Organoids, Biocybersecurity, and Cyberbiosecurity—A Light Exploration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Enter Organoids
1.2. On Biocomputing and Organoids
1.3. On Cybersecurity Interfacing with Organoids
1.4. Into Biocybersecurity and Cyberbiosecurity
1.5. On Integration of These Areas
2. Methods
3. Some Organoid Advances
3.1. Diversification of Organoid Types
3.2. More Applications in Research and Medicine
3.3. Breakthroughs, Important Methods Integrated, and Design
4. Organoids and Biocomputing
4.1. Brain Organoids: Uses from Now and Potentially into the Future
4.2. On Some Approaches Integrating Organoids in Biocomputing
4.3. Transformative Impacts of Organoids in Biocomputing
4.4. Biocomputing and Organoid Intelligence
4.4.1. Towards Developments in Biocomputing and Organoid Intelligence
4.4.2. Case Studies on Biocomputing and Organoid Intelligence Applications
4.4.3. A Hypothetical Case: Organoids through the Lens of Both Biocybersecurity and Cyberbiosecurity
4.4.4. Organoid Intelligence and Machine Learning Applications
5. Ethical Considerations and Future Prospects
5.1. On Ethical Concerns
5.2. Consent Models for Organoid Research
5.3. Monetization of Organoid Research
5.4. Possible Connections between AI-Driven Cyberattacks and Organoids in Timelines
5.4.1. Organoid Development or Process Manipulation (Research and Development)
5.4.2. Theft of Sensitive and or Otherwise Personal Data
5.4.3. Cases of AI Cyberattacks Focused on Organoids
5.4.4. Imagined Defenses
Imagined Defenses for All of the Above: First Principles Approach and Cyber Hygiene
Transparency, Open Sourcing Where Possible, and Interdisciplinary Cross-Checking
- More precise and secure equipment
- ○
- Less reliance on less-maintained hardware and software prone to leak information
- More teams are able to investigate the same core phenomena related to the development, function, and or use of organoids
- ○
- Greater redundancy gives greater portals to available variances in research outcomes and makes it harder for malicious actors to bottleneck and poison avenues of research
- More teams are willing to publish negative results, as they can view the endeavor as productive
- Create a workload that is more feasible and allows for flexibility; this alone has multiple benefits
- ○
- More time on fewer tasks, allowing for more quality work
- ⯀
- More replications and deeper insights
- ⯀
- Fewer mistakes generated through exhaustion
- ⯀
- A greater degree of cyber hygiene
- ○
- A greater degree of collaboration across the globe and between institutions
- ⯀
- Less fear of “scoo**” taking research not originally created)
- ⯀
- More shared resources
- Along with greater eyes on resource misuse
- ⯀
- More perspectives shared on pivotal areas of this research
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Glossary
Term APT | Definition Advanced persistent threat [195]. |
Amyloid beta | Amyloid beta is produced via the proteolytic cleavage of a transmembrane protein, an amyloid precursor protein (APP), by enzymes called β- and γ-secretases. It is proposed to be an early detrimental occurrence in the development of Alzheimer’s disease [196]. |
Biocomputing | Biocomputing is an innovative technological domain that operates where biology, engineering, and computer science intersect and aims to utilize cells or their molecular components (such as DNA or RNA) to perform tasks traditionally performed by an electronic computer [197]. |
Biocybersecurity (BCS) | Biocybersecurity is the intersection of biotechnology, biosecurity, and cybersecurity issues and is part of an initiative aimed at protecting the bioeconomy [198]. |
Bioinformatics | Bioinformatics is a scientific subdiscipline that involves using computer technology to collect, store, analyze, and distribute biological data and information [199]. |
CRISPR/Cas9 | CRISPR/Cas9 is a gene editing technology that involves two components: a guide RNA to match a desired target gene and Cas9- an endonuclease that causes a double-stranded DNA break, allowing modifications to the genome [200]. |
Cyberbiosecurity (CBS) | Cyberbiosecurity refers to attacks originating in hardware and computer systems with a focus on biological or biology-centric systems. A useful primer is presented in past literature [45]. |
Human Genome Project | The Human Genome Project is an international research project whose main objective is to decode the chemical sequence of the entire human genetic material (genome), identify the 50,000 to 100,000 genes encompassed within it, and provide research tools for the analysis of genetic information [201]. |
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) | Induced pluripotent stem cells are derived from adult somatic cells that have been reprogrammed back into an embryonic-like pluripotent state that enables the development of an unlimited source of any type of human cell needed for therapeutic purposes [8,9,92,100,110,202,203]. |
In silico | In silico is experimentation performed by computational models that explore pharmacological hypotheses through various methods, including databases, data analysis tools, data mining, homology models, machine learning, pharmacophores, quantitative structure-activity relationships, and network analysis tools [17,204]. |
Organoid | An organoid is a self-organized 3D tissue that is derived from stem cells (pluripotent, fetal, or adult), which imitate the functional, structural, and biological complexity of an organ [205]. |
Organoid intelligence (OI) | OI is an emerging interdisciplinary scientific field aiming to establish a new type of biological computing system using 3D cultures of human brain cells (brain organoids) and brain-machine interface technologies [18]. |
Pathology of tau | The Pathology of Tau are neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of abnormal tau protein in the brain [185]. |
Pluripotent stem cells | Pluripotent stem cells are cells that have the capacity to self-renew by dividing indefinitely, producing unaltered cell daughters maintaining the same properties as the parent cell [206], and are capable of differentiation into any cell type found in the human body |
Primary microcephaly | Primary microcephaly is a disorder of brain development that results in a head circumference more than three standard deviations below the mean for age and gender [207]. |
Raspberry Pi | Raspberry Pi is the name of a series of single-board computers made by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, a UK charity dedicated to enhancing computing education and accessibility [208,209]. |
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Terms Entered | Filter | Article Count |
---|---|---|
“Organoid” “cyberbiosecurity” | 2018–2023 | 2 |
“Organoid” “biocybersecurity” | 2018–2023 | 0 |
“Organoid” “biocomputing” | 2018–2023 | 136 |
“Organoid” “cybersecurity” | 2018–2023 | 40 |
“Organoid” “biocomputing” “cybersecurity” | 2018–2023 | 4 |
“Organoid” “biocomputing” “cyberbiosecurity” | 2018–2023 | 1 |
“Organoid” “biocomputing” “biocybersecurity” | 2018–2023 | 0 |
“Organoid” “biocomputing” “cyberbiosafety” | 2018–2023 | 0 |
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Palmer, X.; Akafia, C.; Woodson, E.; Woodson, A.; Potter, L. Organoids, Biocybersecurity, and Cyberbiosecurity—A Light Exploration. Organoids 2024, 3, 83-112. https://doi.org/10.3390/organoids3020007
Palmer X, Akafia C, Woodson E, Woodson A, Potter L. Organoids, Biocybersecurity, and Cyberbiosecurity—A Light Exploration. Organoids. 2024; 3(2):83-112. https://doi.org/10.3390/organoids3020007
Chicago/Turabian StylePalmer, Xavier, Cyril Akafia, Eleasa Woodson, Amanda Woodson, and Lucas Potter. 2024. "Organoids, Biocybersecurity, and Cyberbiosecurity—A Light Exploration" Organoids 3, no. 2: 83-112. https://doi.org/10.3390/organoids3020007