Engineering Proceedings

Order results

Result details

Select all

Export citation of selected articles as:

Other

6 pages, 1532 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Exploring the Dynamics of Natural Sodium Bicarbonate (Nahcolite), Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash), and Black Ash Waste in Spray Dry SO₂ Capture

by Robert Makomere, Lawrence Koech, Hilary Rutto and Alfayo Alugongo

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067001 - 26 Jun 2024

Viewed by 409

Abstract

The efficacy of spray dry systems compared to wet flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) units depends on applying a highly reactive scrubbing reagent. This study assessed sodium-based compounds derived from natural sources and waste by-products as potential agents for treating sulphur dioxide (SO₂). Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) were acquired from mineral deposits, whereas the black ash waste (Na₂CO₃·NaHCO₃) was obtained from the pulp and paper sector. The sorbents introduced in slurry form were subject to SO₂ absorption conditions in a lab-scale spray dryer, including an inlet gas phase temperature of 120–180 °C, flue gas flow rate of 21–34 m³/h, and sodium to sulphur normalised stoichiometric ratio (Na:S) of 0.25–1. The comparative performance was evaluated using the metric of %SO₂ (

% η_{D e S O_{X}}

) removal efficiency. The results showed that NaHCO₃ had the highest overall result, with a removal efficiency of 62% at saturation. Black ash was the second best-performing reagent, with a 56% removal efficiency, while Na₂CO₃ had the lowest efficiency (53%). The maximum degree of SO₂ reduction achieved using NaHCO₃ under specific operating parameters was at an NSR of 0.875 (69%), a reaction temperature of 120 °C (73%), and a gas inlet flow rate of 34 m³/h. In conclusion, the sodium reagents produced significant SO₂ neutralisation, exceeding 50% in their unprocessed state, which is within acceptable limits in small- to medium-sized coal-fired power plants considering retrofitting pollution control systems. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 233 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Selected Aspects of the Antibacterial Use of Lactic Acid in Food Processing

by Dragica Đurđević-Milošević, Andrijana Petrović, Vesna Kalaba, Milka Stijepić and Gordana Jovanović

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067002 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2024

Abstract

L(+)-lactic acid is authorized as an active substance for biocidal products, with applications in veterinary hygiene, food, and animal feed. Several factors can influence the antimicrobial effect of lactic acid, including the applied concentration of lactic acid, the contact time, and the organic soiling of the surface to which it was applied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal activity of 5% (v/v) and 1% (v/v) lactic acid solutions on test bacteria: the Gram-negative strain Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (ATCC 14028) and the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus (ATCC 33592), which is a strain that is resistant to gentamicin and methicillin (MRSA). A dilution–neutralisation method was used, based on a quantitative suspension test EN 1276, for the evaluation of the bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in food, industrial, domestic, and institutional areas, with the bacterial activity being modified in part of the obligatory test organisms. The obtained results showed no difference in the results of the tests under simulated clean and dirty conditions. Both tested lactic acid concentrations showed a 5 lg reduction in Salmonella Typhimurium. For the tested strain, Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the required reduction of 5 lg was not achieved. These results contribute to a better understanding and rationale for the use of lactic acid for antibacterial purposes. Full article

10 pages, 2425 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of Water Quality’s Influence on the Water Discharge of a Nuclear Power Plant (Non-Radiative Impact Factor)

by Pavlo Kuznietsov, Olha Biedunkova, Alla Pryshchepa and Olesya Yaroshchuk

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067003 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2024

Abstract

This study examines the environmental impact of a nuclear power plant’s (NPP) open-cycle cooling systems (CCSs), focusing on the Rivne NPP in Ukraine. Regulatory standards from the Water Code of Ukraine and the EU’s Water Framework Directive guide the analysis. Over four years (2019–2022), water quality indicators were monitored. Results show compliance with regulatory standards for makeup and cooling water, with pH levels within the range of 6.5–8.5. Total dissolved solids (TDS) remained below 500 mg/dm³, while total hardness (TH) did not exceed 200 mg/dm³ as CaCO₃. Salinity components, including Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, Na⁺, and K⁺, were within acceptable limits. Biogenic compounds, such as PO₄³⁻ and N-NH₃, occasionally exceeded maximum permissible concentrations in the receiving Styr River. Chemical oxygen demand levels were consistently below 30 mg/dm³. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and principal component analysis revealed strong relationships between water quality indicators. TH and SO₄²⁻ were identified as dominant components in CCS water discharge, remaining below prescribed maximum permissible discharge limits. Overall, this study indicates that there is no negative non-radiological impact of water discharge of polluting chemicals with the effluent of the Rivne NPP CCS on the surface waters of the Styr River. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 1285 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Impact of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Concentrations on Electrocoagulation for Simultaneous Tartrazine Dye Removal and Hydrogen Production

by Saddam Husein, Slamet and Eniya Listiani Dewi

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067004 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2024

Abstract

Liquid waste frequently contains a large variety of hazardous substances, including tartrazine-based dyes. These color compounds can present a significant hazard to both human health and the natural environment. Moreover, there is a growing demand for sustainable energy, and hydrogen is emerging as a promising alternative energy source that does not produce carbon emissions. To address the aforementioned concerns, it is necessary to conduct research aimed at eradicating tartrazine while concurrently generating hydrogen gas as a viable substitute for energy. This study aims to investigate the effect of different concentrations of NaCl electrolytes on the rate of simultaneous tartrazine elimination and hydrogen production using electrocoagulation. The electrocoagulation procedure was used with various concentrations of NaCl (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1 g/L). UV–Vis spectrophotometers and gas chromatography were employed to evaluate the elimination of tartrazine and the rate of hydrogen production. The results show that the highest rate of tartrazine removal was 93%, which occurred at 0.8 and 1 g/L of NaCl at 240 min. It can be stated that higher electrolyte concentrations generally lead to an increase in tartrazine removal. The highest rate of hydrogen production was 217.44 mol H₂/m², which occurred at 1 g/L of NaCl at 240 min; thus, it can be concluded that higher electrolyte concentrations generally lead to an increase in hydrogen production. Full article

► Show Figures

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Eng. Proc., 2024, ECP 2024

Other

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI