A Narrative Review of the Tale of the Dysbiotic Microbiome in the Preterm Neonate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. The Microbiome
4. Development of the Microbiome in Preterm Neonates
4.1. Microbiome Development in Utero
4.2. Microbiome Development from Birth Onwards
5. Functions of the Microbiome
6. Dysbiosis
7. Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria (DR-GNB)
8. Hospital-Acquired Bloodstream Infection
9. Feeding Intolerance
10. Necrotizing Enterocolitis
11. Discussion
12. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- **, K.; Belzer, C.; Knol, J. The first thousand days—Intestinal microbiology of early life: Establishing a symbiosis. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2014, 25, 428–438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Penders, J.; Thijs, C.; Vink, C.; Stelma, F.F.; Snijders, B.; Kummeling, I.; van den Brandt, P.A.; Stobberingh, E.E. Factors influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiota in early infancy. Pediatrics 2006, 118, 511–521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Voreades, N.; Kozil, A.; Weir, T.L. Diet and the development of the human intestinal microbiome. Front. Microbiol. 2014, 5, 494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shekhar, S.; Petersen, F.C. The dark side of antibiotics: Adverse effects on the infant immune defense against infection. Front. Pediatr. 2020, 8, 544460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mukhopadhyay, S.; Sengupta, S.; Puopolo, K.M. Challenges and opportunities for antibiotic stewardship among preterm infants. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2019, 104, F327–F332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cotten, C.M. Adverse consequences of neonatal antibiotic exposure. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 2016, 28, 141–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cho, I.; Blaser, M.J. The human microbiome: At the interface of health and disease. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2012, 13, 260–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mai, V.; Torrazza, R.M.; Ukhanova, M.; Wang, X.; Sun, Y.; Li, N.; Shuster, J.; Sharma, R.; Hudak, M.L.; Neu, J. Distortions in development of intestinal microbiota associated with late onset sepsis in preterm infants. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e52876. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Raba, A.A.; O’Sullivan, A.; Semberova, J.; Martin, A. Are antibiotics a risk factor for the development of necrotizing enterocolitis-case-control retrospective study. Eur. J. Pediatr. 2019, 178, 923–928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Torrazza, R.M.; Ukhanova, M.; Wang, X.; Sharma, R.; Hudak, M.L.; Neu, J.; Mai, V. Intestinal microbial ecology and environmental factors affecting necrotizing enterocolitis. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e83304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murgas Torrazza, R.; Neu, J. The develo** intestinal microbiome and its relationship to health and disease in the neonate. J. Perinatol. 2011, 31 (Suppl. 1), S29–S34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hooper, L.V.; Midtvedt, T.; Gordon, J.I. How host-microbial interactions shape the nutrient environment of the mammalian intestine. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2002, 22, 283–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sansonetti, P.J. War and peace at mucosal surfaces. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2004, 4, 953–964. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hart, A.L.; Stagg, A.J.; Frame, M.; Graffner, H.; Glise, H.; Falk, P.; Kamm, M.A. The role of the gut flora in health and disease, and its modification as therapy. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2002, 16, 1383–1393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tourneur, E.; Chassin, C. Neonatal immune adaptation of the gut and its role during infections. Clin. Dev. Immunol. 2013, 2013, 270301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Takeda, K.; Kaisho, T.; Akira, S. Toll-like receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2003, 21, 335–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guarner, F.; Malagelada, J.R. Gut flora in health and disease. Lancet 2003, 361, 512–519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Honda, K.; Littman, D.R. The microbiome in infectious disease and inflammation. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2012, 30, 759–795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Buccigrossi, V.; Nicastro, E.; Guarino, A. Functions of intestinal microflora in children. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 2013, 29, 31–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Macpherson, A.J.; Harris, N.L. Interactions between commensal intestinal bacteria and the immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2004, 4, 478–485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hill, D.A.; Artis, D. Intestinal bacteria and the regulation of immune cell homeostasis. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2010, 28, 623–667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holzapfel, W.H.; Haberer, P.; Snel, J.; Schillinger, J.; Huis in’t Veld, J.H. Overview of gut flora and probiotics. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 1998, 41, 85–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, H.N.; Walker, A. Bacterial colonization and the development of intestinal defences. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 2004, 18, 493–500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patel, R.M.; Denning, P.W. Intestinal microbiota and its relationship with necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr. Res. 2015, 78, 232–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rozé, J.C.; Ancel, P.Y.; Marchand-Martin, L.; Rousseau, C.; Montassier, E.; Monot, C.; le Roux, K.; Butin, M.; Resche-Rigon, M.; Aires, J.; et al. Assessment of neonatal intensive care unit practices and preterm newborn gut microbiota and 2-year neurodevelopmental outcomes. JAMA Netw. Open 2020, 3, e2018119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Donskey, C.J. The role of the intestinal tract as a reservoir and source for transmission of nosocomial pathogens. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004, 39, 219–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Turner, P.; Pol, S.; Soeng, S.; Sar, P.; Neou, L.; Chea, P.; Day, N.P.J.; Cooper, B.S.; Turner, C. High prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative colonization in hospitalized Cambodian infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2016, 35, 856–861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anthony, M.; Bedford-Russell, A.; Cooper, T.; Fry, C.; Heath, P.T.; Kennea, N.; McCartney, M.; Patel, B.; Pollard, T.; Sharland, M.; et al. Managing and preventing outbreaks of Gram-negative infections in UK neonatal units. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2013, 98, F549–F553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bizzarro, M.J.; Gallagher, P.G. Antibiotic-resistant organisms in the neonatal intensive care unit. Semin. Perinatol. 2007, 31, 26–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bulabula, A.N.H.; Dramowski, A.; Mehtar, S. Maternal colonization or infection with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2017, 64, 58–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shallcross, L.J.; Davies, S.C. The World Health Assembly resolution on antimicrobial resistance. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2014, 69, 2883–2885. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roy, A.; Chaudhuri, J.; Sarkar, D.; Ghosh, P.; Chakraborty, S. Role of enteric supplementation of probiotics on late-onset sepsis by Candida species in preterm low birth weight neonates: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. N. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2014, 6, 50–57. [Google Scholar]
- Casaburi, G.; Duar, R.M.; Vance, D.P.; Mitchell, R.; Contreras, L.; Frese, S.A.; Underwood, M.A. Early-life gut microbiome modulation reduces the abundance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control. 2019, 8, 131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hansen, L.W.; Khader, A.; Yang, W.L.; Jacob, A.; Chen, T.; Nicastro, J.M.; Wang, P. Deficiency in milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor-factor 8 exacerbates organ injury and mortality in neonatal sepsis. J. Pediatr. Surg. 2017, 52, 1520–1527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lloyd, L.G.; Bekker, A.; Van Weissenbruch, M.M.; Dramowski, A. Healthcare-associated infections in very low birth-weight infants in a South African neonatal unit: Disease burden, associated factors and short-term outcomes. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2022, 41, 911–916. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Madan, J.C.; Salari, R.C.; Saxena, D.; Davidson, L.; O’Toole, G.A.; Moore, J.H.; Hibberd, P.L. Gut microbial colonisation in premature neonates predicts neonatal sepsis. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2012, 97, F456–F462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dermyshi, E.; Wang, Y.; Yan, C.; Hong, W.; Qiu, G.; Gong, X.; Zhang, T. The “Golden Age” of probiotics: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and observational studies in preterm infants. Neonatology 2017, 112, 9–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, G.Q.; Hu, H.J.; Liu, C.Y.; Shakya, S.; Li, Z.Y. Probiotics for preventing late-onset sepsis in preterm neonates: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine 2016, 95, e2581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bi, L.W.; Yan, B.L.; Yang, Q.Y.; Li, M.M.; Cui, H.L. Which is the best probiotic treatment strategy to prevent the necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants: A network meta-analysis revealing the efficacy and safety. Medicine 2019, 98, e17521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Morgan, R.L.; Preidis, G.A.; Kashyap, P.C.; Weizman, A.V.; Sadeghirad, B.; Mc Master Probiotic, Prebiotic, and Synbiotic Work Group. Probiotics reduce mortality and morbidity in preterm, low-birth-weight infants: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Gastroenterology 2020, 159, 467–480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Indrio, F.; Riezzo, G.; Cavallo, L.; Mauro, A.D.; Francavilla, R. Physiological basis of food intolerance in, V.L.B.W. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011, 24 (Suppl. 1), 64–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fanaro, S. Feeding intolerance in the preterm infant. Early Hum. Dev. 2013, 89 (Suppl. 2), S13–S20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kafetzis, D.A.; Skevaki, C.; Costalos, C. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: An overview. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 2003, 16, 349–355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yee, W.H.; Soraisham, A.S.; Shah, V.S.; Aziz, K.; Yoon, W.; Lee, S.K.; Canadian Neonatal Network. Incidence and timing of presentation of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Pediatrics 2012, 129, e298–e304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Denning, N.L.; Prince, J.M. Neonatal intestinal dysbiosis in necrotizing enterocolitis. Mol. Med. 2018, 24, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wandro, S.; Osborne, S.; Enriquez, C.; Bixby, C.; Arrieta, A.; Whiteson, K. The microbiome and metabolome of preterm infant stool are personalized and not driven by health outcomes, including necrotizing enterocolitis and late-onset sepsis. mSphere 2018, 3, e00104-18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Neu, J.; Walker, W.A. Necrotizing enterocolitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011, 364, 255–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- AlFaleh, K.; Anabrees, J. Probiotics for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2014, 4, CD005496. [Google Scholar]
- Caplan, M.S. Probiotic and prebiotic supplementation for the prevention of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. J. Perinatol. 2009, 29 (Suppl. 2), S2–S6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luedtke, S.A.; Yang, J.T.; Wild, H.E. Probiotics and necrotizing enterocolitis: Finding the missing pieces of the probiotic puzzle. J. Pediatr. Pharmacol. Ther. 2012, 17, 308–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stewart, C.J.; Marrs, E.C.; Nelson, A.; Lanyon, C.; Perry, J.D.; Embleton, N.D.; Cummings, S.P.; Berrington, J.E. Development of the preterm gut microbiome in twins at risk of necrotising enterocolitis and sepsis. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e73465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aceti, A.; Gori, D.; Barone, G.; Callegari, M.L.; Di Mauro, A.; Fantini, M.P.; Indrio, F.; Maggio, L.; Meneghin, F.; Morelli, L.; et al. Probiotics for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Ital. J. Pediatr. 2015, 41, 89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Meij, T.G.; van der Schee, M.P.; Berkhout, D.J.; van de Velde, M.E.; Jansen, A.E.; Kramer, B.W.; van Weissenbruch, M.M.; van Kaam, A.; Andriessen, P.; van Goudoever, J.B. Early detection of necrotizing enterocolitis by fecal volatile organic compounds analysis. J. Pediatr. 2015, 167, 562–567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Robertson, C.; Savva, G.M.; Clapuci, R.; Jones, J.; Maimouni, H.; Brown, E.; Minocha, A.; Hall, L.J.; Clarke, P. Incidence of necrotising enterocolitis before and after introducing routine prophylactic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium probiotics. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2020, 105, 380–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoyos, A.B. Reduced incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis associated with enteral administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium infantis to neonates in an intensive care unit. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 1999, 3, 197–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Underwood, M.A. Probiotics and the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis. J. Pediatr. Surg. 2019, 54, 405–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sharif, S.; Meader, N.; Oddie, S.J.; Rojas-Reyes, M.X.; McGuire, W. Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2023, 7, CD005496. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sowden, M.; van Niekerk, E.; Bulabula, A.N.H.; van Weissenbruch, M.M. A Narrative Review of the Tale of the Dysbiotic Microbiome in the Preterm Neonate. Dietetics 2023, 2, 308-320. https://doi.org/10.3390/dietetics2040022
Sowden M, van Niekerk E, Bulabula ANH, van Weissenbruch MM. A Narrative Review of the Tale of the Dysbiotic Microbiome in the Preterm Neonate. Dietetics. 2023; 2(4):308-320. https://doi.org/10.3390/dietetics2040022
Chicago/Turabian StyleSowden, Marwyn, Evette van Niekerk, Andre Nyandwe Hamama Bulabula, and Mirjam Maria van Weissenbruch. 2023. "A Narrative Review of the Tale of the Dysbiotic Microbiome in the Preterm Neonate" Dietetics 2, no. 4: 308-320. https://doi.org/10.3390/dietetics2040022