Five Important Seeds in Traditional Medicine, and Pharmacological Benefits
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.)
3. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)
4. Borage (Borago officinalis L.)
5. Coriander (Cilantro) (Coriandrum sativum L.)
6. Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.)
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Key Points | References |
---|---|
Anise seed consists of fixed oil, volatile oil, mucilage, proteins, and starch. | [60,61,62,63,64,65] |
The essential oil of anise seeds consists of eugenol trans-anethole, coumarins, anisaldehyde, estragole, scopoletin, umbelliferone, polyacetylenes, estrolterpene, and methyl chavicol anisaldehyde. | [60,61,62,63,64] |
Aniseeds contain 1.5–5% essential oil and are utilized as flavouring and as a carminative, a digestive, and for relief of gastrointestinal spasms. | [64,65,66,67] |
Aniseeds have various characteristics, such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, and insecticidal effects. | [68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75] |
Aniseeds can cause muscle relaxant and gastric protection as well as influence the digestive system. | [76,77,78] |
In diabetic patients, aniseeds have hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects and decrease lipid peroxidation. | [76,77,78] |
Aniseed also has significant impacts on dysmenorrhea and menopausal hot flashes in women. | [76,77,78] |
The most notable compounds of aniseed essential oil were trans-anethole, γ-himachalene, estragole, p-anisaldehyde, and methyl chavicol. | [75,76,77,78] |
Key Points | References |
---|---|
It is commonly called sweet basil or basil, and it belongs to the Lamiaceae family. | [79,80,81,82,83] |
Its name comes from the Greek word Basileus, meaning Royal or king, and it is usually known as the king of the herbs because of its different applications in the cosmetic, medicine, food, and pharmaceutical industries. | [79,80,81,82,83] |
Its seeds are utilized to enrich fruit-based beverages for functional and visual goals. | [79,80,81,82,83] |
Basil seeds are high in dietary fiber, which has made it unique as a functional ingredient. | [83,84,85,86,87] |
Basil seeds not only have high nutritious value but have also been used due to their high and notable health benefits, including anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial activities. | [87,88,89,90] |
The importance of the physical and morphological characterization of the seeds is a result of the relationship between the size and shape of the seeds; the design of tools for agricultural activities, such as production and storage; and its potency for food application. | [90,91,92,93,94,95] |
The area in which the seeds are planted and their origin are both important factors that influence seed changes. | [83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90] |
The correlation with moisture may influence the size of the seeds. | [85,86,87,88,89,90] |
The bioactive components and the nutritional composition of the seeds can vary depending on environmental conditions, agronomic management, altitude, geographical location, origin of the seeds, soil properties, and the degree of water absorption. | [85,86,87,88,89,90] |
Basil seeds are an important source of carbohydrates, which vary between 43.9 and 63.8 g/100 g of seed. | [83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90] |
The seeds contain non-starchy polysaccharides in the form of lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose. | [90,91,92,93,94,95] |
The basil seeds contain mucilage, and the content is about 17–20%. | [90,91,92,93,94,95] |
The basil seed gum is also applied for different purposes, such as a disintegrant, a good source of fiber, a suspending agent, a pharmaceutical excipient, an anti-diabetic agent, and a notable biodegradable edible film. | [90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100] |
The main non-essential amino acids of basil seeds are aspartic and glutamic acid. | [95,96,97,98,99,100] |
All essential amino acids except tryptophan and S-containing types can be found in basil seeds. | [90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100] |
The amino acid composition of basil seeds is aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, arginine, threonine, tyrosine, valine, lysine, alanine, proline, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, cysteic acid, methionine sulfone, and tryptophan. | [100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110] |
Basil seeds have a fat content that varies between 9.7% and 33.0%. | [100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110] |
The most important fatty acid composition of basil seeds is palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. | [105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115] |
The main macronutrient minerals that are needed in higher amounts include phosphorus, calcium, sulfur, potassium, magnesium, sodium, and chloride. | [105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115] |
The major micronutrients that are needed are iron, zinc, cooper, manganese, silicon, iodine, fluoride, and chromium. | [109,110,111,112,113,114,115] |
Basil seeds contain high antioxidant potential, and the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of basil seeds are determined by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) and Folin–Ciocalteu methods. | [110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121] |
The antimicrobial activity of basil seed oil is also reported. | [110,111,112,113,114,115] |
In traditional medicine, basil seeds are applied as a natural remedy for the treatment of ulcers, indigestion, kidney disorders, sore throats, and diarrhea. | [112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121] |
The basil extracts also demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, antiulcer, and chemo-preventive impacts. | [113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121] |
Key Points | References |
---|---|
Borage is an oilseed with a high gamma-linolenic acid content. | [123,124,125,126] |
The major producers of borage seeds are the USA, Canada, England, and Chile. | [123,124,125,126] |
Borage seed is one of the most notable sensitive agronomic seeds, as significant deterioration happens after only one year of storage. | [123,124,125,126] |
The main reasons for membrane disruption are increased free fatty acid levels and free radical productivity by lipid per oxidation. | [126,127,128,129,130] |
The seeds also contain palmitic, linoleic, stearic, α-linolenic, oleic, erucic, and erucic acids | [130,131,132,133,134,135] |
Gamma-linolenic acid showed the potential to relieve the symptoms and signs of various chronic inflammatory diseases, such as atopic dermatitis and rheumatoid arthritis. | [135,136,137,138,139,140] |
Gamma-linolenic acid can also be appropriate in respiratory, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular disorders. | [135,136,137,138,139,140] |
Borage seeds also have different volatile compounds with antimicrobial activities. | [125,126,127,128,129,130] |
Methods and units of measurement of antioxidant activity of borage seeds are Folin–Ciocalteu (mg polyphenols·g−1 seeds d.w.), FRAP (μmol Fe II·g−1 seeds d.w.), DPPH (DPPH rem, %), and AE (dm3·[μmol s−1]). | [131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138] |
The average oil content of the borage seed is 30–40% by weight. | [135,136,137,138,139,140] |
Borage seed oil is used to treat various skin disorders, such as seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and neurodermatitis. | [134,135,136,137,138,139,140] |
Key Points | References |
---|---|
Coriander is the seed of an annual small plant, which is commonly referred to as a spice, and which belongs to the Apiaceae family (Umbelliferae). | [141,142,143] |
Coriander is also known as Mexican parsley and Chinese parsley. | [141,142,143] |
The largest producer of coriander is India. | [141,142,143] |
The seeds of coriander are nearly ovate globular and there are several longitudinal ridges on the surface. | [143,144,145] |
The length of the seed is 3–5 mm. | [143,144,145] |
Coriander seeds have a sweet, mild, slight pungent-like citrus flavor with a hint of sage. | [143,144,145] |
Fatty oil and essential oil are two major components of coriander seeds. | [143,144,145] |
Coriander can be grown from being transplanted or from seed. | [143,144,145] |
The fatty oil content fluctuates between 9.9% and 27.7%, and the essential oil content of dried coriander seeds changes fluctuates between 0.03% and 2.6%. | [141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150] |
Linalool is the most important essential oil in the seeds of coriander. | [141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150] |
Linalool, which is a terpene alcohol identified in coriander, has an important function in many therapeutic benefits, and it possesses anxiolytic, analgesic, anticonvulsant, and neuroprotective effects. | [141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150] |
Its essential oil is an important component of detergents, emulsifiers, creams, surfactants, perfumes, and lotions. | [141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150] |
Moisture content is one of principle factors that influences the physical properties of seeds. | [150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160] |
The seeds showed the presence of different compounds, such as glucosides, monoterpenoid, monoterpenoid glycosides, and aromatic constituent glycosides, such as norcarotenoid glucoside. | [160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172] |
Different methods, including solvent extraction such as water, methanol and n-hexane, hydrodistillation, sonication, and microwave-assisted extraction, are used to extract the chemical components of cilantro. | [163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173] |
The extracts and essential oil of coriander seeds contain sedative-hypnotic activity. | [165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173] |
In traditional medicine, its seeds were consumed to relieve pain, inflammation, and rheumatoid arthritis. | [166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173] |
The seeds have been consumed to relieve different gastrointestinal disorders, such as diarrhea, flatulence, nausea, and indigestion. | [165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173] |
The most important health benefits of coriander are hypolipidemic activity, anti-atherogenic and antioxidant properties, antihypertensive potential, and antiarrhythmic activity. | [160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173] |
Key Points | References |
---|---|
Two main and popular kinds of chamomile are German chamomile and Roman chamomile, which belong to the Asteraceae (Compositae) family. | [177,178,179,180,181] |
Chamomile contains terpenes, volatile oils, organic acids, coumarins, flavonoids, sterols, and polysaccharides. | [180,181,182,183,184,185] |
Chamomile is mainly cultivated by seeds, but kee** seed viability for a long time is a very important factor as well as seed germination. | [180,181,182,183,184,185] |
Chamomile has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. | [175,176,177,178,179,180] |
Chamomile has anticancer and neuroprotective activities. | [180,181,182,183,184,185] |
Chamomile has anti-diarrheal, antibacterial, and anti-allergic activities. | [185,186,187,188,189,190] |
Chamomile is a widely utilized herb in the traditional medicine of China, Rome, Greece, Germany, and the West of Asia. | [190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200] |
In traditional medicine, it is used to treat ulcers, wounds, gout, eczema, bruises, skin irritations, canker sores, burns, sciatica, neuralgia, hemorrhoids, rheumatic pain, mastitis, and hemorrhoids. | [190,193,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207] |
It has been used to treat croup, colic, and fevers in children, and it has also been applied as an emmenagogue and a uterine tonic in women. | [200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207] |
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Shahrajabian, M.H.; Sun, W. Five Important Seeds in Traditional Medicine, and Pharmacological Benefits. Seeds 2023, 2, 290-308. https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds2030022
Shahrajabian MH, Sun W. Five Important Seeds in Traditional Medicine, and Pharmacological Benefits. Seeds. 2023; 2(3):290-308. https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds2030022
Chicago/Turabian StyleShahrajabian, Mohamad Hesam, and Wenli Sun. 2023. "Five Important Seeds in Traditional Medicine, and Pharmacological Benefits" Seeds 2, no. 3: 290-308. https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds2030022