Difficulties in Kinship Analysis for Victims’ Identification in Armed Conflicts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Armed Conflicts and Victim Identification
2. Civil and Family Involvement in the Identification Process
3. The International Commission for Mission Persons—ICMP
4. An Attempt to Harmonize Human Identification—Interpol DVI Protocol
- Biological samples for genetic identification—DNA sources can be medical samples, personal belongings, or relatives of the victim.
- Surgical data—provision of a detailed medical history.
- Dental data—including the facilitation of contact with the last dentist that the victim visited, to obtain an updated dental profile.
- Affiliation data—including the National Identity Document, driver’s wallet, passport, etc.
- Detailed physical description, including scars, moles, malformations, tattoos, etc.
- A detailed description of the clothing he was wearing at the time of his death and his personal effects (piercings, earrings, glasses, rings, etc.)
5. Types of Identification in Armed Conflicts
5.1. Fingerprint Techniques
5.2. Forensic Odontology
5.3. Genetic Identification in Armed Conflicts
- -
- Evaluation of postmortem samples;
- -
- Evaluation and analysis of antemortem samples;
- -
- Family member’s sample(s) selection;
- -
- DNA extraction, quantification, and genoty**;
- -
- Statistical evaluation.
5.3.1. Direct Identification
5.3.2. Indirect Identification
- (a)
- Autosomal markers
- (b)
- X-chromosomal markers
- (c)
- Lineage markers
- (c1)
- mtDNA
- (c2)
- Y-Chromosome
5.3.3. New Trends in Forensic Genetics
6. Difficulties in Victims’ Genetic Identification in Armed Conflicts
DNA Degradation
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Armed Conflict | Date | Estimated Number of Deaths |
---|---|---|
Finnish civil war | 1918 | Over 33,000 (Finnish Government Project 2004) |
Russian civil war | 1917–1921 | 7,000,000–12,000,000 (Holquist 2002) |
Irish civil war | 1922–1923 | 300–400 (Durney 2011) |
Austrian civil war | 1934 | 100–1000 (Lehne and Lonnie 1985) |
Spanish civil war | 1936–1939 | Over 300,000 (Thomas 1977; Simkin 2012; Alonso-Milan 2015; Clodfelter 2017) |
Greek civil war | 1945–1949 | Over 150,000 (O’Balance 1966; Jones 1989; Lomperis 1996; Bercovitch and Jackson 1997) |
Albanian civil war | 1997 | 2000–3800 (Jarvis 2000) |
Korean civil war | 1950–1953 | 2,000,000–3,000,000 (Lewy 1980; Cumings 2011) |
Nepalese civil war | 1996–2006 | 12,000 (OCHA Services 2012) |
Angola civil war | 1961–1974 | 500,000–800,000 (Resource Information Center 2000) |
Algeria civil war | 1954–1962 | 150,000 (Hagelstein 2007) |
Burundi civil war | 1993–2005 | 300,000 (BBC 2010) |
Rwanda civil war | 1994 | 500,000–800,000 (Cunningham 2011) |
Second Sudanese Civil War | 2013–2020 | 1,000,000–2,500,000 (U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants 2001) |
Cuban Revolution | 1956–1959 | Over 3000 (Dixon and Sarkees 2015) |
Chaco War (Paraguay–Bolivia,) | 1932–1935 | 70,000 (Eckhardt and Sivard 1987) |
Brazil–Constitutionalist Revolution | 1964–1985 | 2500–3000 (Hilton 1982) |
Chile | 1973–1990 | Over 3000 (Truth Commission: Chile 90 n.d.) |
Genealogical Relationship | Allele Sharing Partitions | ||
---|---|---|---|
k2 | k1 | k0 | |
Parent–Child | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Full siblings | 1/4 | 1/2 | 1/4 |
Half siblings | 0 | 1/2 | 1/2 |
Avuncular | 0 | 1/2 | 1/2 |
Grandparent–Grandchild | 0 | 1/2 | 1/2 |
Double first-cousins | 1/16 | 3/8 | 9/16 |
First Cousins | 0 | 1/4 | 3/4 |
Double half-cousins | 1/64 | 7/32 | 49/64 |
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Manera-Scliar, G.; Hernández, S.; Martín-López, M.; Gomes, C. Difficulties in Kinship Analysis for Victims’ Identification in Armed Conflicts. Genealogy 2023, 7, 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy7020031
Manera-Scliar G, Hernández S, Martín-López M, Gomes C. Difficulties in Kinship Analysis for Victims’ Identification in Armed Conflicts. Genealogy. 2023; 7(2):31. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy7020031
Chicago/Turabian StyleManera-Scliar, Gabriel, Santiago Hernández, Miguel Martín-López, and Cláudia Gomes. 2023. "Difficulties in Kinship Analysis for Victims’ Identification in Armed Conflicts" Genealogy 7, no. 2: 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy7020031