A Comprehensive Literature Review on Polymer-Modified Asphalt Binder
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Objectives
- Identifying the chemical composition and microstructure of virgin asphalt binder.
- Evaluating the factors that affect compatibility between virgin asphalt binder and polymer.
- Assessment of the common techniques for evaluating the compatibility of polymer–asphalt systems.
- Evaluating the current practice of enhancing compatibility.
- Identifying commonly used polymers for binder modification.
3. Overview of Asphalt
4. Chemical Composition of Asphalt
5. Internal Chemical Structure of Asphalt
6. Compatibility of Polymer with Virgin Binder
6.1. Degree of Swelling and Solubility
6.2. Storage Stability
6.3. Blend Morphology
6.3.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
6.3.2. Fluorescence Microscopy
6.3.3. Atomic Force Microscopy
6.3.4. Polarized Optical Microscopy
6.4. Mixing Technique
7. Evaluation of the Storage Stability
7.1. Tube Test
- Is = separation index [40];
- G*b = complex modulus of the bottom section measured at 25 °C and a frequency of 10 rad/s;
- G*t = complex modulus of the top section measured at 25 °C and a frequency of 10 rad/s.
7.2. Segregation and Ease of Remixing Test
7.3. Laboratory Asphalt Stability Test (LAST)
- HT = high-grade temperatures;
- IT = intermediate-grade temperatures;
- in = subscript that represents the initial state at time = 0.
7.4. Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) Test
7.5. Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) Tests
7.6. Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) Test
8. Current Practice of Enhancing Compatibility
8.1. Sulfur Vulcanization
8.2. Antioxidants
8.3. Hydrophobic Clay Minerals
8.4. Functionalization
8.5. Reactive Polymers
9. Chemical Analysis of Polymer-Modified Asphalt Binders
9.1. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
9.2. Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)
10. Commonly Used Polymers in Binder Modification
10.1. Thermoplastic Elastomers
10.2. Plastomers
11. Sustainable Approaches to Binder Modification
11.1. Incorporation of Waste Polymers in Binder Modification
11.2. Incorporation of Biopolymers in Binder Modifications
12. Summary and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fractions | Saturates | Aromatics | Resins | Asphaltenes |
---|---|---|---|---|
wt.% of asphalt | 5–20 | 40–65 | ± 20 | 5–25 |
Polarity | Non-polar | Non-polar | Highly polar | Highly polar |
Color | - | Yellow to red | Dark brown | Black |
Behavior | Viscous oil | Viscous liquid | Solid/semi-solid | Solid |
Avg. MW (g/mole) | 600 | 800 | 1100 | 800–3500 |
Solvent | n-Heptane | Toluene and toluene/methanol 50/50 | Trichloroethylene | n-Heptane insoluble |
Solubility parameter (MPa0.5) | 15–17 | 17–18.5 | 18.5–20 | 17.6–21.7 |
Density at 20 °C (g/cm3) | 0.9 | 1 | 1.07 | 1.15 |
Glass transition temperature (°C) | −70 | −20 | - | - |
H/C | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.1 |
C (%) | 78–84 | 80–86 | 67–88 | 78–88 |
H (%) | 12–14 | 9–13 | 9–12 | 7–9 |
O (%) | <0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3–2 | 0.3–5 |
N (%) | <0.1 | 0.4 | 0.2–1 | 0.6–4 |
S (%) | <0.1 | 0–4 | 0.4–5 | 0.3–11 |
Categories | Examples | Advantages | Limitations |
---|---|---|---|
Thermoplastic elastomer | Styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) | Improved rutting resistance Lower fatigue cracking Lower low-temperature cracking Lower susceptibility to moisture damage Better dispersibility in asphalt Reduces the stiffness of the blend due to oxidation Maintains the mechanical properties for a long time Enhances short-term and long-term aging resistance | High cost Low tolerance to heat, oxygen, and ultraviolet (UV) light Storage instability at high temperatures |
Styrene–(Ethylene-co-Butylene)–Styrene (SEBS) | Improved rutting as compared with SBS Higher tolerance to heat, oxygen, and ultraviolet (UV) light than SBS | Increased cost of hydration Poor fatigue performance Compatibility and storage stability are not entirely known | |
Styrene–Butadiene Rubber (SBR) | Enhanced ductility at low temperatures Increased viscosity High elastic recovery Good adhesive and cohesive properties | Less effective in improving the high- and low-temperature properties of asphalt as compared with SBS copolymer Poor compatibility and phase separationHigh aging susceptibility | |
Styrene–Isoprene–Styrene (SIS) | Better aging resistance Good asphalt–aggregate adhesion Improved storage stability Better performance compared to SBS binder in terms of viscosity, rutting, and cracking resistance | Need an asphalts with high aromatic and low asphaltene contents | |
Plastomers | Polyethylene (PE) | Environmental and economic benefits Improved rutting performance Better low-temperature cracking resistance, High flexural stiffness Improved fatigue life Good water resistance Aging-resistant | Hard to disperse in asphalt Phase separation No elastic recovery |
Ethylene–Vinyl Acetate (EVA) | Easily dispersed in asphalt Good compatibility Excellent water resistance ability Better storage stability with a lower VA content and higher melt index (MI) | Less temperature-susceptible than LDPE-modified asphalt. At sufficiently high modifier content (∼9%), EVA-modified asphalt shows less temperature susceptibility than SBS-modified asphalt Poorer elastic recovery than SBS copolymer |
Major Class | Biopolymers | Recent Literature Mentioning the Use of Biopolymers |
---|---|---|
Polysaccharides | Chitosan Derived from chitin, which is found in different insects and shells [209,210]. Chitosan is an FDA-approved biopolymer used as a food additive [210]. | Mallawarachchi et al. used chitosan to partially replace the emulsifier by 10%−20% by weight. The chitosan–emulsifier mixture was then used to create an asphalt emulsion, and the results showed that the positively charged chitosan–amines and negatively charged asphaltenes interacted and increased the viscosity and stability of the mixture [208]. |
Natural Fibers Generally derived from animals or plant bodies. Previous research shows that fibers reinforce the composite materials by incorporating their fibrous features in the structure of the composite materials [210,211]. | Kundal et al. added 0.4% sisal fiber with 5% bitumen content to asphalt mixtures. They found that the stability of the mixture increased until 0.4% but started to decrease after that [212]. Oyedepo et al. conducted similar research in 2021 and found that the stability of the mixture was highest when 0.2% sisal fiber was used [213]. Bonica et al. concluded that fiber derived from different sources of cellulose increased the rutting resistance in the asphalt mixture [214]. | |
Starch One of the most commonly used biopolymers from the polysaccharide group. Two types of glucose, namely, amylose and amylopectin, make up this biopolymer, and the flexibility and strength of materials made from starch increase with the amount of amylose present [215,216]. | Research conducted by Porto et al. showed that starch, when mixed with bitumen at 4.8% by weight, enhanced the mixtures rigidity and increased the resistance to high temperatures [206]. A recent study by Komba et al. verified the previous research and concluded that bitumen treated with 5%, 10%, and 16% starch improved the elasticity and rheological properties of the mixture [217]. Both studies concluded that starch-modified mixtures can be produced at lower temperatures and in less time [202,206,216]. | |
Natural rubber (NR) | Most of the natural rubber used in bitumen modification is derived from a very specific tree called Hevea brasiliensis. NR is an elastomer that resembles milky, runny latex from tree sap [218]. | In a research study conducted by Krishnapriya et al., the authors used 2% natural rubber by weight in bitumen modification, where the results showed improved resistance to rutting and the fatigue performance of the modified bitumen enhanced significantly [219]. Shaffie et al. conducted similar research, and the researchers found that incorporating 8% natural rubber in the bitumen modification reduced the strip** phenomena [20]. In general, utilizing natural rubber in bitumen modification has been proven to be economical and environmentally friendly [51,220,221,222] |
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Emtiaz, M.; Imtiyaz, M.N.; Majumder, M.; Idris, I.I.; Mazumder, R.; Rahaman, M.M. A Comprehensive Literature Review on Polymer-Modified Asphalt Binder. CivilEng 2023, 4, 901-932. https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng4030049
Emtiaz M, Imtiyaz MN, Majumder M, Idris II, Mazumder R, Rahaman MM. A Comprehensive Literature Review on Polymer-Modified Asphalt Binder. CivilEng. 2023; 4(3):901-932. https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng4030049
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmtiaz, Mostafiz, Md Nafis Imtiyaz, Mishuk Majumder, Ipshit Ibne Idris, Roni Mazumder, and Md Mafuzur Rahaman. 2023. "A Comprehensive Literature Review on Polymer-Modified Asphalt Binder" CivilEng 4, no. 3: 901-932. https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng4030049