception(RP) | 0.419 *** | 0.381 *** | 0.38 *** | 0.371 *** | 0.377 *** | 0.372 *** | 0.357 *** |
Anticipated regret(AR) | 0.136 * | 0.129 * | 0.125 * | 0.134 * | 0.177 * | 0.18 * | 0.213 * |
Moderators | |||||||
General optimism (GO) | 0.119 * | 0.112 * | 0.113 * | ||||
Drive skill optimism(DO) | 0.116 | 0.128 | 0.119 | ||||
Interaction terms | |||||||
RP × GO | −0.026 | ||||||
AR × GO | −0.044 | ||||||
RP × DO | −0.078 | ||||||
AR × DO | −0.08 | ||||||
R2 | 0.243 | 0.262 | 0.263 | 0.264 | 0.26 | 0.267 | 0.266 |
R2 difference | 0.019 ** | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.017 ** | 0.007 | 0.006 | |
F-test | 6.95 | 0.365 | 0.731 | 6.2 | 2.568 | 2.198 | |
p-value | 0.009 | 0.546 | 0.393 | 0.006 | 0.11 | 0.14 |
Items Description | Group 1 (n = 106) | Group 2 (n = 168) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | ||
Risk Perception | |||||
RP1 | Feeling unsafe that you yourself could be injured in a tire-related traffic accident. | 5.56 | 1.48 | 5.37 | 1.43 |
RP2 | Worried for yourself being in a tire-related traffic accident. | 5.44 | 1.46 | 4.97 | 1.52 |
RP3 | How probable do you think it is in general for a person to be injured in a tire-related traffic accident? | 4.81 | 1.53 | 4.52 | 1.48 |
RP4 | How probable do you think it is for yourself to be injured in a tire-related traffic accident? | 4.51 | 1.62 | 4.29 | 1.54 |
RP5 | How concerned are you about traffic and are thinking on the tire-related risks for a person in general? | 5.17 | 1.45 | 4.8 | 1.51 |
RP6 | How concerned are you about tire-related traffic risks and are thinking that you yourself could be victimized? | 5.1 | 1.65 | 4.68 | 1.35 |
Anticipated Regret | |||||
AR1 | How much regret would you feel if you have tire-related problems when driving? | 5.47 | 1.23 | 5.57 | 1.09 |
AR2 | How likely is it that you would feel regret if you did not check tires pressure when driving at high speed? | 5.46 | 1.14 | 5.54 | 1.16 |
AR3 | If I did not adapt an action to prevent tire-related accident, I would feel regret. | 5.43 | 1.28 | 5.59 | 0.99 |
Optimism Bias | |||||
OB1 | Most accidents are caused by people who are less experienced than myself. | 4.93 | 1.39 | 3.42 | 1.59 |
OB2 | I am a safer driver than of my age and gender. | 5.61 | 1.11 | 5.05 | 1.39 |
OB3 | Those speed limit rules make no sense for me, as I am a very precise driver who responses and brakes quickly. | 4.26 | 1.54 | 2.49 | 1.21 |
OB4 | I have a Low Risk car that is safe to drive considerably above the speed limit. | 4.71 | 1.31 | 2.12 | 1.02 |
OB5 | There is no danger in following close, as I am a very precise driver. | 4.86 | 1.19 | 2.20 | 1.08 |
OB6 | My emotions influence my driving less than other of my age and gender. | 5.20 | 1.09 | 4.08 | 1.47 |
Intention | |||||
INT1 | I intend to use the TPMS. | 5.07 | 1.52 | 4.47 | 1.19 |
INT2 | I predict I will use the TPMS in the near future. | 4.44 | 1.48 | 4.30 | 1.32 |
INT3 | I plan to use the TPMS in the near future. | 4.61 | 1.58 | 4.50 | 1.39 |
Path | Group 1 | Group 2 | Significance | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 106 (R2 = 0.311) | n = 168 (R2 = 0.407) | t-Statistic | p-Value (2-Tailed) | |||
β1 | t-Value | β2 | t-Value | |||
Independent variables | ||||||
Risk Perception → Intention | 0.297 | 2.020 * | 0.552 | 7.563 *** | 1.751 | 0.081 |
Anticipated Regret → Intention | −0.005 | 0.005 | 0.189 | 1.148 | 1.228 | 0.221 |
Control Variables | ||||||
Age → Intention | 0.038 | 0.382 | 0.295 | 2.938 ** | 1.737 | 0.084 |
Gender → Intention | −0.057 | 0.615 | −0.036 | 0.685 | 0.215 | 0.830 |
Education → Intention | −0.164 | 1.912 | 0.067 | 0.943 | 2.061 * | 0.040 |
Income → Intention | −0.268 | 2.128 * | −0.064 | 0.577 | 1.191 | 0.235 |
Time held license → Intention | 0.046 | 0.410 | −0.133 | 1.128 | 1.035 | 0.302 |
Car age → Intention | −0.254 | 2.179 * | −0.003 | 0.045 | 2.145 * | 0.033 |
Experienced → Intention | 0.091 | 1.057 | 0.083 | 1.262 | 0.075 | 0.941 |
Check times → Intention | 0.220 | 2.381 * | 0.075 | 1.153 | 1.327 | 0.186 |
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Chen, K.-Y.; Yeh, C.-F. Preventing Tire Blowout Accidents: A Perspective on Factors Affecting Drivers’ Intention to Adopt Tire Pressure Monitoring System. Safety 2018, 4, 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety4020016
Chen K-Y, Yeh C-F. Preventing Tire Blowout Accidents: A Perspective on Factors Affecting Drivers’ Intention to Adopt Tire Pressure Monitoring System. Safety. 2018; 4(2):16. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety4020016
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Kai-Ying, and Chih-Feng Yeh. 2018. "Preventing Tire Blowout Accidents: A Perspective on Factors Affecting Drivers’ Intention to Adopt Tire Pressure Monitoring System" Safety 4, no. 2: 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety4020016