Solid Solution Formation in Xanthone–Thioxanthone Binary System: Experimental Investigation †
Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presented at the International Conference EcoBalt 2023 "Chemicals & Environment", Tallinn, Estonia, 9–11 October 2023.
Proceedings 2023, 92(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023092067
Published: 30 November 2023
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of International Conference EcoBalt 2023 "Chemicals & Environment")
Solid solutions are crystalline phases consisting of at least two components in a freely variable composition within certain limits. Depending on the miscibility of the components, solid solutions are divided into two types, i.e., solid solutions of unlimited solubility of components and limited solubility of components [1]. Solid solutions among inorganic substances are widely studied and well-known solid phases for which the structure and properties of the material are dependent on the component ratio. Such phases and the change of properties they provide are widely found in such material classes as metal alloys, minerals, ceramics, etc [2,3]. On the contrary, solid solutions formed between organic compounds are researched notably less often [4]. However, the interest in the formation of solid solutions between organic solids has significantly increased during the last decade, which is clearly indicated by the increase in the number of scientific publications investigating this phenomenon, mainly by testing previously accepted and expressing new hypotheses in the field of crystal engineering [5,6]. In this study, the formation of solid solutions in binary systems formed by thioxanthone and xanthone was explored. In each of the studied systems, mixtures of substances with different component ratios were crystallized, and powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD) and construction of phase diagrams from thermal analysis (DSC) data were used to determine the solubility of substances in each other. The investigation of the xanthone–thioxanthone binary system reveals the existence of two solid solutions, each formed on the basis of the parent structures of xanthone and thioxanthone, respectively. One of these solid solutions exhibits miscibility of both molecules within a broad composition range (>0-80 mol% of xanthone). In addition, the crystalline structure of the solid solution involving thioxanthone:xanthone (75:25 mol%) is also presented.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, T.R.; methodology, T.R., A.B. and K.S.; software, T.R., A.B. and K.S.; validation, T.R.; formal analysis, K.S.; investigation, T.R. and K.S.; resources, T.R.; data curation, T.R. and K.S.; writing—original draft preparation, T.R., A.B. and K.S.; writing—review and editing, T.R., A.B. and K.S.; visualization, T.R., A.B. and K.S.; supervision, T.R.; project administration, A.B. and K.S.; funding acquisition, A.B. and K.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded through the Latvian Council of Science project, “Crystal Engineering of Pharmaceutical Multicomponent Phases for More Efficient Crystalline Phase Design” (Project No. lzp-2018/1-0312).
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
The data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.
Acknowledgments
K.S. acknowledges the European Social Fund project “Strengthening of the Capacity of Doctoral Studies at the University of Latvia within the Framework of the New Doctoral Model”, identification No. 8.2.2.0/20/I/006, and MikroTik Ltd. doctoral scholarship in the field of natural and medical sciences administrated by the University of Latvia Foundation.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
References
- Barbour, L.J.; Das, D.; Jacobs, T.; Lloyd, G.O.; Smith, V.J. Supramolecular Chemistry: From Molecules to Nanomaterials; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, New Jersey, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Vujovic, D.; Raubenheimer, H.G.; Nassimbeni, L.R. One-Dimensional CdII Coordination Polymers: Solid Solutions with NiII, Thermal Stabilities and Structures. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2004, 2004, 2943–2949. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krishnan, R.; Swart, H.C. Luminescence Properties of Octahedrally and Tetrahedrally Coordinated Mo6+ in the Solid Solutions: Judd–Ofelt Investigation. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 2020, 144, 109519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lusi, M. A Rough Guide to Molecular Solid Solutions: Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Mixed Crystals. CrystEngComm 2018, 20, 7042–7052. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lusi, M. Engineering Crystal Properties through Solid Solutions. Cryst. Growth Des. 2018, 18, 3704–3712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Braga, D. Crystal Engineering, Where from? Where To? Chem. Commun. 2003, 3, 2751–2754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Saršūns, K.; Bērziņš, A.; Rekis, T. Solid Solution Formation in Xanthone–Thioxanthone Binary System: Experimental Investigation. Proceedings 2023, 92, 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023092067
AMA Style
Saršūns K, Bērziņš A, Rekis T. Solid Solution Formation in Xanthone–Thioxanthone Binary System: Experimental Investigation. Proceedings. 2023; 92(1):67. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023092067
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaršūns, Kristaps, Agris Bērziņš, and Toms Rekis. 2023. "Solid Solution Formation in Xanthone–Thioxanthone Binary System: Experimental Investigation" Proceedings 92, no. 1: 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023092067
