CFD Model Verification and Aerodynamic Analysis in Large-Scaled Venlo Greenhouse for Tomato Cultivation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Numerical Simulation
2.2. Target Greenhouse Design
2.3. Atmospheric Boundary-Layer (ABL) Design
2.4. Model Verification Theories
2.5. Ventilation Efficiency Theories
2.6. Study Procedure
2.6.1. Greenhouse CFD Modeling and Validation
- Identifying a recommended grid size. The 0.2 m grid resolution and RNG k-ε turbulence model were adapted from the literature and used in the 3D CFD model to generate a reference set of data.
- Selection of grid resolution range for GIT study. With reference to the reviewed literature, a range between 0.3 m and 3 m for the resolution was selected for optimal resolution determination.
- GIT study. The average air velocity data for all the coarse grid resolutions were compared to the reference data. The grid resolution above, which the results started to diverge from the reference data, was selected as the optimal grid and tested in the 3D CFD model.
- Y+ study. The selected optimal grid was used to check the Y+ test with the averaged air velocity extracted at the study heights in the CFD model.
- Verification. The 3D results were statistically compared to the reference data by evaluating the R2 and RMSE and checking the Y+. Near-wall mesh refinement using the first-layer height of 0.04 m was used to iteratively adjust the wall Y+ value into the target range. When the verification procedure was all satisfied, the natural ventilation, microenvironment distribution, and flow pattern were analyzed to assess the performance of the designed model.
2.6.2. Aerodynamic Analysis of CFD Greenhouse Model
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Greenhouse CFD Modeling and Validation
3.2. Aerodynamic Analysis of CFD Greenhouse Model
3.2.1. Internal Airflow Pattern
3.2.2. Regional Ventilation Efficiency
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Karman constant (k) | 0.42 |
Roughness length (Z0) | 0.03 m |
Empirical constant | 0.09 |
Reference height () | 10 m |
Summer average wind speed | 3.08 m·s−1 |
Frictional velocity (u*) | 0.227 m·s−1 |
Parameter | Symbol | Value |
---|---|---|
Volumetric specific heat of air (W·m−3·°C−1) | CV | 0.3 |
Correction rate of heated area | α | 1.2 |
Solar transmissivity of greenhouse cover | τ | 0.7 |
Evapotranspiration coefficient (Tomato) | f | 0.5 |
Overall heat transfer coefficient (Wm2·min−1·°C−1) | K | 0.08 |
Greenhouse flow area (m2) | Af | 19,200 |
Greenhouse cover area (m2) | Ac | 24,946 |
Greenhouse volume (m3) | V | 124,800 |
Variable | CFD Solver Setting |
---|---|
Solver | Pressure-based solver |
Numerical algorithm | SIMPLE algorithm |
Discretization | Second order |
Operating pressure | 101,325 Pa |
Gravity | 9.81 (m·s−2) |
Air density | Variable (ideal gas) |
Air viscosity | 1.79 (kg·m−1·s−1) |
Turbulence | RNG κ-ε |
Empirical wall function | Enhanced wall functions |
External wind velocity | 3.1 (m·s−2) |
Crop canopy | Porous media (0.8 m width, 3.5 m height) |
Height | R-Square | RMSE |
---|---|---|
0.7 | 0.984 | 5.61 |
2.2 | 0.985 | 3.96 |
3.5 | 0.934 | 2.20 |
Average | 0.968 | 3.92 |
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Kibwika, A.K.; Seo, H.-J.; Seo, I.-H. CFD Model Verification and Aerodynamic Analysis in Large-Scaled Venlo Greenhouse for Tomato Cultivation. AgriEngineering 2023, 5, 1395-1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering5030087
Kibwika AK, Seo H-J, Seo I-H. CFD Model Verification and Aerodynamic Analysis in Large-Scaled Venlo Greenhouse for Tomato Cultivation. AgriEngineering. 2023; 5(3):1395-1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering5030087
Chicago/Turabian StyleKibwika, Anthony Kintu, Hyo-Jae Seo, and Il-Hwan Seo. 2023. "CFD Model Verification and Aerodynamic Analysis in Large-Scaled Venlo Greenhouse for Tomato Cultivation" AgriEngineering 5, no. 3: 1395-1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering5030087