3D-Networks Based Polymer Composites for Multifunctional Thermal Management and Electromagnetic Protection: A Mini Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Thermal Conduction and EMI Shielding Mechanisms of Polymer Composites
2.1. Thermal Conduction Mechanism
2.2. EMI Shielding Mechanism
3. 3D-Network-Based Polymer Composites with High Thermal Conductivity and EMI Resistance
3.1. 3D Metal Network-Based Polymer Composites
3.2. 3D Carbon Network-Based Polymer Composites
3.3. 3D Ceramic Network-Based Polymer Composites
3.4. 3D Hybrid Network-Based Polymer Composites
4. Summary and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Li, M.Y.; Su, S.K.; Wong, H.P.; Li, L.J. How 2D semiconductors could extend Moore’s law. Nature 2019, 567, 169–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Franklin, D.A. Nanomaterials in transistors: From high-performance to thin-film applications. Science 2015, 349, aab2750. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.; Zheng, Q.; Lv, Y.; Liu, X.; Wang, X.; Huang, P.; Cahill, D.; Lv, B. High thermal conductivity in cubic boron arsenide crystals. Science 2018, 361, 579–581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, B.; Zhai, W.T.; Zheng, W.G. Ultrathin flexible graphene film: An excellent thermal conducting material with efficient EMI shielding. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014, 24, 4542–4548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, J.Y.; Wang, B.B.; Jia, P.F.; Cheng, W.H.; Liao, C.; Xu, Z.M.; Cheng, L.; Hu, Y. Designing advanced 0D-2D hierarchical structure for epoxy resin to accomplish exceeding thermal management and safety. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 427, 132046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, R.; Liu, Y.D.; Shin, S.M.; Huang, S.Y.; Ren, X.C.; Shu, W.C.; Cheng, J.J.; Tao, G.M.; Xu, W.L.; Chen, R.K.; et al. Emerging materials and strategies for personal thermal management. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 1903921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Z.J.; Li, J.X.; Yu, M.; Kathaperumal, M.; Wong, C.P. A review of the thermal conductivity of silver-epoxy nanocomposites as encapsulation material for packaging applications. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 446, 137319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lv, H.L.; Yang, Z.H.; Wang, P.L.; Ji, G.B.; Song, J.Z.; Zheng, L.R.; Zeng, H.B.; Xu, Z.J. A voltage-boosting strategy enabling a low-frequency, flexible electromagnetic wave absorption device. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1706343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.X.; Cao, W.Q.; Cao, M.S.; Yuan, J. Assembling nano-microarchitecture for electromagnetic absorbers and smart devices. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2002112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, M.; Cao, M.-S.; Shu, J.-C.; Cao, W.-Q.; Li, L.; Yuan, J. Electromagnetic absorber converting radiation for multifunction. Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep. 2021, 145, 100627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liang, C.B.; Song, P.; Ma, A.J.; Shi, X.T.; Gu, H.B.; Wang, L.; Qiu, H.; Kong, J.; Gu, J.W. Highly oriented three-dimensional structures of Fe3O4 decorated CNTs/reduced graphene oxide foam/epoxy nanocomposites against electromagnetic pollution. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2019, 181, 107683. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, Z.H.; Liu, J.Z.; Zhang, X.X.; Tian, D.; Zhan, Z.Y.; Lu, C.H. Ultrathin MXene/calcium alginate aerogel film for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 6, 1802040. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rajavel, K.; Luo, S.; Wan, Y.; Yu, X.C.; Hu, Y.G.; Zhu, P.L.; Sun, R.; Wong, C.P. 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene/Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanocomposites for attenuation of electromagnetic radiation with excellent heat dissipation. Compos. Part A-Appl. S. 2019, 129, 105693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.L.; Zhang, X.M.; Yang, M.T.; Yang, S.; Wu, H.; Guo, S.Y.; Wang, Y.Z. Ordered multilayer film of (graphene oxide/polymer and boron nitride/polymer) nanocomposites: An ideal EMI shielding material with excellent electrical insulation and high thermal conductivity. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2016, 136, 104–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Q.; Chen, L.; Gadinski, M.R.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, G.; Li, H.; Haque, A.; Chen, L.Q.; Jackson, T.; Wang, Q. Flexible high-temperature dielectric materials from polymer nanocomposites. Nature 2015, 523, 576–579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, R.Q.; Li, Z.Y.; Deng, G.; Yu, Y.H.; Shui, J.L.; Yu, R.H.; Pan, C.F.; Liu, X.F. Anisotropic magnetic liquid metal film for wearable wireless electromagnetic sensing and smart electromagnetic interference shielding. Nano Energy 2022, 92, 106700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, W.W.; Zhang, X.; Qin, Z.L.; He, J.Y.; Lan, Y.H.; Zhang, W.C.; Yang, R.J. Interpenetrating polymer network-based composites reinforced by polysilsesquioxanes: Molecular dynamic simulations and experimental analysis. Compos. Part B-Eng. 2021, 209, 108604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.X.; Du, Z.J.; Zou, W.; Li, H.Q.; Zhang, C. MgO nanoparticles-decorated carbon fibers hybrid for improving thermal conductive and electrical insulating properties of Nylon 6 composite. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2017, 148, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, X.; Chen, J.; Zhou, J.; Li, B. Thermal conductivity of polymers and their nanocomposites. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1705544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, X.T.; Zhang, R.H.; Ruan, K.P.; Ma, T.B.; Guo, Y.Q.; Gu, J.W. Improvement of thermal conductivities and simulation model for glass fabrics reinforced epoxy laminated composites via introducing hetero-structured BNN-30@BNNS fillers. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2021, 82, 239–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, W.L.; Wang, W.; Veca, L.M.; Kong, C.Y.; Cao, M.S.; Wang, P.; Meziani, M.J.; Qian, H.J.; LeCroy, G.E.; Cao, L.; et al. Polymer/carbon nanocomposites for enhanced thermal transport properties-carbon nanotubes versus graphene sheets as nanoscale fillers. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 17133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, Y.Q.; Ruan, K.P.; Shi, X.T.; Yang, X.T.; Gu, J.W. Factors affecting thermal conductivities of the polymers and polymer composites: A review. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2020, 193, 108134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, H.B.; Su, X.Q.; Fu, R.L.; Wu, B.Y.; Chen, X.D. The flexible film of SCF/BN/PDMS composites with high thermal conductivity and electrical insulation. Compos. Commun. 2021, 23, 100573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Q.Y.; Katakami, K.; Ikuta, T.; Kohno, M.; Zhang, X.; Takahashi, K. Measurement of thermal contact resistance between individual carbon fibers using a laser-flash Raman map** method. Carbon 2019, 141, 92–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.H.; Liu, P.F.; Li, X.F.; An, F.; Min, P.; Liao, K.N.; Yu, Z.Z. Vertically aligned, ultralight and highly compressive all-graphitized graphene aerogels for highly thermally conductive polymer composites. Carbon 2018, 140, 624–633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hou, H.; Dai, W.; Yan, Q.W.; Lv, L.; Alam, F.E.; Yang, M.H.; Yao, Y.G.; Zeng, X.L.; Xu, J.B.; Yu, J.H.; et al. Graphene size-dependent modulation of graphene frameworks contributing to the superior thermal conductivity of epoxy composites. J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6, 12091–12097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wen, B.; Cao, M.-S.; Hou, Z.-L.; Song, W.-L.; Zhang, L.; Lu, M.-M.; **, H.-B.; Fang, X.-Y.; Wang, W.-Z.; Yuan, J. Temperature dependent microwave attenuation behavior for carbon-nanotube/silica composites. Carbon 2013, 65, 124–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, S.Y.; Lin, W.N.; Huang, Y.L.; Tien, H.W.; Wang, J.Y.; Ma, C.C.M.; Li, S.M.; Wang, Y.S. Synergetic effects of graphene platelets and carbon nanotubes on the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy composites. Carbon 2011, 49, 793–803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, C.; Fang, L.J.; Huang, X.Y.; Jiang, P.K. Three-dimensional highly conductive graphene-silver nanowire hybrid foams for flexible and stretchable conductors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 21026–21034. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ji, C.; Wang, Y.; Ye, Z.Q.; Tan, L.Y.; Mao, D.S.; Zhao, W.G.; Zeng, X.L.; Yan, C.Z.; Sun, R.; Kang, D.J.; et al. Ice-templated MXene/Ag-epoxy nanocomposites as high-performance thermal management materials. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 24298–24307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, P.; Liu, B.; Qiu, H.; Shi, X.T.; Cao, D.P.; Gu, J.W. MXenes for polymer matrix electromagnetic interference shielding composites: A review. Compos. Commun. 2021, 24, 100653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.M.; Zhang, J.J.; Zhang, X.L.; Li, C.H.; Wang, J.F.; Li, H.; **-regulated electromagnetic wave absorption properties of ultralight three-dimensional porous reduced graphene oxide aerogels. Adv. Electron. Mater. 2020, 7, 2001001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cao, M.; Wang, X.; Cao, W.; Fang, X.; Wen, B.; Yuan, J. Thermally driven transport and relaxation switching self-powered electromagnetic energy conversion. Small 2018, 14, 1800987. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wanasinghe, D.; Aslani, F. A review on recent advancement of electromagnetic interference shielding novel metallic materials and processes. Compos. Part B-Eng. 2019, 176, 107207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L.; Ma, Z.L.; Zhang, Y.L.; Chen, L.X.; Cao, D.P.; Gu, J.W. Polymer-based EMI shielding composites with 3D conductive networks: A mini-review. SusMat 2021, 1, 413–431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choy, C.L. Thermal conductivity of polymers. Polymer 1977, 18, 984–1004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dashora, P.; Gupta, G. On the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of linear amorphous polymers. Polymer 1996, 37, 231–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, S.J.; Hong, C.M.; Jang, K.S. Theoretical analysis and development of thermally conductive polymer composites. Polymer 2019, 176, 110–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, X.; Zhou, J.; Chen, J. Thermal transport in conductive polymer-based materials. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 30, 1904704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, Y.; Wu, S.; Long, Y.; Zhu, P.; Wu, F.; Liu, F.; Murugadoss, V.; Winchester, W.; Nautiyal, A.; Wang, Z. Recent advances in thermal interface materials. ES Mater. Manuf. 2020, 7, 4–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soga, K.; Saito, T.; Kawaguchi, T.; Satoh, I. Percolation effect on thermal conductivity of filler-dispersed polymer composites. J. Therm. Sci. Technol. 2017, 12, 00581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leung, S.N. Thermally conductive polymer composites and nanocomposites: Processing-structure-property relationships. Compos. Part B Eng. 2018, 150, 78–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, H.Y.; Ginzburg, V.V.; Yang, J.; Yang, Y.F.; Liu, W.; Huang, Y.; Du, L.B.; Chen, B. Thermal conductivity of polymer-based composites: Fundamentals and applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2016, 59, 41–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iqbal, A.; Sambyal, P.; Koo, C.M. 2D MXenes for electromagnetic shielding: A review. Adv. Mater. 2020, 30, 2000883. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, P.; Shahzad, F.; Yu, S.; Hong, S.M.; Kim, Y.H.; Koo, C.M. Large-area reduced graphene oxide thin film with excellent thermal conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness. Carbon 2015, 94, 494–500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shahzad, F.; Kumar, P.; Kim, Y.H.; Hong, S.M.; Koo, C.M. Biomass-derived thermally annealed interconnected sulfur-doped graphene as a shield against electromagnetic interference. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 9361–9369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zha, X.H.; Zhou, J.; Zhou, Y.H.; Huang, Q.; He, J.; Francisco, J.S.; Luo, K.; Du, S.Y. Promising electron mobility and high thermal conductivity in Sc2CT2 (T = F, OH) MXenes. Nanoscale 2016, 8, 6110–6117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- **, X.X.; Wang, J.F.; Dai, L.Z.; Liu, X.Y.; Li, L.; Yang, Y.Y.; Cao, Y.X.; Wang, W.J.; Wu, H.; Guo, S.Y. Flame-retardant poly(vinyl alcohol)/MXene multilayered films with outstanding electromagnetic interference shielding and thermal conductive performances. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 380, 122475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shahzad, F.; Alhabeb, M.; Hatter, C.B.; Anasori, B.; Hong, S.M.; Koo, C.M.; Gogotsi, Y. Electromagnetic interference shielding with 2D transition metal carbides (MXenes). Science 2016, 353, 1137–1140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wan, Y.J.; Zhu, P.L.; Yu, S.H.; Sun, R.; Wong, C.P.; Liao, W.H. Anticorrosive, Ultralight, and flexible carbon-wrapped metallic nanowire hybrid sponges for highly efficient electromagnetic interference shielding. Small 2018, 14, 1800534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, P.; Liu, B.; Liang, C.B.; Ruan, K.P.; Qiu, H.; Ma, Z.L.; Guo, Y.Q.; Gu, J.W. Lightweight, flexible cellulose-derived carbon aerogel@reduced graphene oxide/PDMS composites with outstanding EMI shielding performances and excellent thermal conductivities. Nano-Micro Lett. 2021, 13, 91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, R.; Choudhary, H.K.; Pawar, S.P.; Bose, S.; Sahoo, B. Carbon encapsulated nanoscale iron/iron-carbide/graphite particles for EMI shielding and microwave absorption. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2017, 19, 23268–23279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, Y.; Zhang, H.B.; Yang, Y.; Wang, M.; Cao, A.; Yu, Z.Z. High-performance epoxy nanocomposites reinforced with three-dimensional carbon nanotube sponge for electromagnetic interference shielding. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26, 447–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jalali, M.; Dauterstedt, S.; Michaud, A.; Wuthrich, R. Electromagnetic shielding of polymer-matrix composites with metallic nanoparticles. Compos. Part B-Eng. 2011, 42, 1420–1426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, H.; Liu, J.; Wang, Q.; Liu, M.; Du, C.; Li, B.; Feng, L. High thermal conductive poly(vinylidene fluoride)-based composites with well-dispersed carbon nanotubes/graphene three-dimensional network structure via reduced interfacial thermal resistance. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2019, 181, 107713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, S.H.; Yu, S.; Shahzad, F.; Hong, J.; Noh, S.J.; Kim, W.N.; Hong, S.M.; Koo, C.M. Low percolation 3D Cu and Ag shell network composites for EMI shielding and thermal conduction. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2019, 182, 107778. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ** performances of polyoxymethylene with uniform distribution and high content of carbon-based nanofillers. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2021, 206, 108681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wei, L.F.; Ma, J.Z.; Zhang, W.B.; Bai, S.-L.; Ren, Y.J.; Zhang, L.; Wu, Y.K.; Qin, J.B. pH triggered hydrogen bonding for preparing mechanically strong, electromagnetic interference shielding and thermally conductive waterborne polymer/graphene@polydopamine composites. Carbon 2021, 181, 212–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, P.; Tian, R.J.; Zhang, X.; Ding, X.; Wang, Y.Y.; **ao, C.; Zheng, K.; Liu, X.L.; Chen, L.; Tian, X.Y. Electromagnetic interference shielding epoxy composites with satisfactory thermal conductivity and electrical insulation performance enabled by low-melting-point alloy layered structure. Compos. Part B-Eng. 2022, 232, 109611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.-K.; Li, W.-J.; Wang, Z.-X.; Du, P.-Y.; Xu, L.; Jia, L.-C.; Yan, D.-X. High-efficiency electromagnetic interference shielding and thermal management of high-graphene nanoplate-loaded composites enabled by polymer-infiltrated technique. Carbon 2023, 211, 118096. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- **ong, J.H.; Ding, R.J.; Liu, Z.L.; Zheng, H.W.; Li, P.Y.; Chen, Z.; Yan, Q.; Zhao, X.; Xue, F.H.; Peng, Q.Y.; et al. High-strength, super-tough, and durable nacre-inspired MXene/heterocyclic aramid nanocomposite films for electromagnetic interference shielding and thermal management. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 474, 145972. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, H.B.; Fu, R.L.; Su, X.Q.; Wu, B.Y.; Wang, H.; Xu, Y.; Liu, X.H. Electrical insulating MXene/PDMS/BN composite with enhanced thermal conductivity for electromagnetic shielding application. Compos. Commun. 2021, 23, 100593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, B.Y.; Guo, H.; Li, J.Y.; Li, T.; Cao, M.; Qi, W.Y.; Wu, Z.Q.; Li, Y.; Li, B.A. Dual-encapsulated phase change composites with hierarchical MXene-graphene monoliths in graphene foam for high-efficiency thermal management and electromagnetic interference shielding. Compos. Part B-Eng. 2023, 266, 110998. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arief, I.; Biswas, S.; Bose, S. FeCo-anchored reduced graphene oxide framework-based soft composites containing carbon nanotubes as highly efficient microwave absorbers with excellent heat dissipation ability. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 19202–19214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Du, Q.Y.; Li, C.L.; Liu, C.H.; Cheng, L.; Chen, G.H.; Chen, N.; Wu, D.M.; Sun, J.Y. Skeleton designable SGP/EA resin composites with integrated thermal conductivity, electromagnetic interference shielding, and mechanical performance. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2022, 229, 109686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, X.; Zhang, G.; Gao, Q.; Li, J.; Shang, Z.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, Y.; Shi, X.; Qin, J. Highly expansive, thermally insulating epoxy/Ag nanosheet composite foam for electromagnetic interference shielding. Chem. Eng. J. 2019, 372, 191–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, L.Y.; Li, K.Z.; Liu, H.M.; Jiao, Y.M.; Yin, X.M.; Li, H.J.; Song, Q.; Qi, L.H. Heterogeneous stacking strategy towards carbon aerogel for thermal management and electromagnetic interference shielding. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 465, 142839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, D.; Kong, Q.-Q.; Jia, H.; **e, L.-J.; Chen, J.P.; Tao, Z.C.; Wang, Z.; Jiang, D.; Chen, C.-M. Dual-functional 3D multi-wall carbon nanotubes/graphene/silicone rubber elastomer: Thermal management and electromagnetic interference shielding. Carbon 2021, 183, 216–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wei, B.J.; Zhang, L.; Yang, S.Q. Polymer composites with expanded graphite network with superior thermal conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding performance. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 404, 126437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Matrix | Filler | Filler Distribution | σAC (S/m) | EMI SE (dB) | TC (W/m·K) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PVDF | 50 wt% Ti3C2Tx | Random | 0.988 | 34.49 | 0.767 | [13] |
Epoxy | 15 wt% CNT/Fe3O4/Ag | Random | 28 | 35 | 0.46 | [112] |
Epoxy | 8.97 wt% rGO/Fe3O4 | Random | - | 13.45 | 1.213 | [113] |
Epoxy/PEG | 30 wt% MXene | Random | 1.3 | 64.7 | 0.74 | [114] |
Silicone Rubber | 23.3 vol% Ag@s-BN | Random | 3.5 × 10−12 | 20.9 | 1.53 | [115] |
POM | 40 wt% MWCNT | Random | 3484 | 45.7 | 1.95 | [116] |
POM | 48 wt% GNP | Random | 2695 | 44.7 | 4.24 | [116] |
Polyacrylate | 20 wt% Graphene | Random | 442.5 | 58 | 1.68 | [117] |
Epoxy | 25 vol% LMPA/BNNS | Layered | 1.01 × 10−9 | 14 | 1.06 | [118] |
PU | 60 wt% GNP | Layered | 2546.5 | 67.6 | 41.6 | [119] |
Heterocyclic Aramid | 80 wt% MXene | Layered | 13,811.4 | 43.0 | 11.5 | [120] |
PDMS | 10 wt% Ti3C2Tx/20 wt% BN | Layered | 3.45 × 10−15 | 35.2 | 0.65 | [121] |
PEG | 13.78 wt% MXene/Graphene | 3D | 1996 | 56.6 | 11.39 | [122] |
PVDF | 10 wt% MWCNTs/rGO/FeCo | 3D | 6 × 10−2 | 41.2 | 0.75 | [123] |
Epoxy Acrylic | 15 wt% SCF 6 wt% GNP | 3D | 0.53 | 45.93 | 2.13 | [124] |
PS | 13 vol % Cu/Ag | 3D | 3.5 × 10−4 | 110 | 16.1 | [66] |
PI | 20 wt% Graphene/Carbon fiber | 3D | 3331 | 73 | 1.65 | [77] |
Epoxy | 20 wt% AgNS | 3D | 89.12 | 42.5 | 0.268 | [125] |
Epoxy | 8.2 wt% Ti3C2Tx/AgNWs | 3D | 1532 | 79.3 | 2.34 | [107] |
Epoxy | 3.55 wt% rGO/CNT/VG | 3D | 81.88 | 56.65 | 2.46 | [126] |
Silicone Rubber | 2.77 wt% MWCNTs /Graphene | 3D | 7.65 | 42.0 | 1.30 | [127] |
LLDPE | 24.89 vol% Graphite | 3D | 4000 | 52.4 | 19.6 | [128] |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Liu, H.; Ji, X.; Wang, W.; Zhou, L. 3D-Networks Based Polymer Composites for Multifunctional Thermal Management and Electromagnetic Protection: A Mini Review. Materials 2024, 17, 2400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102400
Liu H, Ji X, Wang W, Zhou L. 3D-Networks Based Polymer Composites for Multifunctional Thermal Management and Electromagnetic Protection: A Mini Review. Materials. 2024; 17(10):2400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102400
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Houbao, **aohu Ji, Wei Wang, and Lihua Zhou. 2024. "3D-Networks Based Polymer Composites for Multifunctional Thermal Management and Electromagnetic Protection: A Mini Review" Materials 17, no. 10: 2400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102400