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Variations in Protein and Gene Expression Involved in the Pathways of Carbohydrate, Abscisic Acid, and ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter in Soybean Roots under Drought Stress
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Sodium Carbonate Pul** of Wheat Straw
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Origanum dictamnus Essential Oil in Vapour or Aqueous Solution Application for Pepper Fruit Preservation against Botrytis cinerea
Journal Description
Agronomy
Agronomy
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on agronomy and agroecology published monthly online by MDPI. The Spanish Society of Plant Physiology (SEFV) is affiliated with Agronomy and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubAg, AGRIS, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Plant Sciences) / CiteScore - Q1 (Agronomy and Crop Science)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 15.5 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion journals for Agronomy include: Seeds, Agrochemicals, Grasses and Crops.
Impact Factor:
3.3 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.7 (2023)
Latest Articles
Effects of Nitrogen Application and Planting Density Interaction on the Silique-Shattering Resistance and Yield of Direct-Seeding Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) in Sichuan
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1437; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071437 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2024
Abstract
Rapeseed siliques easily shatter after ripening, resulting in a significant amount of grain loss, which delimits the development of rapeseed machine harvest. However, the effect of nitrogen (N) and density interaction on the characteristics of rape siliques and shattering resistance index is still
[...] Read more.
Rapeseed siliques easily shatter after ripening, resulting in a significant amount of grain loss, which delimits the development of rapeseed machine harvest. However, the effect of nitrogen (N) and density interaction on the characteristics of rape siliques and shattering resistance index is still vague. During the 2021–2022 and 2022–2023 growing seasons, we selected the Jiayou No. 5 rapeseed variety and set three N application levels (N1: 90 kg ha−1, N2: 180 kg ha−1, N3: 270 kg ha−1) and two density treatments (M1: 150,000 plants ha−1, M2: 300,000 plants ha−1) to research the effects of N and density interaction on morphological indexes, physiological indexes, shatter resistance index and yield of direct-seeding rapeseed siliques. The silique shatter resistance index, silique’s length, weight, moisture content, silique shell’s weight, thickness, lignin content, cellulose content and phenylalaninase (PAL) activity all increased first and then decreased with the increase in the N application rate; the N2 treatment increased by 18.38% and 26.92%, respectively, compared to the N1 and N3 treatments; 3.65%, 2.48%; 6.70%, 3.58%; 20.46%, 18.33%; 5.97%, 5.96%; 8.82%, 9.60%; 9.12%, 19.90%; 43.85%, 69%; 2.10%, 11.04%. Compared with the M1 treatment, the silique shatter resistance index, silique’s length, weight, moisture content, silique shell’s weight, thickness, lignin content, cellulose content and PAL activity were lower under M2 treatment. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the silique’s length, water content, silique shell’s weight, thickness, lignin content, cellulose content and PAL activity were significantly positively correlated with the silique shatter resistance index. Therefore, this study shows that N2M1 treatment can carry off synergy between silique shatter resistance and yield.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Innovative Crop** Systems)
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Open AccessArticle
Bioindicators for Assessing Soil Quality in Ecuador’s Jun Jun Micro-Watershed
by
Orlando Meneses Quelal, Wilfrido Yánez Yánez and Jesús Aranguren Carrera
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1436; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071436 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024
Abstract
The evaluation of soil quality in different altitudinal gradients, with vegetative and non-vegetative subareas, is crucial for proper soil functioning and optimal crop growth, thus contributing to the sustainability of agroecosystems. Although the altitudinal gradient significantly influences soil quality, the ability to predict
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The evaluation of soil quality in different altitudinal gradients, with vegetative and non-vegetative subareas, is crucial for proper soil functioning and optimal crop growth, thus contributing to the sustainability of agroecosystems. Although the altitudinal gradient significantly influences soil quality, the ability to predict this quality, expressed through an index, in soils with and without vegetative cover, is still insufficiently explored. This study employed the simple additive index (SQI) method to evaluate soil quality in Ecuador’s Jun Jun micro-watershed, Tungurahua region. Three altitude categories (<2800, 2800–2900, >2900 masl) were investigated, with 24 soil samples collected across both vegetated and non-vegetated areas. The indicators used included chemical and biological parameters such as soil organic carbon (OC), earthworm density (WD), earthworm biomass (WB), organic matter (OM), pH, and total nitrogen (TN). The results revealed that in areas with altitudinal gradients below 2800 masl, the soil quality index values were higher compared to other altitudes. In vegetated areas, a decrease in index values was observed as the altitudinal gradient increased, indicating a deterioration in soil quality with increasing altitude. These findings are significant in providing a quantitative assessment of the effects of altitudinal gradient and vegetative cover influence on soil quality.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)
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Open AccessArticle
Scope, Distribution, and Cause of the Peanut Kernel Shrivel (PKS) Syndrome: An Emerging Threat to Australia’s Peanut Industry
by
Dante L. Adorada, Christopher Dunlap and Gavin J. Ash
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1435; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071435 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024
Abstract
The cause of peanut kernel shrivel (PKS) syndrome, affecting peanut crops in Australia’s growing regions, is currently unknown. It is estimated that PKS is costing the peanut industry more than AUD 5 M p.a. and is a potential threat to the industry. Previous
[...] Read more.
The cause of peanut kernel shrivel (PKS) syndrome, affecting peanut crops in Australia’s growing regions, is currently unknown. It is estimated that PKS is costing the peanut industry more than AUD 5 M p.a. and is a potential threat to the industry. Previous investigations have ruled out all abiotic factors and most biotic factors as the cause of PKS. This research aimed at investigating the scope, distribution, and cause of the PKS syndrome. The survey showed PKS symptoms to be present in peanut crops in all the growing regions surveyed. Based on our study of culturable microorganisms, there appears to be no clear-cut involvement of plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi; however, Fusarium spp. were revealed as the most prevalent fungi in affected plants. Moreover, the soil metagenomics study revealed Fusarium spp. as the most abundant fungal communities in the soil microbial profile, and they could contribute to the PKS syndrome. The consistent presence observed of the identified Fusarium oxysporum in PKS-affected samples could indicate a role for this pathogen in the syndrome, especially in conjunction with abiotic stressors. The pathogenicity testing of F. oxysporum resulted in very mild PKS symptoms. A separate report suggesting the involvement of phytoplasma in the PKS syndrome raises the possibility of an interplay of biotic factors in the development of this disease. Further investigation is warranted to determine the true cause or causes of this disease.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytopathogens and Crop Diseases)
Open AccessArticle
An Evaluation on the Effect of Water-Saving Renovation on a Large-Scale Irrigation District: A Case Study in the North China Plain
by
Shaobo Liu, Feng Wu, Puyang Li, Dayang Wang, Xuefang Feng, Zonghua Wang, Lu Yan, Zhengan Zhang, Yuying Li, Mingfei Ji and **anliang Liu
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1434; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071434 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024
Abstract
The construction of water-saving renovation projects can bring substantial benefits to the development of agriculture, but it may also be accompanied by negative impacts, especially in a large-scale irrigation district. Hence, there is always controversy, and it is vital and necessary to investigate
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The construction of water-saving renovation projects can bring substantial benefits to the development of agriculture, but it may also be accompanied by negative impacts, especially in a large-scale irrigation district. Hence, there is always controversy, and it is vital and necessary to investigate the effectiveness of water-saving renovation. In this study, the Yahekou irrigation district, one of the largest districts in China, is selected as the case to explore the beneficial influence and adverse impact. Kriging interpolation, Pearson correlation analysis, and linear regression analysis are employed to study the temporal evolution, spatial distribution, and domain influencing factors. The results show that the water-saving renovation project in the Yahekou irrigation district had significant water-saving benefits during the period of 1998–2021, and the average annual water use of the irrigation district decreased by 61%. Canal lining is an important influencing factor for the decrease in irrigation water use, with a correlation coefficient of −0.538, B of −18.669, and R2 of 0.290. Furthermore, the water-saving renovation of irrigation districts is not the dominant reason for changes in groundwater depth. Meanwhile, the groundwater depth below ground level (the level DBGL) in the irrigation district increased by 82%. The combined effects of atmospheric precipitation, canal lining, river sand mining, and groundwater exploitation have led to a sustained increase in groundwater depth in the study area. The results obtained from this study can provide valuable and scientific reference for agricultural water resource management over the large-scale irrigation district. This article focuses on the impact of water-saving renovation on ecological and technical indicators such as water use and the groundwater DBGL. However, the impact of water-saving renovation in irrigation districts is multifaceted; subsequent research can explore the impact of water-saving renovation projects on society and the economy.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Water Use and Irrigation)
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Open AccessArticle
Tuber Development and Tuber Yield Potential of Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.), an Alternative Crop for Animal Feed
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Teppratan Rakvong, Tidarat Monkham, Jirawat Sanitchon and Sompong Chankaew
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1433; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071433 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024
Abstract
The winged bean is only one of the members of the leguminous species that has the potential for duo-purpose for its pod and tuber yields. The protein and nutritional content in the tuber can be used as alternative crops for animal feed. Previous
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The winged bean is only one of the members of the leguminous species that has the potential for duo-purpose for its pod and tuber yields. The protein and nutritional content in the tuber can be used as alternative crops for animal feed. Previous studies identified the winged bean varieties as having high potential for tuber production, although their tuber development remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate the development of winged bean tubers based on their size and weight during eight months of growth. Tuber yields of high-potential winged bean varieties (W018 and W099) were compared to commercial varieties (Ratchaburi) under field conditions over two years. The experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications in the 2021–2022 and 2022–2023 growing seasons. The tuber formation of winged bean exhibited a significant increase in tuber weight and size in the fourth month of growth in all varieties, with a gradual change from fibrous roots to tubers. Particularly in the W018 and W099 varieties, tuber development persisted up to eight months after transplanting. On the other hand, the Ratchaburi variety had small tuber size, resulting in the tubers weighing less than in the W018 and W099 varieties. The results indicated that winged bean varieties had different tuber development, with the W018 and W099 varieties being suitable for tuber harvesting at eight months. The large tuber size can be an appropriate alternative to animal feed materials. At the same time, the Ratchaburi variety requires only five months since it is cultivated primarily for tuber consumption, which is concerned with size and shape. Moreover, the yields of the W018 and W099 varieties were significantly higher compared to Ratchaburi at 22.4, 19.3, and 7.423 T/ha in the 2021–2022 growing season and 8.4, 7.9, and 5.6 T/ha in the growing season of 2022–2023, respectively. The protein content in the winged bean tubers increased to 13.00% at eight months. The years (Y) and genotypes (G) differed considerably for tuber formation. The variation in both Y and G and the shoot/root ratio are also discussed in this study.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterisation, Protection and Development of Minor Crops Adapted to Challenging New Climatic Conditions)
Open AccessArticle
Response of Soil Bacterial Communities and Potato Productivity to Fertilizer Application in Farmlands in the Agropastoral Zone of Northern China
by
Junmei Liang, **aohua Shi, Tingting Zhang, Hao An, Jianwei Hou, Huiqin Lan, Peiyi Zhao, Dingyi Hou, Sheng Zhang and Jun Zhang
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1432; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071432 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024
Abstract
The characteristics and responses of soil bacterial communities and potato productivity to different fertilization treatments in farmlands in the agropastoral zone of Inner Mongolia were investigated. Moreover, the diversity and structure of soil bacterial communities and potato productivity under different fertilization treatments (no
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The characteristics and responses of soil bacterial communities and potato productivity to different fertilization treatments in farmlands in the agropastoral zone of Inner Mongolia were investigated. Moreover, the diversity and structure of soil bacterial communities and potato productivity under different fertilization treatments (no fertilization, CK; phosphorus-deficient treatment, NK; conventional fertilization, NPK; and organic–inorganic combination, NPKM) were assessed using Illumina high-throughput sequencing. The results revealed that soil pH, organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) content, and potato productivity were significantly increased under fertilizer treatments (NK, NPK, and NPKM) compared with those under CK, with NPKM treatment having the best enhancement effect. The application of organic fertilizers significantly increased the Shannon, evenness, Chao1, and Ace indices of soil bacterial communities and reshaped the bacterial community structure. Random forest model analysis revealed that soil pH and TP significantly affected soil bacterial diversity, whereas soil pH, SOM, TP, and TN significantly affected soil bacterial community structure. Correlation and structural equation modeling analyses revealed that soil TP and SOM indirectly affected potato productivity by changing soil bacterial diversity and community composition. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for improving the quality and productivity of farmland soil to guide the rational fertilization of farmlands in the agropastoral zone of northern China.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)
Open AccessArticle
Microencapsulation of Yeast Cells and Its Potential Usage as a Post-Harvest Biocontrol Agent for Citrus Storage
by
Buse Berber Orcen, Canan Yagmur Karakas, Arda Orcen, Mohamad Amjad Tulimat and Rabia Cakir
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1431; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071431 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024
Abstract
In this study, yeasts isolated from citrus groves, trees and leaves were identified, phylogenetic analyzes were performed and their antifungal effects were determined. Wickerhamomyces anamolus (M72), Meyerozyma guilliermondii (M77), and Pichia kudriavzevii (M74) species were identified and were found to have antifungal effects
[...] Read more.
In this study, yeasts isolated from citrus groves, trees and leaves were identified, phylogenetic analyzes were performed and their antifungal effects were determined. Wickerhamomyces anamolus (M72), Meyerozyma guilliermondii (M77), and Pichia kudriavzevii (M74) species were identified and were found to have antifungal effects against P. digitatum and P. italicum. Pichia kudriavzevii (M74), which has the highest antifungal effect, showed 67% and 62% inhibition rates against P. digitatum and P. italicum, respectively. An encapsulation study was carried out using a microencapsulation process to ensure that the M74 strain, which has the most antifungal effect, is long-lived enough to be a biopesticide. The optimum spray drying process parameters as well as the optimum concentration values of wall materials were investigated in the spray drying process for the microencapsulation of Pichia kudriavzevii (M74) through the Taguchi methodology. The formulation containing 0.1% sodium alginate (SA) and 10% corn starch (CS) showed a good performance in the inhibition of P. digitatum, a mold that causes losses in orange, thanks to its high percentage of viability (73%). The inhibition percentages may indicate that this formulation may be a candidate to be considered as a potential alternative application to synthetic fungicides on orange fruits for the effective control of P. digitatum mold.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Biosystem and Biological Engineering)
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Open AccessArticle
Insights for Soil Improvements: Unraveling Distinct Mechanisms of Microbial Residue Carbon Accumulation under Chemical and Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation
by
Kejian Yang, Jiangtao Yan, **anwei Wang, Pengtao She, Zhonghui Li, Risheng Xu and Yanlong Chen
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1430; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071430 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024
Abstract
Soil disinfestation has been widely used as an effective strategy to improve soil health and crop yield by suppression of soil-borne plant pathogens, but its effect on soil organic carbon (SOC), a crucial factor linked to climate change, remains unknown. A microcosm trial
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Soil disinfestation has been widely used as an effective strategy to improve soil health and crop yield by suppression of soil-borne plant pathogens, but its effect on soil organic carbon (SOC), a crucial factor linked to climate change, remains unknown. A microcosm trial was conducted to evaluate microbial residue carbon (MRC) and its contribution to SOC under chemical soil disinfestation (CSD) with quicklime (QL) and chloropicrin (CP), as well as anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) with maize straw (MASD) and soybean straw (SASD). The SOC concentrations were increased by both CSD and ASD. Also, total SOC-normalized MRC concentration was enhanced, with a considerable increase in soil bacterial and fungal MRC, particularly evident under CP and SASD treatment. Due to broad-spectrum biocidal activities, decreased SOC-normalized microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was consistent with the reductions in bacterial and fungal phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), consequently increasing MRC accumulation under CSD. Similarly, ASD decreased fungal PLFAs while shifting bacterial PLFAs from aerobic to anaerobic taxa or from gram-negative to -positive taxa, both of which contributed to both MBC and MRC buildup. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that ASD can efficiently increase SOC concentration, with distinct mechanisms underlying MRC generation when compared to traditional CSD.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)
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Open AccessArticle
Fertilizers and Manures Enhance the Bioavailability of Soil Phosphorus Fractions in Karst Grassland
by
Jie Pan, Feng Yang, Wen Yang, Mingjun Zhang, Shengjiang He and Zhou Li
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1429; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071429 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024
Abstract
Phosphorus is one of the major constraints to karst grassland productivity. Understanding the effects of different fertilization practices on soil phosphorus dynamics is essential for enhancing phosphorus bioavailability and rational management of soil phosphorus in karst grasslands. Here, we investigated the effects of
[...] Read more.
Phosphorus is one of the major constraints to karst grassland productivity. Understanding the effects of different fertilization practices on soil phosphorus dynamics is essential for enhancing phosphorus bioavailability and rational management of soil phosphorus in karst grasslands. Here, we investigated the effects of fertilizers and manures on soil bioavailability of phosphorus fractions and explored the relationship between soil properties and soil phosphorus fractions. The four fertilizer application designs were as follows: control (CK; no fertilizer or manure); fertilization (F); manure application (M); fertilization and manure application (FM). The results showed that total phosphorus (TP) concentration was elevated by 23%, 1%, and 42% in F, M, and FM treatments, respectively, compared with CK. F and FM treatments enhanced the total inorganic phosphorus (Pi) concentration by 65% and 66%, respectively, while M and FM treatments enhanced the total organo-phosphorus (Po) concentration by 21% and 35%, respectively. FM treatment elevated bioavailable P, active Po, secondary mineral P, primary mineral P, and occluded P by 69%, 39%, 50%, 31%, and 41%, respectively. Fertilizers inhibited soil acid phosphatase activity, whereas alkaline phosphatase did not respond significantly to fertilizer management in low-latitude karst regions. SOM, TN, AP, and MBP are the key factors affecting the bioavailability of phosphorus fractions. The combined application of fertilizer and manure is the most beneficial measure for enhancing soil phosphorus bioavailability. This research helps deepen our understanding of soil phosphorus dynamics in the karst areas and provides a basis for further enhancement of nutrient availability and vegetation productivity of grassland ecosystems.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctionality of Grassland Soils: Opportunities and Challenges)
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Open AccessArticle
Optimizing Slow-Release Fertilizer Rate for Crop and Soil Productivity in Kimchi Cabbage Crop** Systems in the Highlands of Gangwon Province
by
Mavis Badu Brempong, Yangmin X. Kim, Gye-Ryeong Bak and Jeong-Tae Lee
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1428; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071428 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024
Abstract
Slow-release fertilizer (SRF) improves Kimchi cabbage (KC) productivity in the Highlands of Gangwon Province in South Korea; however, optimum rates for the region are not established. This study investigated the optimum and most economical rate of SRF that maximizes KC yield, nutrient uptake
[...] Read more.
Slow-release fertilizer (SRF) improves Kimchi cabbage (KC) productivity in the Highlands of Gangwon Province in South Korea; however, optimum rates for the region are not established. This study investigated the optimum and most economical rate of SRF that maximizes KC yield, nutrient uptake and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and enhances soil quality in two experiments at the Highland Agriculture Research Institute. Post-harvest soil N (mg kg−1), P2O5 (mg kg−1), K, Ca and Mg (cmolc kg−1), pH (1:5), electrical conductivity (EC; dSm−1) and organic matter (OM; g kg−1) were measured to assess soil quality. Added net returns (ANR) of treatments were evaluated. Recommended N rate (238 kg ha−1) for KC production was the basis for treatment applications. Treatments included no fertilizer control (‘nf’), full N recommendation SRF (SF1), ½ N recommendation SRF (SF0.5), double N recommendation SRF (SF2) and full N recommendation conventional fast fertilizer (FF). Results showed that SF0.5, SF1 and SF2 influenced the highest KC marketable yield in both experiments (66–74 and 42–66 Mg ha−1, respectively). SRF rates between 0.5 and 1 times the N recommendation produced the highest possible linear increases in marketable yield; and the most economical, with ANR > KRW 83 million ha−1 in the first experiment and > KRW 22 million ha−1 in the second. Crop N, P, K, Ca and Mg uptakes were highest among the three SRF rates in both experiments. SF0.5 influenced the highest (91%) NUE in the first experiment; however, it left 8 mg kg−1 N by the end of this experiment compared to the start-up 27.2 mg kg−1 N. Thus, nutrient mining occurred. Soil N increased between 23 and 135 mg kg−1 by SF 1 and 2 in both experiments. Soil EC spiked to 0.6 dSm−1 from the initial level of 0.2 dSm−1 by SF2 in the first experiment. Soil pH, P2O5, K, Ca and Mg levels post-harvest were comparable among treatments in both experiments. SF0.5, 1 and 2 increased soil OM by 7–16% above pre-experimental levels in the second experiment. In conclusion, SRF rates between 0.5 and 1 for KC produced the maximum corresponding KC yield and were the most economical. SRF rates ≤ 0.5 pose risks of nutrient mining, which could jeopardise native soil fertility. SF1 and 2 improved some soil quality indices (N and OM). However, SF2 potentiates risks of soil salinity and large P losses, and it is less economical. Therefore, for holistic sustainability of the crop** system, the optimum SRF rate should lie between 0.5 and 1 N recommendation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Application Effects and Mechanisms of Fertilizer Products)
Open AccessArticle
Combining Organic and Inorganic Fertilization Enhances Soil Enzyme Activity, the Bacterial Community, and Molecular Ecological Network Complexity in Coal Mine Reclamation Areas
by
Huijuan Bo, Ze** Li, Wei Wang, Runzhe Zhang, Haibo Wang, Dongsheng **, Minggang Xu and Qiang Zhang
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1427; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071427 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024
Abstract
Combined organic and inorganic fertilization can improve soil fertility in coal mine reclamation areas. However, the contribution of the bacterial community (especially its occurrence patterns) to soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activity needs further evaluation. The objective of this research was to clarify
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Combined organic and inorganic fertilization can improve soil fertility in coal mine reclamation areas. However, the contribution of the bacterial community (especially its occurrence patterns) to soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activity needs further evaluation. The objective of this research was to clarify the bacterial community diversity, composition, and intraspecific interactions in response to combined organic and inorganic fertilizer application in coal mine reclamation areas in the Loess Hilly Region, China. Maize rhizosphere soil samples were collected under four fertilization regimes (CK, no fertilization control; NPK, compound inorganic fertilizer; M, organic fertilizer; and NPKM, combined organic and inorganic fertilization) in a 10-year field experiment in Gujiao city, Shanxi Province. Bacterial communities were characterized using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V3–V4 region. A cross-treatment Spearman correlation network was constructed to explore the bacterial co-occurrence patterns. Compared with CK, NPK, M, and NPKM decreased the pH by 0.59%, 2.27%, and 0.12%; increased the soil organic carbon by 11.25%, 11.69%, and 27.05%; and significantly decreased the bacterial Shannon diversity by 3.68%, 0.14%, and 3.54%, respectively. Compared with CK, NPKM significantly increased sucrase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase activities (p < 0.05). Critically, oligotrophic Acidobacteria were significantly more abundant in CK than in the other treatments. Gemmatimonadetes were more abundant in NPK and M, and Actinobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Patescibacteria were more abundant in NPKM. In addition, network analysis revealed that the keystone taxa in the different fertilization treatments belonged to different network modules and were significantly correlated with soil nutrient content and enzyme activity. Simultaneously, the Actinobacteria enriched in NPKM formed specific clusters through strong symbiosis, and there were significant positive correlations among sucrase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase. In summary, long-term combined organic and inorganic fertilization improved maize rhizosphere soil fertility by regulating enzyme activity, bacterial community composition, and bacterial species interactions in coal mine reclamation areas in the Loess Hilly Region.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Biosystem and Biological Engineering)
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Open AccessArticle
A Static Laser Weeding Device and System Based on Fiber Laser: Development, Experimentation, and Evaluation
by
Zhongyi Yu, **ongkui He, Peng Qi, Zhichong Wang, Limin Liu, Leng Han, Zhan Huang and Changling Wang
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1426; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071426 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024
Abstract
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To demonstrate the feasibility and improve the implementation of laser weeding, a static movable lift-adjustable closed fiber laser weeding device and system have been developed, followed by experiments and performance evaluations. Physical experiments were conducted on the energy required for laser cutting of
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To demonstrate the feasibility and improve the implementation of laser weeding, a static movable lift-adjustable closed fiber laser weeding device and system have been developed, followed by experiments and performance evaluations. Physical experiments were conducted on the energy required for laser cutting of weed stems, targeting four common larger weeds (Chenopodium album, Amaranthus spinosus, Setaria viridis, and Eleusine indica) in farmland and orchards. At the same irradiation distances, the energy required to cut the same type of large weed generally increases with increasing distances and stem diameters but decreases with increasing irradiation time. The variance of stems’ power density after irradiation was larger and the values were more dispersed for Chenopodium album and Setaria viridis weeds, and the values were relatively scattered, while the power density values of Amaranthus spinosus and Eleusine indica weeds were more concentrated. When the irradiation time was 10 s, the 3.892 W/mm2 laser was sufficient to eliminate weeds and plants with the irradiation distances of 2 m. The 2.47 W/mm2 laser was more effective, as it killed weeds within a distance of 1 m in less than 1 s. This work demonstrates the feasibility of the laser weeding device and system that can completely cut off the stems of large weeds, and this technology has the potential to promote sustainable agriculture.
Full article
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Open AccessArticle
Effects of Seasonal Freezing and Thawing on Soil Moisture and Salinity in the Farmland Shelterbelt System in the Hetao Irrigation District
by
Chengwei Luo, Ruoshui Wang, Kexin Hao, **aoxiao Jia, Junying Zhu, Zhiming **n and Huijie **ao
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1425; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071425 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024
Abstract
Water resources are scarce, and secondary soil salinization is severe in the Hetao Irrigation District. Farmland shelterbelt systems (FSS) play a critical role in regulating soil water and salt dynamics within the irrigation district. However, the understanding of soil water and salt migration
[...] Read more.
Water resources are scarce, and secondary soil salinization is severe in the Hetao Irrigation District. Farmland shelterbelt systems (FSS) play a critical role in regulating soil water and salt dynamics within the irrigation district. However, the understanding of soil water and salt migration within FSS during the freeze–thaw period remains unclear due to the complex and multifaceted interactions between water and salt. This study focused on a typical FSS and conducted comprehensive monitoring of soil moisture, salinity, temperature, and meteorological parameters during the freeze–thaw period. The results revealed consistent trends in air temperature and soil temperature overall. Soil freezing durations exceeded thawing durations, and both decreased with an increasing soil depth. At the three critical freeze–thaw nodes, the soil moisture content at a 0–20 cm depth was significantly lower than at a 40–100 cm depth (p < 0.05). The soil water content increased with time and depth at varying distances from the shelterbelt, with an average increase of 7.63% after freezing and thawing. The surface water content at the forest edge (0.3H, 4H) was lower than inside the farmland (1H, 2H, 3H). Soil salt accumulation occurred during both freezing stable periods and melting–thawing periods in the 0–100 cm soil layer near the forest edge (0.3H, 4H), with the highest soil salinity reaching 0.62 g·kg−1. After the freeze–thaw period, the soil salt content in each layer increased by 11.41–47.26% compared to before the freeze–thaw period. Salt accumulation in farmland soil near the shelterbelt was stronger than in the far shelterbelt. The multivariate statistical model demonstrated goodness of fit for soil water and salt as 0.94 and 0.72, respectively, while the BP neural network model showed goodness of fit for soil water and salt as 0.82 and 0.85, respectively. Our results provide an efficient theoretical basis for FSS construction and agricultural water management practices.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Influence of Irrigation and Water Use on Agronomic Traits of Crop)
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Open AccessArticle
Transformation of Discarded Pumpkin into High-Value Powder: A Drying Process Model for Functional Food Ingredients
by
Iside Mut, Daniela Zalazar-García, María Celia Román, Yanina Baldán, Anabel Fernandez, María Paula Fabani, Alberto P. Blasetti, Germán Mazza and Rosa Rodriguez
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1424; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071424 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024
Abstract
Large quantities of pumpkins, rich in valuable nutrients, are lost due to superficial imperfections or size variations. This study explores a solution: transforming this unused resource into a highly functional food ingredient-pumpkin powder obtained from dehydration. This study emphasizes the importance of a
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Large quantities of pumpkins, rich in valuable nutrients, are lost due to superficial imperfections or size variations. This study explores a solution: transforming this unused resource into a highly functional food ingredient-pumpkin powder obtained from dehydration. This study emphasizes the importance of a detailed particle-level mathematical model in dehydrator design and operation, particularly for drying conditions using air at temperatures between 333 K and 353 K. The model investigates the effect of sample geometry on the moisture reduction rate and the product quality. Here, a model considers mass and energy transport, including the shrinkage ratio of the samples. The results effectively demonstrate the deformation, moisture content, and temperature evolution within the samples throughout the drying process. The findings reveal that both the drying temperature and initial sample geometry significantly influence the moisture loss rate, the final product texture, and the powder’s absorption capacity. Notably, the nutritional composition (except for lipids) remains largely unaffected by the drying process. Additionally, the bulk and compacted densities of the powders decrease with increasing temperature. These insights not only illuminate the performance of the drying process but also provide valuable knowledge regarding the dehydrated product’s technological behavior and potential functionalities within various food applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste to Wealth: Resource Utilization of Agricultural Waste through Effective Biomass Management)
Open AccessArticle
The Application of MgO-Modified Biochars for the Immobilization of Ni, Cu, Pb, and Cr in Stone Crushing and Mining-Polluted Soil
by
Irfan Saleem, Altaf Hussain Lahori, Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek, Ambreen Afzal, Maria Taj Muhammad, Muhammad Shoaib Ahmed, Viola Vambol and Sergij Vambol
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1423; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071423 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of MgO 0.5 g/kg loaded in different organic waste materials on the properties of the modified biochars obtained. The waste materials included tea waste, wood waste, water chestnut peel, and pomegranate peel,
[...] Read more.
The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of MgO 0.5 g/kg loaded in different organic waste materials on the properties of the modified biochars obtained. The waste materials included tea waste, wood waste, water chestnut peel, and pomegranate peel, which were used to create tea waste MgO-modified biochar (TWMgO-MBC), wood waste MgO-modified biochar (WSMgO-MBC), water chestnut peel MgO-modified biochar (WCMgO-MBC), and pomegranate peel MgO-modified biochar (PPMgO-MBC). All the MgO-modified biochars were prepared at 600 °C for 2 h and applied at 0.5 and 1% doses for the immobilization of Ni, Cu, Pb, and Cr in stone crushing and mining-polluted soil and the reduction in their uptake by pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) plant. The greatest fresh and dry biomasses were observed at 45.04% and 31.29%, respectively, with the application of TWMgO-MBC 1% in stone-crushing-polluted soil. The highest degree of immobilization of Ni (76.67%) was observed for the WSMgO-MBC 1% treatment, Cu (73.45%) for WCMgO-MBC 1%, Pb (76.78%) for WSMgO-MBC 1%, and Cr (70.55%) for WCMgO-MBC 1%, in comparison with the control. The maximum uptake of Ni, Cu, Pb, and Cr in the shoot of pearl millet was reduced by 78.43% with WSMgO-MBC 1%, 75.06% with WSMgO-MBC 1%, 90.81% with WCMgO-MBC 1%, and 85.71% with WSMgO-MBC 1% as compared with the control. The greatest reduction in Ni, Cu, Pb, and Cr in the root of pearl millet was observed at 77.81% with WSMgO-MBC 1%, 68.09% with WCMgO-MBC 1%, 84.03% with WCMgO-MBC 1%, and 88.73% with WCMgO-MBC 1%, in comparison with the control. The present study demonstrated that the TWMgO-MBC 1% treatment was highly effective for improving plant growth, while the WSMgO-MBC 1%, and WCMgO-MBC 1% treatments were found to be highly effective for immobilizing heavy metals in polluted soils, thus facilitating safe crop cultivation. Future studies should concentrate on the long-term application of MgO-modified biochars for the remediation of multimetal-polluted soils.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress in Biochar and Microbial Remediation for Heavy Metal Agricultural Soil)
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Open AccessArticle
Convolutional Neural Network-Based Estimation of Nitrogen Content in Regenerating Rice Leaves
by
Tian Hu, Zhihua Liu, Rong Hu, Mi Tian, Zhiwei Wang, Ming Li and Guanghui Chen
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1422; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071422 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024
Abstract
Regenerated rice, characterized by single planting and double harvesting, saves labor and costs, significantly contributing to global food security. Hyperspectral imaging technology, which integrates image and spectral data, provides comprehensive, non-destructive, and pollution-free vegetation canopy analysis, making it highly effective for crop nutrient
[...] Read more.
Regenerated rice, characterized by single planting and double harvesting, saves labor and costs, significantly contributing to global food security. Hyperspectral imaging technology, which integrates image and spectral data, provides comprehensive, non-destructive, and pollution-free vegetation canopy analysis, making it highly effective for crop nutrient diagnosis. In this study, we selected two varieties of regenerated rice for field trials. Hyperspectral images were captured during key growth stages (flush, grouting, and ripening) of both the first and regenerated seasons. Utilizing a two-dimensional convolutional neural network (2D-CNN) as a deep feature extractor and a fully connected layer for nitrogen content prediction, we developed a robust model suitable for estimating nitrogen content in regenerated rice. The experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.0008, significantly outperforming the back-propagation (BP) network and multiple linear regression by reducing the MSE by 0.0151 and 0.0247, respectively. It also surpasses the one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) by 0.003. This approach ensures accurate nitrogen content prediction throughout the growth cycle of regenerated rice, aiding in yield and economic benefit enhancement.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agroecology Innovation: Achieving System Resilience)
Open AccessReview
Water Management and Hydrological Characteristics of Paddy-Rice Fields under Alternate Wetting and Drying Irrigation Practice as Climate Smart Practice: A Review
by
Denis Bwire, Hirotaka Saito, Roy C. Sidle and Junko Nishiwaki
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1421; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071421 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024
Abstract
Paddy-rice cultivation using the traditional continuous flooding method requires much water, up to 2500 L, to produce 1 kg of rice. Decreasing water availability is being exacerbated by climate dynamics, i.e., droughts and rainfall variability negatively affecting food security in develo** regions, particularly
[...] Read more.
Paddy-rice cultivation using the traditional continuous flooding method requires much water, up to 2500 L, to produce 1 kg of rice. Decreasing water availability is being exacerbated by climate dynamics, i.e., droughts and rainfall variability negatively affecting food security in develo** regions, particularly Africa. Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) practice is a climate-smart water management strategy that, together with puddling (a critical field preparation process), significantly affects soil hydrological and physicochemical regimes, such as soil water dynamics and oxidation states in paddy fields. However, there are limited reviews on the effects and interaction of the AWD duration on hydrological conditions in the paddy-rice rhizosphere continuum under AWD practice at different rice growth stages. Our review synthesizes key scientific literature to examine water management and hydrological properties of paddy soils under AWD practice with climate change and sheds light on why farmers are skeptical in adopting the practice. To develop this paper, we reviewed scientific information from published journal articles, reliable reports, and our knowledge on paddy-rice cultivation and water management with climate change in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Several studies confirm that AWD practice increases water–rice–crop productivity, yields, and reduces methane emissions. Limitations and challenges of AWD irrigation, including changes in soil structure that influence irrigation water application, variations in hydraulic conductivity caused by the duration and frequency of irrigation cycles, and frequent manual water level (WL) monitoring, are discussed. Opportunities to improve the integration of AWD strategies within government policies, irrigation schemes, and farmer acceptance due to skepticism, limited knowledge, and fear of unreliable water hindering adoption are highlighted. Future research suggestions include the following: (i) long-term measurement of water stress indices using infrared thermometers; (ii) seasonal suitability map** using NDVI, GIS, and remote sensing; and (iii) application of smart sensors based on the Internet of Things (IoT) to address AWD challenges for precision water management in paddy fields with climate change.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Water Use and Irrigation)
Open AccessArticle
Geographical Environment and Plant Functional Group Shape the Spatial Variation Pattern of Plant Carbon Density in Subalpine-Alpine Grasslands of the Eastern Loess Plateau, China
by
Manhou Xu, Jiaying Wang, Kunkun Wei, Jie Li and **uli Yu
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1420; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071420 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024
Abstract
The carbon density of subalpine-alpine grasslands (SGs) is significantly vital to sustaining the carbon cycle in global terrestrial ecosystems. However, on the Loess Plateau of China, it remains unclear how the geographical environment and plant functional groups affect the spatial variation pattern of
[...] Read more.
The carbon density of subalpine-alpine grasslands (SGs) is significantly vital to sustaining the carbon cycle in global terrestrial ecosystems. However, on the Loess Plateau of China, it remains unclear how the geographical environment and plant functional groups affect the spatial variation pattern of plant carbon density in these grasslands. Here, nine typical SGs distributed in the eastern Loess Plateau with elevations ranging from 1720 to 3045 m were investigated. The biomass indices from grassland plants of different functional groups were investigated using plot surveys. The Kriging interpolation method was used to explore the spatial variation pattern of plant carbon density along geographical gradients. We found that (1) the total plant carbon density of SGs was 2676.825 g C/m2 on the eastern plateau, with 37.07%, 37.50%, and 25.43% contributed by the northern, central, and southern areas, respectively. Above- (666.338 g C/m2) and belowground (2010.488 g C/m2) carbon density accounted for 24.9% and 75.11% of the total, respectively. (2) At the horizontal scale, the plant carbon density in the northern SGs was high in the northwest and low in the southeast; in the central SGs, it was low in the northwest and high in the southeast; and in the southern SGs, it was high in the southwest and low in the northeast. At the vertical scale, plant carbon density in all SGs decreased with increasing altitude. (3) The carbon density of grasses, forbs, and sedges was 247.419 g C/m2, 26.073 g C/m2, and 23.471 g C/m2, respectively. With increased latitude, the carbon density of all functional groups (grasses, forbs, and sedges) decreased; the carbon density of forbs and grasses increased with increased longitude, while that of sedges decreased; and with increased altitude, the carbon density of all functional groups increased. In conclusion, the spatial variation pattern of plant carbon density in the SGs was not only influenced by the geographical environment but also by the plant functional groups at the horizontal and vertical scales on the eastern Loess Plateau of China.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Grassland Productivity and Sustainability — Volume II)
Open AccessArticle
Principal Component and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of Major Compound Variation in Essential Oil among Some Red Oregano Genotypes in Albania
by
Najada Kadiasi, Rea Tako, Alban Ibraliu, Vidmantas Stanys and Nazim S. Gruda
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1419; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071419 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024
Abstract
Red oregano (Origanum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare) is native to the mountainous slopes of Albania, thriving at altitudes ranging from 400 to 1300 m above sea level. The aerial components of oregano have been found to address a spectrum of health concerns.
[...] Read more.
Red oregano (Origanum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare) is native to the mountainous slopes of Albania, thriving at altitudes ranging from 400 to 1300 m above sea level. The aerial components of oregano have been found to address a spectrum of health concerns. However, this subspecies presents intriguing characteristics that require comprehensive exploration and analysis. This study extensively analyzes the ex −situ collection of various genotype populations of red oregano in Albania. Essential oils were extracted by employing the hydrodistillation method. At the same time, their chemical analyses were carried out using gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector (GC−FID) and gas chromatography coupled with a mass−spectrometer detector (GS−MS). We employed two statistical techniques, namely hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), which allowed for a comprehensive examination of the relationships within the data set and more profound insights into the compositional patterns and interrelationships within the essential oils to be gained. The results revealed significant qualitative distinctions at the intraspecific level, particularly for sesquiterpenes, of populations originating from seven diverse geographic locations. The study’s findings enhance our understanding of the chemical composition of Albania’s red oregano and its chemical variation among different populations, which will potentially contribute to identifying the most suitable clones for breeding programs within red oregano populations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural and Floricultural Crops)
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Open AccessArticle
Effects of Cascara Cherry and Other Coffee Litter Mulching on Soil Properties, Photosynthesis, and Water Use Efficiency of Coffea Canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner cv. Reyan No.1 Seedling
by
Ang Zhang, Su-Sen Chen, **ng-Jun Lin, Lin Yan, Yan-Li Huang, Yan Sun, Qing-Yun Zhao, Shao-Guan Zhao, Li-Hua Li, Yu-Zhou Long and Yun-** Dong
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1418; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071418 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024
Abstract
Mulching cultivation with agricultural wastes is the main production pattern of coffee at present, but the effect of mulching cultivation on photosynthetic physiological processes of coffee plants is still not clear. Therefore, a randomized block design was adopted to establish a field experiment
[...] Read more.
Mulching cultivation with agricultural wastes is the main production pattern of coffee at present, but the effect of mulching cultivation on photosynthetic physiological processes of coffee plants is still not clear. Therefore, a randomized block design was adopted to establish a field experiment by one-year-old Coffee Canephora seedlings in this study. There were four types of mulch treatments, including non-mulch coffee waste (C), mulching coffee litter (L), mulching coffee cascara (cherry pericarp, P), and mulching coffee litter and cascara (LP) in this field experiment. Soil properties and microenvironment (e.g., moisture, temperature, pH, bulk density, organic matter content, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content, available potassium content, and available potassium content), agronomic traits (e.g., specific leaf area, leaf area index, plant height, and relative chlorophyll content), and photosynthetic indices (e.g., photosynthesis, transpiration, respiration, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, water use efficiency, and carbon use efficiency) were investigated to determine the effects of different coffee waste mulches on the photosynthetic physiology of coffee seedlings. The results show that coffee litter and cascara mulch significantly reduced soil temperature by 0.42 or 0.33 °C, respectively, and coffee litter rather than cascara mulch significantly increased the soil’s available potassium content by 46.28%, although coffee waste mulch did not affect other soil properties or microenvironment indices; coffee cascara mulching significantly increased the specific leaf area and net and gross photosynthesis of coffee by 45.46%, 78.33%, and 91.72%, respectively, but the mulching treatments did not affect stomatal conductance, transpiration, or carbon use efficiency in this study. Additionally, coffee cascara mulching increased leaf respiration and net and gross water use efficiency by 109.34%, 80.54%, and 104.95%, respectively. The coffee cascara mulching alone had the most significant positive impact on the photosynthetic index, followed by a combination of litter and cascara, litter alone, and the control treatment. The observed variations in the coffee photosynthetic index may be attributed to the reduction of soil temperature caused by mulching treatments rather than the increase in soil nutrients content. These results indicate that coffee cascara mulching could effectively promote photosynthesis and the growth of coffee seedlings by improving the soil microenvironment.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural and Floricultural Crops)
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