Journal Description
Polymers
Polymers
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of polymer science published semimonthly online by MDPI. Belgian Polymer Group (BPG), European Colloid & Interface Society (ECIS), National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM) and North American Thermal Analysis Society (NATAS) are affiliated with Polymers and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, PubMed, PMC, FSTA, CAPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Polymer Science) / CiteScore - Q1 (General Chemistry )
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.5 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.4 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in MDPI journals, in appreciation of the work.
- Testimonials: See what our authors and editors say about Polymers.
Impact Factor:
4.7 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
4.9 (2023)
Latest Articles
Assessment of the Biodegradability and Compostability of Finished Leathers: Analysis Using Spectroscopy and Thermal Methods
Polymers 2024, 16(13), 1908; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131908 - 3 Jul 2024
Abstract
In this study, the biodegradation properties of leather treated with various finishing chemicals were evaluated in order to enhance the sustainability of leather processing. We applied advanced analytical techniques, including FT-IR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Leather samples treated with different
[...] Read more.
In this study, the biodegradation properties of leather treated with various finishing chemicals were evaluated in order to enhance the sustainability of leather processing. We applied advanced analytical techniques, including FT-IR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Leather samples treated with different polymers, resins, bio-based materials, and traditional finishing agents were subjected to a composting process under controlled conditions to measure their biodegradability. The findings revealed that bio-based polyurethane finishes and acrylic wax exhibited biodegradability, while traditional chemical finishes like isocyanate and nitrocellulose lacquer showed moderate biodegradation levels. The results indicated significant differences in the biodegradation rates and the impact on plant germination and growth. Some materials, such as black pigment, nitrocellulose lacquer and wax, were beneficial for plant growth, while others, such as polyurethane materials, had adverse effects. These results support the use of eco-friendly finishes to reduce the environmental footprint of leather production. Overall, this study underscores the importance of selecting sustainable finishing chemicals to promote eco-friendly leather-manufacturing practices.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomacromolecules, Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)
Open AccessReview
Synergy of Hybrid Fillers for Emerging Composite and Nanocomposite Materials—A Review
by
Olusegun A. Afolabi and Ndivhuwo Ndou
Polymers 2024, 16(13), 1907; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131907 - 3 Jul 2024
Abstract
Nanocomposites with polymer matrix provide tremendous opportunities to investigate new functions beyond those of traditional materials. The global community is gradually tending toward the use of composite and nanocomposite materials. This review is aimed at reporting the recent developments and understanding revolving around
[...] Read more.
Nanocomposites with polymer matrix provide tremendous opportunities to investigate new functions beyond those of traditional materials. The global community is gradually tending toward the use of composite and nanocomposite materials. This review is aimed at reporting the recent developments and understanding revolving around hybridizing fillers for composite materials. The influence of various analyses, characterizations, and mechanical properties of the hybrid filler are considered. The introduction of hybrid fillers to polymer matrices enhances the macro and micro properties of the composites and nanocomposites resulting from the synergistic interactions between the hybrid fillers and the polymers. In this review, the synergistic impact of using hybrid fillers in the production of develo** composite and nanocomposite materials is highlighted. The use of hybrid fillers offers a viable way to improve the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of these sophisticated materials. This study explains the many tactics and methodologies used to install hybrid fillers into composite and nanocomposite matrices by conducting a thorough analysis of recent research. Furthermore, the synergistic interactions of several types of fillers, including organic–inorganic, nano–micro, and bio-based fillers, are fully investigated. The performance benefits obtained from the synergistic combination of various fillers are examined, as well as their prospective applications in a variety of disciplines. Furthermore, the difficulties and opportunities related to the use of hybrid fillers are critically reviewed, presenting perspectives on future research paths in this rapidly expanding area of materials science.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites)
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Open AccessArticle
Double Percolation of Poly(lactic acid)/Low-Density Polyethylene/Carbon Nanotube (PLA/LDPE/CNT) Composites for Force-Sensor Application: Impact of Preferential Localization and Mixing Sequence
by
Todsapol Kajornprai, Rapisa Jarapanyacheep, Jatupat Saikaeo, Soodkhet Pojprapai, Kasama Jarukumjorn and Tatiya Trongsatitkul
Polymers 2024, 16(13), 1906; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131906 - 3 Jul 2024
Abstract
This study explores the enhancement of electrical conductivity in polymer composites by incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into a co-continuous poly(lactic acid)/low-density polyethylene (PLA/LDPE) blend, creating a double percolation structure. Theoretical thermodynamic predictions indicate that CNTs preferentially localize in the LDPE phase. The percolation
[...] Read more.
This study explores the enhancement of electrical conductivity in polymer composites by incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into a co-continuous poly(lactic acid)/low-density polyethylene (PLA/LDPE) blend, creating a double percolation structure. Theoretical thermodynamic predictions indicate that CNTs preferentially localize in the LDPE phase. The percolation threshold of CNTs in the PLA/LDPE/CNT composites was 0.208 vol% (5.56 wt%), an 80% reduction compared to the LDPE/CNT composite, due to the double percolation structure. This thermodynamic migration of CNTs from PLA to LDPE significantly enhanced conductivity, achieving a 13.8-fold increase at a 7.5 wt% CNT loading compared to the LDPE/CNT composite. The localization of CNTs was driven by thermodynamic, kinetic, and rheological factors, with viscosity differences between PLA and LDPE causing dense CNT aggregation in LDPE. Initial contact of CNTs with PLA reduced aggregation, allowing PLA to infiltrate CNT aggregates during melt-mixing, which influenced the final morphology and electrical conductivity. These findings provide new insights into the fabrication of conductive polymer composites for force sensor applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers in Sensor Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
Development of Polymeric Films Based on Sunflower Seed Proteins and Locust Bean Gum
by
Layla Talita de Oliveira Alves, Pãmella Fronza, Idalina Gonçalves, Washington Azevêdo da Silva, Leandro S. Oliveira and Adriana S. Franca
Polymers 2024, 16(13), 1905; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131905 - 3 Jul 2024
Abstract
Most polymeric food packaging materials are non-biodegradable and derived from petroleum, thus recent studies have focused on evaluating alternative biodegradable materials from renewable sources, with polysaccharides and proteins as the main types of employed biopolymers. Therefore, this study aimed to develop biopolymeric films
[...] Read more.
Most polymeric food packaging materials are non-biodegradable and derived from petroleum, thus recent studies have focused on evaluating alternative biodegradable materials from renewable sources, with polysaccharides and proteins as the main types of employed biopolymers. Therefore, this study aimed to develop biopolymeric films based on sunflower proteins and galactomannans from locust bean gum. The influence of the galactomannan amount (0.10%, 0.30%, 0.50%, and 0.75% w/v) on the physicochemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of cast sunflower protein-based films was studied. Sunflower proteins gave rise to yellowish, shining, and translucid films. With the incorporation of locust bean gum-derived galactomannans, the films became more brown and opaque, although they still maintained some translucency. Galactomannans significantly changed the proteins’ secondary structures, giving rise to films with increased tensile resistance and stretchability. Nevertheless, the increase in the galactomannan amount did not have a significant effect on the film’s thermal stability. The protein/galactomannan-based films showed values of water vapor and oxygen permeability that were slightly higher than those of the pristine materials. Overall, blending locust bean gum galactomannans with sunflower proteins was revealed to be a promising strategy to develop naturally colored and translucid films with enhanced mechanical resistance while maintaining flexibility, fitting the desired properties for biodegradable food packaging materials.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymers in Food Industry II)
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Open AccessArticle
Electromechanical Performances of Polyvinyl Chloride Gels Using (Polyvinyl Chloride-co-Vinyl Acetate) (P(VC-VA)) Synergistic Plasticization
by
Han Yan, Chang Wei, Zexing Wang, Lei Liu, Zicai Zhu, Junshi Zhang, Jihong Zhu and Weihong Zhang
Polymers 2024, 16(13), 1904; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131904 - 3 Jul 2024
Abstract
The current polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gel flexible actuators are facing challenges of high input voltage and an insufficient elastic modulus. In this study, we conducted a detailed study on the properties of PVC gel prepared by introducing the modifier polyvinyl chloride-vinyl acetate (P(VC-VA)).
[...] Read more.
The current polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gel flexible actuators are facing challenges of high input voltage and an insufficient elastic modulus. In this study, we conducted a detailed study on the properties of PVC gel prepared by introducing the modifier polyvinyl chloride-vinyl acetate (P(VC-VA)). We compared a modified PVC gel with the traditional one in terms of the relative dielectric constant, mechanical modulus, and electromechanical actuation performance. Experimental results demonstrated that the introduction of P(VC-VA) enhanced the dielectric constant and reduced the driving electric field strength of PVC gels. The dielectric constant increased from 4.77 to 7.3. The electromechanical actuation performance increased by 150%. We employed the Gent model to fit the experimental results, and the actual experimental data aligned well with the expectations of the Gent model. The research results show that this type of plasticizing method effectively balanced the mechanical and electrical performance of PVC gels. This study summarizes the experimental results and performance analysis of PVC gels prepared using innovative plasticization methods, revealing the potential engineering applications of polymeric gels.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymeric Materials: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
Effects of Silicone Rubber on Rheological Properties and Aging Characteristics of Asphalt Binder
by
Maoqing Li, Zichen Gao, Zewen He, Jiachen Ma, Wenhui Zhao, Shihao Dang and Chenhao Wei
Polymers 2024, 16(13), 1903; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131903 - 2 Jul 2024
Abstract
Silicone rubber (SR) is a kind of polymer insulation material with excellent performance. With the service life of silicone rubber products reaching the limit, how to dispose of waste silicone rubber is an urgent problem to be solved. In this paper, silicone rubber-modified
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Silicone rubber (SR) is a kind of polymer insulation material with excellent performance. With the service life of silicone rubber products reaching the limit, how to dispose of waste silicone rubber is an urgent problem to be solved. In this paper, silicone rubber-modified asphalt binder (SRMA) was prepared by SR and 90# base asphalt binder. The simulated short-term aging and long-term aging tests of SRMA were carried out using the thin film oven aging test (TFOT) and pressure aging vessel test (PAV). The rotary viscosity test and dynamic shear rheological test (DSR) were applied to the rheological properties of SRMA before and after aging. The degradation degree and chemical composition changes of SR were explored by the toluene insoluble matter test, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and a Fluorescence microscope (FM). The results demonstrate that SR can significantly affect the aging resistance, fatigue life, and high-temperature stability of SRMA. As the content of SR rose, the elastic component in SRMA increased, leading to a nice performance in stability at high temperatures and fatigue resistance. However, excessive content (14%wt and 16%wt) had a negative influence on the performance of SRMA. So, the optimal content was speculated to be between 12% and 14%. Furthermore, SR and asphalt binder would be aged and degraded together in the aging process, and this phenomenon was more obvious during long-term aging.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation, Structure and Characterization of Polymer/Cement Composites—3rd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
Study on the Occurrence Characteristics of the Remaining Oil in Sandstone Reservoirs with Different Permeability after Polymer Flooding
by
**anda Sun, Limin Suo, Yuan**g Huang, Hongyu Wang, Han Yu, Chengwu Xu, Jian Xu, Xudong Qin, Wenying Sun, Yangdong Cao and Tao Liu
Polymers 2024, 16(13), 1902; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131902 - 2 Jul 2024
Abstract
After polymer flooding, the heterogeneity between different layers intensifies, forming intricate seepage channels and fluid diversions, which results in decreased circulation efficiency and lower recovery rates, leaving a significant amount of residual oil trapped within the reservoir. Understanding the characteristics of residual oil
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After polymer flooding, the heterogeneity between different layers intensifies, forming intricate seepage channels and fluid diversions, which results in decreased circulation efficiency and lower recovery rates, leaving a significant amount of residual oil trapped within the reservoir. Understanding the characteristics of residual oil occurrence is crucial for enhancing oil recovery post-polymer flooding. This study focused on sandstone reservoirs with varying permeability in the Saertu block of the Daqing oilfield. Using cryosectioning and laser scanning confocal microscopy, the occurrence characteristics of the residual oil in these sandstone reservoirs post-polymer flooding were investigated. Additionally, micro-CT and scanning electron microscopy were employed to analyze the impact of the pore structure on the distribution characteristics of the residual oil. The results indicate that laser scanning confocal images reveal that post-polymer flooding, the residual oil in high- and low-permeability sandstone reservoirs predominantly exists in a bound state (average > 47%), mostly as particle-adsorbed oil. In contrast, the residual oil in medium-permeability reservoirs is primarily in a free state (average > 49%), mostly as intergranular-adsorbed oil. In high-permeability sandstone reservoirs, heavy oil components are mainly in a particle-adsorbed form; in medium-permeability sandstone reservoirs, residual oil predominantly consists of heavy components, with most light components occurring in a clustered form; in low-permeability sandstone reservoirs, clustered residual oil exists in a balanced coexistence of light and heavy components, while the heavy components primarily exist in a particle-adsorbed form. Post-polymer flooding, the large pore–throat structure in high-permeability sandstone reservoirs results in effective displacement and less free residual oil; medium-permeability sandstone reservoirs, with medium–large pores and throats, have preferential channels and fine particles blocking the throats, leading to some unswept pores and more free residual oil; low-permeability sandstone reservoirs, with small pores and throats, exhibit weak displacement forces and poor mobility, resulting in more bound residual oil. The distribution and content of clay particles and clay minerals, along with the complex microscopic pore structure, are the main factors causing the differences in the residual oil occurrence states in sandstones with varying permeability.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Processing and Engineering)
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Open AccessArticle
The Impact of Lignin Biopolymer Sources, Isolation, and Size Reduction from the Macro- to Nanoscale on the Performances of Next-Generation Sunscreen
by
Victor Girard, Léane Fragnières, Hubert Chapuis, Nicolas Brosse, Laurent Marchal-Heussler, Nadia Canilho, Stéphane Parant and Isabelle Ziegler-Devin
Polymers 2024, 16(13), 1901; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131901 - 2 Jul 2024
Abstract
In recent years, concerns about the harmful effects of synthetic UV filters on the environment have highlighted the need for natural sun blockers. Lignin, the most abundant aromatic renewable biopolymer on Earth, is a promising candidate for next-generation sunscreen due to its inherent
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In recent years, concerns about the harmful effects of synthetic UV filters on the environment have highlighted the need for natural sun blockers. Lignin, the most abundant aromatic renewable biopolymer on Earth, is a promising candidate for next-generation sunscreen due to its inherent UV absorbance and its green, biodegradable, and biocompatible properties. Lignin’s limitations, such as its dark color and poor dispersity, can be overcome by reducing particle size to the nanoscale, enhancing UV protection and formulation. In this study, 100–200 nm lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were prepared from various biomass by-products (hardwood, softwood, and herbaceous material) using an eco-friendly anti-solvent precipitation method. Pure lignin macroparticles (LMPs) were extracted from beech, spruce, and wheat straw using an ethanol–organosolv treatment and compared with sulfur-rich kraft lignin (KL). Sunscreen lotions made from these LMPs and LNPs at various concentrations demonstrated novel UV-shielding properties based on biomass source and particle size. The results showed that transitioning from the macro- to nanoscale increased the sun protection factor (SPF) by at least 2.5 times, with the best results improving the SPF from 7.5 to 42 for wheat straw LMPs and LNPs at 5 wt%. This study underscores lignin’s potential in develo** high-quality green sunscreens, aligning with green chemistry principles.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lignin: Modifications and Applications)
Open AccessArticle
Dynamic Recyclable High-Performance Epoxy Resins via Triazolinedione–Indole Click Reaction and Cation–π Interaction Synergistic Crosslinking
by
Ming He, **g Li, Jia**g Xu, Lukun Wu, Ning Li and Shuai Zhang
Polymers 2024, 16(13), 1900; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131900 - 2 Jul 2024
Abstract
Thermosetting plastics exhibit remarkable mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance, yet the permanent covalent crosslinked network renders these materials challenging for resha** and recycling. In this study, a high-performance polymer film (EI25-TAD5-Mg) was synthesized by combining click chemistry and
[...] Read more.
Thermosetting plastics exhibit remarkable mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance, yet the permanent covalent crosslinked network renders these materials challenging for resha** and recycling. In this study, a high-performance polymer film (EI25-TAD5-Mg) was synthesized by combining click chemistry and cation–π interactions. The internal network of the material was selectively constructed through flexible triazolinedione (TAD) and indole via a click reaction. Cation–π interactions were established between Mg2+ and electron-rich indole units, leading to network contraction and reinforcement. Dynamic non-covalent interactions improved the covalent crosslinked network, and the reversible dissociation of cation–π interactions during loading provided effective energy dissipation. Finally, the epoxy resin exhibited excellent mechanical properties (tensile strength of 91.2 MPa) and latent dynamic behavior. Additionally, the thermal reversibility of the C-N click reaction and dynamic cation–π interaction endowed the material with processability and recyclability. This strategy holds potential value in the field of modifying covalent thermosetting materials.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis of Polymer Membranes and Their Applications)
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Open AccessReview
Research Progress of Natural Rubber Wet Mixing Technology
by
Qinghan Zhao, Fangyan Niu, Junyu Liu and Haishan Yin
Polymers 2024, 16(13), 1899; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131899 - 2 Jul 2024
Abstract
The performance of natural rubber (NR), a naturally occurring and sustainable material, can be greatly enhanced by adding different fillers to the NR matrix. The homogeneous dispersion of fillers in the NR matrix is a key factor in their ability to reinforce. As
[...] Read more.
The performance of natural rubber (NR), a naturally occurring and sustainable material, can be greatly enhanced by adding different fillers to the NR matrix. The homogeneous dispersion of fillers in the NR matrix is a key factor in their ability to reinforce. As a novel method, wet mixing technology may effectively provide good filler dispersion in the NR matrix while overcoming the drawbacks of conventional dry mixing. This study examines the literature on wet mixing fillers, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, silica, carbon black, and others, to prepare natural rubber composites. It also focuses on the wet preparation techniques and key characteristics of these fillers. Furthermore, the mechanism of filler reinforcement is also examined. To give guidance for the future development of wet mixing technology, this study also highlights the shortcomings of the current system and the urgent need to address them.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Functional Rubber and Elastomer Composites II)
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Open AccessArticle
Cellulose Acetate Microparticles Synthesized from Agave sisalana Perrine for Controlled Release of Simvastatin
by
Larissa Pereira Alves, Kevin da Silva Oliveira, Ana Cláudia Gonçalves dos Santos, Demis Ferreira de Melo, Lívia Maria Coelho de Carvalho Moreira, João Augusto Oshiro Junior, Dayanne Tomaz Casimiro da Silva, Airlla Laana de Medeiros Cavalcanti and Bolívar Ponciano Goulart de Lima Damasceno
Polymers 2024, 16(13), 1898; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131898 - 2 Jul 2024
Abstract
Simvastatin (SIM) is widely prescribed to treat hyperlipidemia, despite its limitations, such as a short half-life and low oral bioavailability. To overcome these drawbacks, the development of a controlled-release formulation is desirable. This study aims to develop a microparticulate system based on cellulose
[...] Read more.
Simvastatin (SIM) is widely prescribed to treat hyperlipidemia, despite its limitations, such as a short half-life and low oral bioavailability. To overcome these drawbacks, the development of a controlled-release formulation is desirable. This study aims to develop a microparticulate system based on cellulose acetate (ACT) obtained from Agave sisalana Perrine to promote a controlled SIM release. SIM-loaded microparticles (SMP) were prepared using the solvent emulsification-evaporation method. Several parameters were evaluated, including particle size, surface charge, morphology, encapsulation efficiency, thermochemical characteristics, crystallinity, and in vitro release profile. ACT exhibited favorable flow properties after acetylation, with a degree of substitution values superior to 2.5, as confirmed by both the chemical route and H-NMR, indicating the formation of cellulose triacetate. The obtained SMP were spherical with an average size ranging from 1842 to 1857 nm, a zeta potential of −4.45 mV, and a high SIM incorporation efficiency (98%). Thermal and XRD analyses revealed that SIM was homogeneously dispersed into the polymeric matrix in its amorphous state. In vitro studies using dialysis bags revealed that the controlled SIM release from microparticles was higher under simulated intestinal conditions and followed the Higuchi kinetic model. Our results suggest that ACT-based microparticles are a promising system for SIM delivery, which can improve its bioavailability, and result in better patient compliance.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomacromolecules, Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)
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Open AccessArticle
Investigation of Friction Stir Welding of Additively Manufactured Biocompatible Thermoplastics Using Stationary Shoulder and Assisted Heating
by
Pedro Rendas, Lígia Figueiredo, Pedro Melo, Carlos Galhano, Catarina Vidal and Bruno A. R. Soares
Polymers 2024, 16(13), 1897; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131897 - 2 Jul 2024
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, offers many advantages and, particularly in the medical field, it has stood out for its potential for the manufacture of patient-specific implantable devices. Thus, the unique properties of 3D-printed biocompatible polymers such as Polylactic Acid
[...] Read more.
Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, offers many advantages and, particularly in the medical field, it has stood out for its potential for the manufacture of patient-specific implantable devices. Thus, the unique properties of 3D-printed biocompatible polymers such as Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) have made these materials the focus of recent research where new post-processing and joining techniques need to be investigated. This study investigates the weldability of PLA and PEEK 3D-printed plates through stationary shoulder friction stir welding (SS-FSW) with assisted heating. An SS-FSW apparatus was developed to address the challenges of rotating shoulder FSW of thermoplastics, with assisted heating either through the shoulder or through the backing plate, thus minimizing material removal defects in the welds. Successful welds revealed that SS-FSW improves surface quality in both PLA and PEEK welds compared to rotating shoulder tools. Process parameters for PLA welds are investigated using the Taguchi method, emphasizing the importance of lower travel speeds to achieve higher joint efficiencies. In PEEK welds, the heated backing plate proved effective in increasing process heat input and reducing cooldown rates which were associated with higher crystallinity PEEK. Despite these findings, further research is needed to improve the weld strength of SS-FSW with these materials considering aspects like tool design, process stability, and 3D printing parameters. This investigation emphasizes the potential of SS-FSW in the assembly of thermoplastic materials, offering insights into the weldability of additively manufactured biocompatible polymers like PLA and PEEK.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in 3D Printing II)
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Open AccessArticle
Inter-Oligomer Interaction Influence on Photoluminescence in Cis-Polyacetylene Semiconductor Materials
by
Kamrun N. Keya, Yulun Han, Wenjie **a and Dmitri Kilin
Polymers 2024, 16(13), 1896; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131896 - 2 Jul 2024
Abstract
Semiconducting conjugated polymers (CPs) are pivotal in advancing organic electronics, offering tunable properties for solar cells and field-effect transistors. Here, we carry out first-principle calculations to study individual cis-polyacetylene (cis-PA) oligomers and their ensembles. The ground electronic structures are obtained using density functional
[...] Read more.
Semiconducting conjugated polymers (CPs) are pivotal in advancing organic electronics, offering tunable properties for solar cells and field-effect transistors. Here, we carry out first-principle calculations to study individual cis-polyacetylene (cis-PA) oligomers and their ensembles. The ground electronic structures are obtained using density functional theory (DFT), and excited state dynamics are explored by computing nonadiabatic couplings (NACs) between electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom. We compute the nonradiative relaxation of charge carriers and photoluminescence (PL) using the Redfield theory. Our findings show that electrons relax faster than holes. The ensemble of oligomers shows faster relaxation compared to the single oligomer. The calculated PL spectra show features from both interband and intraband transitions. The ensemble shows broader line widths, redshift of transition energies, and lower intensities compared to the single oligomer. This comparative study suggests that the dispersion forces and orbital hybridizations between chains are the leading contributors to the variation in PL. It provides insights into the fundamental behaviors of CPs and the molecular-level understanding for the design of more efficient optoelectronic devices.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Progress in Functional Conjugated Polymers)
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Open AccessArticle
Mass Spectrometry of Collagen-Containing Allogeneic Human Bone Tissue Material
by
Nikolay A. Ryabov, Larisa T. Volova, Denis G. Alekseev, Svetlana A. Kovaleva, Tatyana N. Medvedeva and Mikhail Yu. Vlasov
Polymers 2024, 16(13), 1895; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131895 - 2 Jul 2024
Abstract
The current paper highlights the active development of tissue engineering in the field of the biofabrication of living tissue analogues through 3D-bioprinting technology. The implementation of the latter is impossible without important products such as bioinks and their basic components, namely, hydrogels. In
[...] Read more.
The current paper highlights the active development of tissue engineering in the field of the biofabrication of living tissue analogues through 3D-bioprinting technology. The implementation of the latter is impossible without important products such as bioinks and their basic components, namely, hydrogels. In this regard, tissue engineers are searching for biomaterials to produce hydrogels with specified properties both in terms of their physical, mechanical and chemical properties and in terms of local biological effects following implantation into an organism. One of such effects is the provision of the optimal conditions for physiological reparative regeneration by the structural components that form the basis of the biomaterial. Therefore, qualitative assessment of the composition of the protein component of a biomaterial is a significant task in tissue engineering and bioprinting. It is important for predicting the behaviour of printed constructs in terms of their gradual resorption followed by tissue regeneration due to the formation of a new extracellular matrix. One of the most promising natural biomaterials with significant potential in the production of hydrogels and the bioinks based on them is the polymer collagen of allogeneic origin, which plays an important role in maintaining the structural and biological integrity of the extracellular matrix, as well as in the morphogenesis and cellular metabolism of tissues, giving them the required mechanical and biochemical properties. In tissue engineering, collagen is widely used as a basic biomaterial because of its availability, biocompatibility and facile combination with other materials. This manuscript presents the main results of a mass spectrometry analysis (proteomic assay) of the lyophilized hydrogel produced from the registered Lyoplast® bioimplant (allogeneic human bone tissue), which is promising in the field of biotechnology. Proteomic assays of the investigated lyophilized hydrogel sample showed the presence of structural proteins (six major collagen fibers of types I, II, IV, IX, XXVII, XXVIII were identified), extracellular matrix proteins, and mRNA-stabilizing proteins, which participate in the regulation of transcription, as well as inducer proteins that mediate the activation of regeneration, including the level of circadian rhythm. The research results offer a new perspective and indicate the significant potential of the lyophilized hydrogels as an effective alternative to synthetic and xenogeneic materials in regenerative medicine, particularly in the field of biotechnology, acting as a matrix and cell-containing component of bioinks for 3D bioprinting.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymers for Regenerative Medicine Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
Exploring Polymer-Based Additive Manufacturing for Cost-Effective Stam** Devices: A Feasibility Study with Finite Element Analysis
by
Cristian Giolu, Cristina Pupăză and Cătălin Gheorghe Amza
Polymers 2024, 16(13), 1894; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131894 - 2 Jul 2024
Abstract
This research investigates the feasibility of manufacturing stam** devices using Material Extrusion (MEX) Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology, traditionally fabricated from metal, to reduce production costs and time. This study examines polymer-based devices subjected to Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to evaluate their performance in
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This research investigates the feasibility of manufacturing stam** devices using Material Extrusion (MEX) Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology, traditionally fabricated from metal, to reduce production costs and time. This study examines polymer-based devices subjected to Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to evaluate their performance in stam** metal sheets of varying thicknesses. The findings reveal that ABS polymer devices, while demonstrating potential, operate near the material’s limit under compression forces, particularly for sheet thicknesses up to 1 mm. Specifically, differences of 0.7 mm were observed at the connection radii of 0.25 mm sheets and 1.4 mm for 0.5 mm sheets, with angular deviations of 1.5 degrees for 0.25 mm sheets and 4 degrees for 0.5 mm sheets. Additionally, devices made of Nylon were deemed suitable for reduced-thickness sheets (0.25 mm), performing better than those made of ABS. These results suggest that while ABS devices exhibit significant deviations (up to 45 degrees for 1 mm sheets), the method shows promise for small batch production and prototy**. Further optimisation through material enhancements and mechanical improvements is recommended to minimise deformations and enhance precision.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Materials and Their Application in 3D Printing, 2nd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
Storage Life of Particle-Filled Polymer Composites Considering Aging Effects
by
Yujiao Zhang, Congli Fang, Huizhen Wang, Minghua Zhang, Tao Shen and Jianke Du
Polymers 2024, 16(13), 1893; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131893 - 2 Jul 2024
Abstract
This study investigates the storage life of particle-filled polymer composites (PFPCs) under the influence of aging effects. High-temperature accelerated aging tests were conducted at 60 °C, 70 °C, and 80 °C for various days to analyze the impact of aging time and temperature
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This study investigates the storage life of particle-filled polymer composites (PFPCs) under the influence of aging effects. High-temperature accelerated aging tests were conducted at 60 °C, 70 °C, and 80 °C for various days to analyze the impact of aging time and temperature on the mechanical behavior of the materials. A predictive model for crosslink density was established using the Arrhenius equation, and the relationship between crosslink density and relaxation modulus was determined based on polymer physics theory. On this basis, a viscoelastic constitutive model that incorporates aging effects was developed. Structural analyses of a PFPC column with a length of 2.3 m and outer diameter of 1.8 m were performed using the UMAT subroutine in ABAQUS. Subsequently, a safety margin assessment method based on dewetting strain was employed to predict the storage life of the PFPC column. The results indicate that the aging viscoelastic constitutive model effectively characterizes the hardening effects caused by aging in the composites during storage. The storage life for the PFPC column considering aging effects decreases from 22 years to 19 years compared to models that ignore such effects. This approach provides a reference for estimating the storage life of PFPC columns considering aging effects.
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(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Physics and Theory)
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Open AccessArticle
The Effect of Fibrillation, Semi-Dry Pressing, and Surface Treatment on the Barrier Properties of Water Molecules and Oxygen on Food Packaging Paper
by
Yuqing Duan, Shumei Wang, Tingting Xu, Huiyang Bian and Hongqi Dai
Polymers 2024, 16(13), 1892; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131892 - 2 Jul 2024
Abstract
The characteristics of fiber morphology and paper structure are critical to the barrier properties of food packaging paper. Herein, this study aimed to use pulp fibrillation, paper semi-dry pressing and carboxymethyl starch (CMS) coating to flatten the fibers, which were formed on the
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The characteristics of fiber morphology and paper structure are critical to the barrier properties of food packaging paper. Herein, this study aimed to use pulp fibrillation, paper semi-dry pressing and carboxymethyl starch (CMS) coating to flatten the fibers, which were formed on the paper surface with good barrier properties due to the tight bond between fibers. The results showed that the permeability of paper was reduced by 87.56%, from 81.44 μm/Pa·s to 10.13 μm/Pa·s after the pulp fibrillation treatment (60 °SR). Moreover, semi-dry pressing treatment contributed to decreasing the water vapor transmission coefficient (WVP) by 50.98% to 2.74 × 10−10 g/m·s·Pa, and the oxygen permeation coefficient (OP) decreased by 98.04% to 1.93 × 10−14 cm3·cm/cm2·s·Pa. After coating the paper surface with titanium dioxide (TiO2) and CMS, the WVP of the paper was further reduced to 1.55 × 10−10 g/m·s·Pa, and OP was reduced to 0.19 × 10−14 cm3·cm/cm2·s·Pa. These values were 72.27% and 99.8% lower than those of the original paper, respectively. Therefore, through pulp fibrillation, semi-dry pressing of paper, TiO2 filling, and surface coating with CMS, there is no need to use synthetic polymer surface film-forming agents to achieve the high barrier properties that are required for low water and oxygen molecules permeation in food packaging paper.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Thermal, Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites)
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Open AccessArticle
Efficient Preparation of Poly(allyl diglycol carbonate) (PADC) Nuclear Track Detectors: UV Photopolymerization
by
Guangshe Zhang, Li Zhang, Wencheng Gao, Riwei Xu and Kuke Ding
Polymers 2024, 16(13), 1891; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131891 - 2 Jul 2024
Abstract
The decay of radon gas in soil and buildings produces alpha radiation, which is the second leading cause of lung cancer in humans. Therefore, by conveniently detecting radon gas in the environment, potential sources of danger can be identified early, and necessary measures
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The decay of radon gas in soil and buildings produces alpha radiation, which is the second leading cause of lung cancer in humans. Therefore, by conveniently detecting radon gas in the environment, potential sources of danger can be identified early, and necessary measures can be taken to protect human health. Solid-state nuclear track detectors prepared from polyallyl diglycol carbonate (PADC) resin are the most sensitive detectors for alpha radiation released by radon gas. The traditional method of preparing PADC resin involves free radical thermal polymerization, which suffers from issues such as low polymerization efficiency, long processing time, and the occurrence of defects in the product. In this study, PADC resin was efficiently prepared using a UV initiator. Starting from the polymerization mechanism, experiments were designed using a controlled variable approach, and a rational polymerization apparatus was devised. By comparing the double bond conversion rate, transparency, hardness, and yellowness index of the polymers, the optimal initiator for PADC resin, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone (1173), was selected. The influence of irradiation intensity, irradiation time, and UV initiator dosage was investigated. The performance of the polymers, including double bond conversion rate, optical properties, dynamic mechanical properties, etching rate, and track detection efficiency, was analyzed. The experimental conditions for preparing PADC resin were optimized: irradiation intensity of 12 mW/cm2, irradiation time of 25 min, and UV initiator dosage of 5 parts. The resulting resin polymer had a double bond conversion rate of 93.2% and a track detection efficiency of 0.714.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances in Photopolymerization)
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Open AccessArticle
Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of Vancomycin Loaded on Functionalized Polyketones
by
Rachele Rampazzo, Andrea Vavasori, Lucio Ronchin, Pietro Riello, Martina Marchiori, Gloria Saorin and Valentina Beghetto
Polymers 2024, 16(13), 1890; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131890 - 2 Jul 2024
Abstract
Today, polymeric drug delivery systems (DDS) appear as an interesting solution against bacterial resistance, having great advantages such as low toxicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. In this work, two polyketones (PK) have been post-functionalized with sodium taurinate (PKT) or potassium sulfanilate (PKSK) and employed
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Today, polymeric drug delivery systems (DDS) appear as an interesting solution against bacterial resistance, having great advantages such as low toxicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. In this work, two polyketones (PK) have been post-functionalized with sodium taurinate (PKT) or potassium sulfanilate (PKSK) and employed as carriers for Vancomycin against bacterial infections. Modified PKs were easily prepared by the Paal–Knorr reaction and loaded with Vancomycin at a variable pH. All polymers were characterized by FT-IR, DSC, TGA, SEM, and elemental analysis. Antimicrobial activity was tested against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and correlated to the different pHs used for its loading (between 2.3 and 8.8). In particular, the minimum inhibitory concentrations achieved with PKT and PKSK loaded with Vancomycin were similar, at 0.23 μg/mL and 0.24 μg/mL, respectively, i.e., six times lower than that with Vancomycin alone. The use of post-functionalized aliphatic polyketones has thus been demonstrated to be a promising way to obtain very efficient polymeric DDS.
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(This article belongs to the Section Smart and Functional Polymers)
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Open AccessReview
Recent Advances in Environment-Friendly Polyurethanes from Polyols Recovered from the Recycling and Renewable Resources: A Review
by
Mengyuan Pu, Changqing Fang, **ng Zhou, Dong Wang, Yangyang Lin, Wanqing Lei and Lu Li
Polymers 2024, 16(13), 1889; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131889 - 2 Jul 2024
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) is among the most universal polymers and has been extensively applied in many fields, such as construction, machinery, furniture, clothing, textile, packaging and biomedicine. Traditionally, as the main starting materials for PU, polyols deeply depend on petroleum stock. From the perspective
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Polyurethane (PU) is among the most universal polymers and has been extensively applied in many fields, such as construction, machinery, furniture, clothing, textile, packaging and biomedicine. Traditionally, as the main starting materials for PU, polyols deeply depend on petroleum stock. From the perspective of recycling and environmental friendliness, advanced PU synthesis, using diversified resources as feedstocks, aims to develop versatile products with excellent properties to achieve the transformation from a fossil fuel-driven energy economy to renewable and sustainable ones. This review focuses on the recent development in the synthesis and modification of PU by extracting value-added monomers for polyols from waste polymers and natural bio-based polymers, such as the recycled waste polymers: polyethylene terephthalate (PET), PU and polycarbonate (PC); the biomaterials: vegetable oil, lignin, cashew nut shell liquid and plant straw; and biomacromolecules: polysaccharides and protein. To design these advanced polyurethane formulations, it is essential to understand the structure–property relationships of PU from recycling polyols. In a word, this bottom-up path provides a material recycling approach to PU design for printing and packaging, as well as biomedical, building and wearable electronics applications.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Green Polymer Materials for Circular Economy and Sustainable Development)
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