Identifying Linear Traces of the Han Dynasty Great Wall in Dunhuang Using Gaofen-1 Satellite Remote Sensing Imagery and the Hough Transform
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Historical and Archaeological Background
2. Study Area and Data
2.1. Ancient Dunhuang
2.2. Linear Traces of GH in Dunhuang
2.3. Remote Sensing Data
3. Methodology
3.1. Data Pre-Processing
3.2. M-Statistic
3.3. Otsu Segmentation
3.4. Linear Hough Transform
3.5. Ground Verification Surveys
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. M-Statistic of Linear Traces of GH
4.2. Image Segmentation
4.3. Automatic Identification of Linear Traces
4.4. Performance Evaluation
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ID (See Figure 2 for Location) | Sensor | Acquisition Date |
---|---|---|
GF1_PMS1_E93.6_N40.3 | PMS | 2014-07-30 |
GF1_PMS1_E93.9_N40.3 | PMS | 2014-08-03 |
GF1_PMS2_E94.1_N40.5 | PMS | 2014-07-30 |
GF1_PMS2_E94.4_N40.5 | PMS | 2014-08-03 |
GF1_PMS1_E94.9_N40.5 | PMS | 2014-09-17 |
GF1_PMS2_E95.3_N40.5 | PMS | 2014-04-06 |
GF1_PMS2_E95.7_N40.5 | PMS | 2014-09-17 |
GF1_PMS1_E96.1_N40.5 | PMS | 2014-08-15 |
GF1_PMS2_E96.4_N40.5 | PMS | 2014-09-25 |
GF1_PMS1_E96.6_N40.5 | PMS | 2014-04-18 |
Sensors | Wavelength/μm | Spatial Resolution/m | |
---|---|---|---|
GF-1 PMS | PAN | 0.45–0.90 | 2 |
MS | B1-Blue: 0.45–0.52 | 8 | |
B2-Green: 0.52–0.59 | |||
B3-Red: 0.63–0.69 | |||
B4-NIR: 0.77–0.89 |
Types | GF-1 PAN Sub-Images of Linear Traces | Walls? | Field Photos |
---|---|---|---|
G1 | | No | |
G2 | | Yes | |
G3 | | No | |
G4 | | No | |
G5 | | No | |
G6 | | Yes | |
G7 | | No | |
G8 | | Yes | |
G9 | | No | |
G10 | | Yes | |
G11 | | No | |
G12 | | No | |
Bands | μ1 − μ2 | σ1 + σ2 | M |
---|---|---|---|
B1-Blue | 1.54 | 6.24 | 0.25 |
B2-Green | 2.53 | 9.13 | 0.28 |
B3-Red | 3.76 | 9.02 | 0.42 |
B4-NIR | 3.92 | 10.88 | 0.36 |
PAN | 2.86 | 5.55 | 0.52 |
NDVI | 1.01 | 11.34 | 0.09 |
PCA1 | 3.45 | 8.57 | 0.40 |
PCA2 | 2.93 | 18.11 | 0.16 |
PCA3 | 3.38 | 14.96 | 0.23 |
PCA4 | 3.67 | 18.33 | 0.20 |
Integrity | Visibility | Background Complexity | |
---|---|---|---|
High | No gaps | High contrast with background | Homogeneous background |
Medium | Less than 2 gaps and gap lengths always less than 3 m | Intermediate conditions | Heterogeneous Background |
Low | More than 2 gaps and gap lengths greater than 3 m | Poorly defined contour | Heterogeneous Background |
Linear Trace of GH | Integrity | Visibility | Background Complexity | Identification Level | LT/m | LF/m | Ml/m | LT/LM × 100% | LF/LM × 100% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G1 | High | High | Low | High | 805 | 0 | 1000 | 80.5% | 0 |
G2 | Medium | Medium | High | Medium | 620 | 0 | 1000 | 62.0% | 0 |
G3 | Low | Low | Medium | Low | 350 | 720 | 1000 | 35.0% | 72.0 |
G4 | High | High | Low | High | 1080 | 0 | 1200 | 90.0% | 0 |
G5 | High | High | Low | High | 810 | 0 | 1000 | 81.0% | 0 |
G6 | Medium | Medium | High | Medium | 685 | 315 | 1000 | 68.5% | 31.5 |
G7 | Low | Low | High | Low | 790 | 2050 | 1000 | 79.0% | 205.0 |
G8 | Medium | Medium | High | Medium | 535 | 505 | 1000 | 53.5% | 50.5 |
G9 | Medium | Medium | High | Medium | 800 | 395 | 1000 | 76.5% | 39.5 |
G10 | Medium | High | Medium | High | 830 | 0 | 1000 | 83.0% | 0 |
G11 | Low | Low | High | Low | 300 | 605 | 1000 | 30.0% | 60.5 |
G12 | High | High | Low | High | 855 | 0 | 1000 | 85.5% | 0 |
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Luo, L.; Bachagha, N.; Yao, Y.; Liu, C.; Shi, P.; Zhu, L.; Shao, J.; Wang, X. Identifying Linear Traces of the Han Dynasty Great Wall in Dunhuang Using Gaofen-1 Satellite Remote Sensing Imagery and the Hough Transform. Remote Sens. 2019, 11, 2711. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11222711
Luo L, Bachagha N, Yao Y, Liu C, Shi P, Zhu L, Shao J, Wang X. Identifying Linear Traces of the Han Dynasty Great Wall in Dunhuang Using Gaofen-1 Satellite Remote Sensing Imagery and the Hough Transform. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11(22):2711. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11222711
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuo, Lei, Nabil Bachagha, Ya Yao, Chuansheng Liu, Pilong Shi, Lanwei Zhu, Jie Shao, and **nyuan Wang. 2019. "Identifying Linear Traces of the Han Dynasty Great Wall in Dunhuang Using Gaofen-1 Satellite Remote Sensing Imagery and the Hough Transform" Remote Sensing 11, no. 22: 2711. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11222711