Design and Performance of a Low-Energy Gamma-Ray Trigger System for HERD
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Level 0 (L0): initial information of patterns of three aligned FIT modules (three-in-a-row (3IR) patterns), and of PSD elements hit by the shower.
- Level 1 (L1): the PSD information is checked against the region(s) of interest defined by the triggered elements in the FIT.
- Level 2 (L2): the energy deposited in the CALO is checked. In this study, we consider a threshold at 100 MeV.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Monte Carlo Simulations
- travel downwards, i.e., up to 90° from the zenith,
- do not interact with the detector (namely they do not comptonize) before undergoing pair conversion,
- convert within the FIT,
- after conversion, both the electron and the positron produce hits or interactions in at least three consecutive FIT double layers in both tracking directions within each double layer (for a total of at least six hits), and
- the total energy deposited in the CALO is at least half of that of the primary.
2.2. Three-in-a-Row Trigger Design
- non-CALO-intersecting: the geometric cross-section of the tracker is larger than that of the calorimeter. Some groups of 3 modules, located near the edges of the tracker, trigger primarily in events in which the shower is directed away from the calorimeter. The only information available in these cases comes from the shower development in the tracker, leading to poor energy reconstruction.
- upwards-pointing: in the lateral faces, some patterns respond primarily to particles travelling upwards, from the direction of the Earth.
2.3. Veto Design
3. Results
3.1. Individual Element Activation Rates
3.2. Trigger Performance and Rates
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
HERD | High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detection facility |
CALO | CALOrimeter |
FIT | FIber Tracker |
PSD | Plastic Scintillation Detector |
SCD | Silicon Charge Detector |
TRD | Transition Radiation Detector |
3IR | Three in a row |
RoI | Region of Interest |
ULEG | Ultra-Low-Energy Gamma |
CSS | Chinese Space Station |
Appendix A. The HERD Collaboration
- O. Adriani1,2, F. Alemanno3,4,a, C. Altomare5, G. Ambrosi6, M. Antonelli7, P. Azzarello8, X.H. Bai9, Y.L. Bai9, T.W. Bao10, M. Barbanera6, F.C.T. Barbato3,4, F. Bernard11, P. Bernardini12,13, E. Berti2, B. Bertucci6,14, P. Betti1,2, X.J. Bi10,15, G. Bigongiari16,17, O. Blanch18, J. Boix18, M. Bongi1,2, V. Bonvicini7, S. Bottai2, P. Brogi16,17, C. Brugnoni6,14, F. Cadoux8, I. Cagnoli3,4, H.Y. Cai10,15, D. Campana19, W.W. Cao9, L. Cardiel-Sas18, J. Casaus20, E. Casilli12,13, R. Catala21, E. Catanzani6,14, P.W. Cattaneo22, D. Cerasole5,23, L. Chang24, H. Chen10,15, K. Chen25, L. Chen26, M.L. Chen10, P.D. Chen27, R. Chen25, Y.D. Cheng10,15, F. Cianetti6,14, A. Comerma28, X.Q. Cong29, P. Coppin8, X.Z. Cui10, R. D’Alessandro1,2, D. D’Urso6,30, C. Díaz20, C. Dai31, I. De Mitri3,4, F. de Palma12,13, C. De Vecchi22, V. Di Felice32, A. Di Giovanni3,4, M. Di Santo3,4, L. Di Venere5, Y.W. Dong10, G. Donvito5, Y.J. Du33, M. Duranti6, A. Espinya21, K. Fang10, L. Fariña18, Y. Favre8, H.B. Feng31, M. Fernandez Alonso3,4, N. Finetti2,34, G. Fontanella3,4, V. Formato32, J.M. Frieden11, Y. Fu33, P. Fusco5,23, J.R. Gao9, F. Gargano5, D. Gascón21,35, D. Gasparrini32, E. Ghose12,13,b, F. Giovacchini20, S. Gómez21,28, K. Gong10, M.H. Gu10, D. Guberman21, C. Guerrisi5,23, R. Guida36, D.Y. Guo10, J.H. Guo37, H.L. He10,15, H. Hu10, H.J. Hu31, Y.M. Hu37, Z.X. Hu29, G.S. Huang27, W.H. Huang38, X.T. Huang38, Y.G. Huang33, M. Ionica6, F. Jia31, J.S. Jia33, F. Jiang31, X.W. Jiang10, Y. Jiang6,14, P. Jiao33, A. Kotenko8, D. Kyratzis3,4,c, D. La Marra8, K.R. Lathika18, L. Li10, M.J. Li38, M.X. Li25, Q.Y. Li39, Q.Y. Li40, R. Li9, S.L. Li10,15, T. Li29, T. Li38, X.Q. Li10, X.Q. Li41, Y.Y. Li39, Z.H. Li10,15, M.J. Liang10,15, X.Z. Liang9, C.L. Liao10,15, F. Licciulli5, Y.J. Lin29, B.H. Liu24, D. Liu38, H. Liu26, H.B. Liu31, H.W. Liu10, X. Liu10,15, X.J. Liu10, X.W. Liu31, Y.Q. Liu10, F. Loparco5,23, S. Loporchio5,23, L. Lorusso5,23, B. Lu10, R.S. Lu10,15, Y.P. Lu10, G. Lucchetta18, J.G. Lv10, L.W. Lv9, P. Maestro16,17, E. Mancini6, R. Manera21, J. Marin20, P.S. Marrocchesi16,17, G. Marsella42,43, G. Martinez20, M. Martinez18, J. Mauricio21, M.N. Mazziotta5, G. Morettini6,14, N. Mori2, L. Mussolin6,14, S. Nicotri5, Y. Niu38, A. Oliva44, D. Orlandi4, M. Orta21,35, G. Osteria19, L. Pacini2, B. Panico19,45, F.R. Pantaleo5,23, G. Panzarini5,23, S. Papa36, P. Papini2, A. Parenti3,4, M. Pauluzzi6,14, W.X. Peng10, F. Perfetto19, C. Perrina11, G. Perrotta36, R. Pillera5,23, A. Pinard11, C. Pizzolotto7, S. Qian10, R. Qiao10, J.J. Qin9, X.B. Qiu29, Z.Y. Qu40, Z. Quan10, A. Rappoldi22, G. Raselli22, F. Renno36, J. Rico18, M. Rossella22, A. Sanmukh21,35, A. Sanuy21,35, E. Savin44, M. Scaringella2, V. Scotti19,45, D. Serini5, D.L. Shi9, Q.Q. Shi38, I. Siddique3,4,b, L. Silveri3,4, G. Silvestre6, A. Smirnov3,4, P.G. Song33, O. Starodubtsev2, Y.Z. Su41, D. Sukhonos8, J.Y. Sun10,15, X.L. Sun10, Z.T. Sun10, A. Surdo13, Z.C. Tang10, A. Tiberio1,2, A. Tykhonov8, V. Vagelli6,46, E. Vannuccini2, M. Velasco20, R. Walter47, A.Q. Wang38, C. Wang33, D. Wang25, G.F. Wang27, H. Wang25, J.J. Wang10, J.W. Wang33, M. Wang38, R.J. Wang10, W.S. Wang10, X.P. Wang41, Y. Wang33, Z.G. Wang10, Z.H. Wang26, J.J. Wei37, P. Wei31, Y.F. Wei27, B.B. Wu10, C. Wu29, L.B. Wu3,4,d, Q. Wu10,15, X. Wu8, H.Q. ** Street 2, Nan**g 211100, China
- 30 Università degli Studi di Sassari, Piazza Università 21, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
- 31 Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, Guangxi University, Daxue East Road 100, Nanning 530004, China
- 32 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- 33 Institute of Special Glass Fiber & Optoelectronic Functional Materials, China Building Materials Academy, Guanzhuang Dongli 1, Chaoyang district, Bei**g 100024, China
- 34 Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, I-67100 L’Aquila, Italy
- 35 Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- 36 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, I-80125 Napoli, Italy
- 37 Purple Mountain Observatory, CAS, No.10 Yuanhua Road, Qixia District, Nan**g 210023, China
- 38 Shandong University (SDU), 72 Binhai Road, Jimo, Qingdao 266237, China
- 39 Shandong University (SDU), 27 Shanda Nanlu, **an, Shandong 250100, China
- 40 Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), 1501, Panlong Road, **an, Shandong 250100, China
- 41 Institute of Modern Physics, CAS, 509 Nanchang Rd., Lanzhou 730000, China
- 42 Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica “E. Segrè”, Università degli Studi di Palermo, via delle Scienze, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
- 43 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy
- 44 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna, Viale C. Berti Pichat 6/2, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
- 45 Università di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Fisica “Ettore Pancini”, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- 46 Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, via del Politecnico s.n.c., I-00133 Roma, Italy
- 47 Département d’Astronomie, Université de Genève, Chemin d’Ecogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
- a Now at Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi”, Università del Salento, I-73100, Lecce, Italy and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
- b Also at Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Trento, Italy.
- c Now at Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire (DPNC), Université de Genève, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.
- d Now at Institute of Deep Space Sciences, Deep Space Exploration Laboratory, Hefei 230026, China.
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Fariña, L.; Lathika, K.; Lucchetta, G.; Yu, M.; Boix, J.; Cardiel-Sas, L.; Blanch, O.; Martinez, M.; Rico, J., on behalf of the HERD Collaboration. Design and Performance of a Low-Energy Gamma-Ray Trigger System for HERD. Instruments 2024, 8, 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8020031
Fariña L, Lathika K, Lucchetta G, Yu M, Boix J, Cardiel-Sas L, Blanch O, Martinez M, Rico J on behalf of the HERD Collaboration. Design and Performance of a Low-Energy Gamma-Ray Trigger System for HERD. Instruments. 2024; 8(2):31. https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8020031
Chicago/Turabian StyleFariña, Luis, Keerthana Lathika, Giulio Lucchetta, Monong Yu, Joan Boix, Laia Cardiel-Sas, Oscar Blanch, Manel Martinez, and Javier Rico on behalf of the HERD Collaboration. 2024. "Design and Performance of a Low-Energy Gamma-Ray Trigger System for HERD" Instruments 8, no. 2: 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8020031