Acceleration of Composting by Addition of Clinker to Tea Leaf Compost
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site and Test Materials
2.2. Treatments and Compost Management
2.3. Measurement of Chemical Properties in Compost and Compost-Derived Wastewater
2.4. Determination of Compost Maturity
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. pH and EC of Tea Leaf Compost with Clinker
3.2. NH4+-N and NO3–-N Content in Tea Leaf Compost with Clinker
3.3. Nitrogen and Carbon Balance in Compost
3.4. COD in Compost Extracted by 16 h Hot Water Extraction
3.5. Komatsuna Juvenile Plant Test Using Compost Water Extract
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of Clinker Addition on Composting Acceleration of Tea Leaf Compost
4.2. Effect of Clinker Addition on Compost Quality of Tea Leaf Compost
4.3. Nitrogen and Carbon Balance
4.4. Practical Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Type | Items | Water Content (%) | pH (H2O) | EC (1:5) (µS cm−1) | Total C (%) | Total N (%) | NH4+-N (mg kg DW−1) | NO3−-N (mg kg DW−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinker | Mean | 6.0 | 8.2 | 0.1 | 3.2 | 0.15 | 0.6 | 1.3 |
SE | 0.1 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.11 | |
Tea leaf | Mean | 78.3 | 5.7 | 0.3 | 48.3 | 4.31 | 8.9 | 2.7 |
SE | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 1.27 | 0.31 | |
Sample Type | Items | C/N Ratio | Total P2O5 (mg 100 g DW−1) | Total Cation (mg 100 g DW−1) | COD (mg g DW−1) | |||
K2O | MgO | CaO | Na2O | |||||
Clinker | Mean | 24.2 | 20 | 46 | 31 | 0.35 | 51 | 0.048 |
SE | 6.69 | 1.0 | 5.5 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 3.6 | 0.006 | |
Tea leaf | Mean | 11.2 | 206 | 289 | 320 | 456 | 2.43 | 150 |
SE | 0.05 | 1.2 | 4.0 | 1.6 | 3.0 | 0.9 | 17 |
Treatment | N (g Container−1) | N Loss Rate (%) | C (g Container−1) | C Loss Rate (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Start | Finish | Loss | Start | Finish | Loss | |||
Clinker 0% | 93.4 | 55.1 | 38.3 | 41.0 | 1046 | 430 | 616 | 58.9 |
Clinker 20% | 77.5 | 59.3 | 18.2 | 23.5 | 896 | 483 | 413 | 46.1 |
Clinker 40% | 61.6 | 50.3 | 11.3 | 18.3 | 747 | 432 | 315 | 42.2 |
Clinker 60% | 45.6 | 31.0 | 14.6 | 32.0 | 597 | 359 | 238 | 39.9 |
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Morita, N.; Toma, Y.; Ueno, H. Acceleration of Composting by Addition of Clinker to Tea Leaf Compost. Waste 2024, 2, 72-84. https://doi.org/10.3390/waste2010004
Morita N, Toma Y, Ueno H. Acceleration of Composting by Addition of Clinker to Tea Leaf Compost. Waste. 2024; 2(1):72-84. https://doi.org/10.3390/waste2010004
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorita, Nobuki, Yo Toma, and Hideto Ueno. 2024. "Acceleration of Composting by Addition of Clinker to Tea Leaf Compost" Waste 2, no. 1: 72-84. https://doi.org/10.3390/waste2010004