Estimating the Soil Hydraulic Functions of Some Olive Orchards: Soil Management Implications for Water Saving in Soils of Salento Peninsula (Southern Italy)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Sites
2.2. Field and Lab Measurements
2.3. Capacitive-Based Soil Indicators Determination
- AC < 0.10 poor, 0.10 ≤ AC ≤ 0.14 good, 0.14 < AC ≤ 0.26 optimal, AC > 0.26 poor;
- PAWC < 0.10 poor, 0.10 ≤ PAWC < 0.15 limited, 0.15 ≤ PAWC < 0.20 good, PAWC ≥ 0.20 ideal;
- RFC < 0.6 poor (water-limited soil), 0.6 ≤ RFC ≤0.7 optimal, RFC > 0.7 poor (aeration limited soil).
2.4. Data Analysis
- soil texture, which measured coarse soils (sandy-loam, loamy-sand, and sand), medium soils (sandy-clay loam, loam, silt-loam, and silt), and fine-textured soils (all the remaining classes of the USDA classification);
- soil bulk density (g cm−3), which measured BD < 1.2, 1.2 ≤ BD ≤ 1.4, and BD > 1.4;
- soil capillarity (mm), which measured 10 < λc < 42 (weak), 42 ≤ λc < 250 (moderate), and 250 ≤ λc < 1000 (strong).
3. Results
3.1. Field Sites
3.2. Evaluation of BEST for Soil Properties Classes
3.3. Impact of Soil Tillage on Physical and Hydraulic Properties of the Soil
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | Acronym | Clay (%) | Silt (%) | Sand (%) | Texture Classification (USDA) | Soil Management | TOC (g kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andrano | AN | 32.4 | 26.2 | 41.3 | Clay-Loam | NT | 12.4 |
Gagliano del Capo | GC | 28.2 | 18.1 | 53.7 | Sandy-Clay-Loam | NT | 14.7 |
Soleto | SO | 29.1 | 13.2 | 57.7 | Sandy-Clay-Loam | NT | 14.8 |
Neviano | NE-SL | 9.9 | 21.3 | 68.9 | Sandy-Loam | NT | 10.1 |
NE-C | 46.7 | 16.3 | 37.0 | Clay | NT | 9.9 | |
Sternatia | ST-MT | 26.8 | 16.9 | 56.2 | Sandy-Clay-Loam | MT | 14.7 |
ST-NT | 40.2 | 16.8 | 43.0 | Clay | NT | 11.9 |
Fine | Medium | Coarse | |
---|---|---|---|
Sample size | 12 | 16 | 6 |
AC (cm3 cm−3) | 0.066 (72.7) | 0.074 (55.5) | 0.112 (20.3) |
PAWC (cm3 cm−3) | 0.161 (9.5) | 0.160 (7.4) | 0.169 (6.2) |
RFC (−) | 0.666 (9.6) | 0.603 (9.5) | 0.435 (6.2) |
BD < 1.2 g cm−3 | 1.2 ≤ BD ≤ 1.4 g cm−3 | BD > 1.4 g cm−3 | |
---|---|---|---|
Sample size | 6 | 23 | 5 |
AC (cm3 cm−3) | 0.121 (57.6) | 0.067 (43.1) | 0.049 (34.7) |
PAWC (cm3 cm−3) | 0.156 (15.9) | 0.164 (5.5) | 0.157 (5.6) |
RFC (−) | 0.572 (19.3) | 0.615 (13.7) | 0.635 (5.6) |
10 < λc < 42 | 42 ≤ λc ≤ 250 | 250 ≤ λc ≤ 1000 | |
---|---|---|---|
Sample size | 4 | 13 | 17 |
AC (cm3 cm−3) | 0.207 (18.2) | 0.085 (27.8) | 0.049 (36.0) |
PAWC (cm3 cm−3) | 0.124 (2.9) | 0.159 (6.2) | 0.168 (3.5) |
RFC (−) | 0.455 (13.0) | 0.581 (12.1) | 0.655 (9.9) |
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Castellini, M.; Stellacci, A.M.; Mastrangelo, M.; Caputo, F.; Manici, L.M. Estimating the Soil Hydraulic Functions of Some Olive Orchards: Soil Management Implications for Water Saving in Soils of Salento Peninsula (Southern Italy). Agronomy 2020, 10, 177. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020177
Castellini M, Stellacci AM, Mastrangelo M, Caputo F, Manici LM. Estimating the Soil Hydraulic Functions of Some Olive Orchards: Soil Management Implications for Water Saving in Soils of Salento Peninsula (Southern Italy). Agronomy. 2020; 10(2):177. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020177
Chicago/Turabian StyleCastellini, Mirko, Anna Maria Stellacci, Marcello Mastrangelo, Francesco Caputo, and Luisa Maria Manici. 2020. "Estimating the Soil Hydraulic Functions of Some Olive Orchards: Soil Management Implications for Water Saving in Soils of Salento Peninsula (Southern Italy)" Agronomy 10, no. 2: 177. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020177