Characteristics of Commuters’ Single-Bicycle Crashes in Insurance Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data on Bicycle Crashes
2.2. Classification of the Single-Bicycle Crashes
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
The Combination of Categorization System | Is a Subgroup Included? (Descriptive Factors of the Subgroups are Presented in Parentheses) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Schepers and Klein Wolt [13] | Niska and Eriksson [12] | This Study | |
1. Infrastructure | |||
1a. Skidding due to slippery road surface | Yes, includes 1f. | Yes (ice/snow, gravel, leaves, clay, gravel road, other/unknown, bend/curve) | Yes (ice/snow, gravel, leaves, clay, gravel road, unknown/winter, unknown/summer) |
1b. Colliding with an object, e.g., a bollard or a stone | Yes | Yes (fixed object, temporary object) | Yes (loss of control due to avoidance of an object is included) |
1c. Colliding with a curb | Yes in 1d. | Yes | Yes, includes skidding on a curb |
1d. Riding off the road or edge of road | Yes, includes 1c. | Yes | No |
1e. Loss of control due to an uneven road surface, e.g., a pothole | Yes | Yes | Yes |
1f. Driven against rail | Yes in 1a. | Yes | Yes (tram rails, railway rails) |
2. Cyclist-related | |||
2a. Braking mistakes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
2b. Low speed | Yes, includes 2d | Yes (low speed, high speed) | No |
2c. Baggage, e.g., hit the front wheel | Yes, includes 2g | Yes | Yes |
2d. (Dis)mounting | Yes in 2b. | Yes | Yes |
2e. Stunting | Yes | Yes | Yes |
2f. Handling fault | Yes in 4a. | Yes, includes 2g. | Yes, includes loss of balance and stumbling |
2g. Foot slipped off a pedal | Yes in 2c. | Yes in 2f. | Yes |
2h. Distraction | No | Yes (mobile phone, secondary activity, alcohol, cycling from party) | Yes (mobile phone, secondary activity, looking back) |
2i. Attack of illness | No | No | Yes |
3. Bicycle malfunction | |||
3a. Bicycle malfunction | Yes | Yes | Yes (chain broke or came off, other malfunction) |
4. Interaction with other road user | |||
4a. Avoidance of other road users | Yes, includes 2f. | Yes (other road user, dazzled by vehicle lights) | Yes (motor vehicle, cyclist, pedestrian) |
4b. Avoidance of animal | Yes in 5a. | Yes (own dog, some other pet) | Yes (dog, some other pet) |
5. Other | |||
5a. Other or unknown | Yes, includes 4b. | Yes (windy weather, cycling uphill/downhill, dazzled by sun, dark conditions) | Yes (windy weather, colliding with a ball/children playing, disability while cycling) |
The Characteristics of the Crashes | Incapacity for Work | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0‒3 Days | 4‒30 Days | 31 Days or More | Total | |
1. Infrastructure | 1440 (66%) | 528 (24%) | 202 (9%) | 2170 (100%) |
1a. Skidding due to slippery road surface | 1075 (66%) | 392 (24%) | 155 (10%) | 1622 (100%) |
1b. Colliding with an object | 97 (65%) | 42 (28%) | 11 (7%) | 150 (100%) |
1c. Colliding with a curb | 97 (67%) | 32 (22%) | 15 (10%) | 144 (100%) |
1d. Riding off the road or edge of road | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1e. Loss of control due to an uneven road surface | 100 (67%) | 35 (23%) | 14 (9%) | 149 (100%) |
1f. Driven against rail | 71 (68%) | 27 (26%) | 7 (7%) | 105 (100%) |
2. Cyclist-related | 346 (63%) | 156 (29%) | 45 (8%) | 547 (100%) |
2a. Braking mistakes | 107 (66%) | 45 (28%) | 11 (7%) | 163 (100%) |
2b. Low speed | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2c. Baggage | 34 (67%) | 14 (27%) | 3 (6%) | 51 (100%) |
2d. (Dis)mounting | 78 (57%) | 44 (32%) | 15 (11%) | 137 (100%) |
2e. Stunting | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2f. Handling fault | 51 (63%) | 22 (27%) | 8 (10%) | 81 (100%) |
2g. Foot slipped off a pedal | 49 (67%) | 19 (26%) | 5 (7%) | 73 (100%) |
2h. Distraction | 23 (66%) | 10 (29%) | 2 (6%) | 35 (100%) |
2i. Attack of illness | 4 (67%) | 1 (17%) | 1 (17%) | 6 (100%) |
3. Bicycle malfunction | 116 (65%) | 50 (28%) | 12 (7%) | 178 (100%) |
4. Interaction with other road user | 350 (66%) | 130 (24%) | 54 (10%) | 534 (100%) |
4a. Avoidance of other road users | 327 (66%) | 117 (24%) | 49 (10%) | 493 (100%) |
4b. Avoidance of animal | 23 (56%) | 13 (32%) | 5 (12%) | 41 (100%) |
5. Other | 14 (70%) | 5 (25%) | 1 (5%) | 20 (100%) |
Total | 2266 (66%) | 868 (25%) | 314 (9%) | 3448 (100%) |
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Crash Description | Subgroup and Descriptive Factor | Commentary |
---|---|---|
Gravel on the asphalt skidded under the wheel of a bicycle and the cyclist fell. | 1a. Skidding due to a slippery road surface (gravel) | The cyclist lost their balance due to gravel on the road. |
The cyclist skidded because the surface of the cycle path was icy. The cycle path was not gritted. | 1a. Skidding due to a slippery road surface (ice/snow) | The cyclist lost their balance due to slipperiness. |
The front wheel of the bicycle collided with a curb and the cyclist fell. | 1c. Colliding with a curb | The cyclist fell due to a collision with a curb. |
The cyclist dismounted from the bicycle and a foot slipped from a pedal. The cyclist fell. | 2d. (Dis)mounting | The cyclist fell during dismounting. |
An oncoming passenger car turned in front of the cyclist to go to a parking area. The cyclist braked to avoid a collision and fell over the handlebars. | 4a. Avoidance of other road user (a motor vehicle) | The avoidance of a car was the cause for the braking maneuver. |
The cyclist started turning, while another cyclist approaching behind started overtaking the cyclist in front. The cyclist in front made an evasive action to avoid a collision and fell. | 4a. Avoidance of other road user (a cyclist) | The cyclist lost balance and fell due to an evasive action. |
1. Infrastructure (n = 2 170, 62.9% +/− 1.6%) |
1a. Skidding due to a slippery road surface (n = 1622, 47.0% +/− 1.7%) |
-Ice/snow (n = 1044, 30.3% +/− 1.5%) |
-Gravel (n = 178, 5.2% +/− 0.7%) |
-Leaves (n = 22, 0.6% +/− 0.3%) |
-Clay (n = 4, 0.1% +/− 0.1%) |
-Gravel road (n = 47, 1.4% +/− 0.4%) |
-Unknown/winter (November-March) (n = 183, 5.3% +/− 0.7%) |
-Unknown/summer (April-October) (n = 144, 4.2% +/− 0.7%) |
1b. Colliding with an object, e.g., a bollard (n = 150, 4.4% +/− 0.7%) |
1c. Colliding with a curb (n = 144, 4.2% +/− 0.7%) |
1d. Riding off the road or edge of road (n = 0, 0%) |
1e. Loss of control due to an uneven road surface, e.g., a pothole (n = 149, 4.3% +/− 0.7%) |
1f. Driven against rail (n = 105, 3.0% +/− 0.6%) |
-Tram rails (n = 96, 2.8% +/− 0.5%) |
-Railway rails (n = 9, 0.3% +/− 0.2%) |
2. Cyclist-related (n = 546, 15.8% +/− 1.2%) |
2a. Braking mistakes (n=163, 4.7% +/− 0.7%) |
2b. Low/high speed (n = 0, 0%) |
2c. Baggage, e.g., hit the front wheel (n = 51, 1.5% +/− 0.4%) |
2d. (Dis)mounting (n = 137, 4.0% +/− 0.7%) |
2e. Stunting (n = 0, 0%) |
2f. Handling fault (n = 81, 2.3% +/− 0.5%) |
2g. A foot slipped off a pedal (n = 73, 2.1% +/− 0.5%) |
2h. Distraction (n = 35, 1.0% +/− 0.3%) |
-A mobile phone (n = 4, 0.1% +/− 0.1%) |
-A secondary activity (n = 20, 0.6% +/− 0.3%) |
-Looking back (n = 11, 0.3% +/− 0.2%) |
2i. Attack of illness (n = 6, 0.2% +/− 0.1%) |
3. Bicycle malfunction (n = 178, 5.2% +/− 0.7%) |
3a. Bicycle malfunction (n = 178, 5.2% +/− 0.7%) |
-Chain broke or came off (n = 71, 2.1% +/− 0.5%) |
-Other malfunction (n = 107, 3.1% +/− 0.6%) |
4. Interaction with other road user (n = 534, 15.5% +/− 1.2%) |
4a. Avoidance of other road users (n = 493, 14.3% +/− 1.2%) |
-A motor vehicle, e.g., a car (n = 216, 6.3% +/− 0.8%) |
-A cyclist (n = 146, 4.2% +/− 0.7%) |
-A pedestrian (n = 131, 3.8% +/− 0.6%) |
4b. Avoidance of an animal (n = 41, 1.2% +/− 0.4%) |
-A dog (n = 26, 0.8% +/− 0.3%) |
-Other animal (n = 15, 0.4% +/− 0.2%) |
5. Other (n = 20, 0.6% +/− 0.3%) |
5a. Other or unknown (n = 20, 0.6% +/− 0.3%) |
-Windy weather (n = 5, 0.1% +/− 0.1%) |
-Colliding with a ball/children playing (n = 3, 0.1% +/− 0.1%) |
-A disability while cycling (n = 12, 0.3% +/− 0.2%) |
Total (n = 3448, 100%) |
Incapacity for Work | |
---|---|
Fatal | 0 (0%) |
181 days or more | 24 (1%) |
91–180 days | 59 (2%) |
31–90 days | 231 (7%) |
15–30 days | 212 (6%) |
7–14 days | 324 (9%) |
4–6 days | 332 (10%) |
0–3 days | 2 266 (66%) |
Total | 3 448 (100%) |
Body Part with an Injury | |
---|---|
Head | 236 (7%) |
Neck | 44 (1%) |
Back | 92 (3%) |
Body and viscera | 293 (8%) |
Upper limbs | 988 (29%) |
Lower limbs | 984 (29%) |
Several body parts | 736 (21%) |
Other/unknown | 75 (2%) |
Total | 3448 (100%) |
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Utriainen, R. Characteristics of Commuters’ Single-Bicycle Crashes in Insurance Data. Safety 2020, 6, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety6010013
Utriainen R. Characteristics of Commuters’ Single-Bicycle Crashes in Insurance Data. Safety. 2020; 6(1):13. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety6010013
Chicago/Turabian StyleUtriainen, Roni. 2020. "Characteristics of Commuters’ Single-Bicycle Crashes in Insurance Data" Safety 6, no. 1: 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety6010013