Improved Landsat-Based Water and Snow Indices for Extracting Lake and Snow Cover/Glacier in the Tibetan Plateau
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Regional Setting
2.2. Data
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Spectral Signature of Lake Water and SCG
2.3.2. The Contrast Values of Five Indices between Lake Water and SCG
2.3.3. Formulation of Water Index and Snow Index
2.3.4. NDSI and MNDWI
2.3.5. Image Threshold Segmentation
2.3.6. Validation of Classified Image
3. Results
3.1. The Optimal Band Combination in Identifying between Lake Water and SCG
3.2. Lake Water Map** with Noise from SCG Using NDSI/MNDWI and NDWIns
3.3. SCG Map** with Noise from Lake Water Using NDSI/MNDWI and NDSInw
4. Discussion and Outlook
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Landsat OLI | Landsat ETM+ | Landsat TM | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Band Name | Wavelength Range (μm) | Band Name | Wavelength Range (μm) | Band Name | Wavelength Range (μm) |
B1-Deep Blue | 0.433–0.453 | ||||
B2-Blue | 0.450–0.515 | B1-Blue | 0.450–0.515 | B1-Blue | 0.45–0.52 |
B3-Green | 0.525–0.600 | B2-Green | 0.525–0.605 | B2-Green | 0.52–0.60 |
B4-Red | 0.630–0.680 | B3-Red | 0.630–0.690 | B3-Red | 0.63–0.69 |
B5-NIR | 0.845–0.885 | B4-NIR | 0.775–0.900 | B4-NIR | 0.76–0.90 |
B6-SWIR1 | 1.560–1.660 | B5-SWIR1 | 1.550–1.750 | B5-SWIR1 | 1.55–1.75 |
B7-SWIR2 | 2.100–2.300 | B7-SWIR2 | 2.090–2.350 | B7-SWIR2 | 2.08–2.35 |
Sensor | Basic Formula of Each Index |
---|---|
OLI | NDI53 = (ρband3 − ρband5)/(ρband3 + ρband5); NDI63 = (ρband3 − ρband6)/(ρband3 + ρband6) |
NDI73 = (ρband3 − ρband7)/(ρband3 + ρband7); NDI64 = (ρband4 − ρband6)/(ρband4 + ρband6) | |
NDI65 = (ρband5 − ρband6)/(ρband5 + ρband6) | |
TM/ETM+ | NDI42 = (ρband2 − ρband4)/(ρband2 + ρband4); NDI52 = (ρband2 − ρband5)/(ρband2 + ρband5) |
NDI72 = (ρband2 − ρband7)/(ρband2 + ρband7); NDI53 = (ρband3 − ρband5)/(ρband3 + ρband5) | |
NDI54 = (ρband4 − ρband5)/(ρband4 + ρband5) |
Class | SCG | Non-SCG | Non-SCG |
SCG | N11 | N12 | N1j |
Non-SCG | N21 | N22 | N2j |
Total | Ni1 | Ni2 | N |
Class | Lake Water | Non-Lake Water | Total |
Lake water | N11 | N12 | N1j |
Non-Lake water | N21 | N22 | N2j |
Total | Ni1 | Ni2 | N |
Sensor | Mean Values or CV | NDI53 | NDI63 | NDI73 | NDI64 | NDI65 |
OLI | Mean value of Lake Water | 0.844 | 0.922 | 0.928 | 0.737 | 0.354 |
Mean value of Snow Cover | 0.006 | 0.832 | 0.826 | 0.837 | 0.831 | |
CV (Lake Water − Snow cover) | 0.838 | 0.090 | 0.102 | −0.100 | −0.477 | |
CV (Snow cover − Lake Water) | −0.838 | −0.090 | −0.102 | 0.100 | 0.477 | |
Sensor | Mean Values or CV | NDI42 | NDI52 | NDI72 | NDI53 | NDI54 |
ETM+ | Mean value of Lake Water | 0.817 | 0.933 | 0.931 | 0.744 | 0.541 |
Mean value of Glacier | −0.054 | 0.928 | 0.945 | 0.921 | 0.935 | |
CV (Lake Water − Glacier) | 0.871 | 0.005 | −0.014 | −0.177 | −0.394 | |
CV (Glacier − Lake water) | −0.871 | −0.005 | 0.014 | 0.177 | 0.394 | |
Sensor | Mean Values or CV | NDI42 | NDI52 | NDI72 | NDI53 | NDI54 |
TM | Mean value of Lake Water | 0.692 | 0.877 | 0.871 | 0.710 | 0.471 |
Mean value of Glacier | 0.073 | 0.871 | 0.904 | 0.864 | 0.852 | |
CV (Lake Water − Glacier) | 0.619 | 0.006 | −0.033 | −0.154 | −0.381 | |
CV (Glacier − Lake water) | −0.619 | −0.006 | 0.033 | 0.154 | 0.381 |
Method | Region | Thres- Hold | Commission Error (%) | Omission Error (%) | Overall Accuracy (%) | Kappa Coefficient |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDSI/MNDWI | I | 0.38 | 27.36 | 0.27 | 82.7 | 0.6607 |
II | 0.33 | 28.80 | 7.68 | 83.8 | 0.6698 | |
III | 0.31 | 30.40 | 13.75 | 78.8 | 0.5782 | |
NDWIns | I | 0.09 | 0.25 | 10.34 | 95.2 | 0.9018 |
II | −0.01 | 1.06 | 7.40 | 97.0 | 0.9335 | |
III | −0.02 | 0.74 | 12.36 | 94.6 | 0.8874 |
Method | Region | Thres- Hold | Commission Error (%) | Omission Error (%) | Overall Accuracy (%) | Kappa Coefficient |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDSI/MNDWI | I | 0.38 | 43.56 | 6.17 | 71.5 | 0.4605 |
II | 0.33 | 38.43 | 11.40 | 86.5 | 0.6405 | |
III | 0.31 | 26.78 | 2.87 | 81.7 | 0.6360 | |
NDSInw | I | 0.32 | 2.20 | 6.72 | 96.8 | 0.9301 |
II | 0.27 | 6.70 | 11.66 | 94.9 | 0.8724 | |
III | 0.11 | 4.16 | 2.04 | 97.0 | 0.9396 |
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Yan, D.; Huang, C.; Ma, N.; Zhang, Y. Improved Landsat-Based Water and Snow Indices for Extracting Lake and Snow Cover/Glacier in the Tibetan Plateau. Water 2020, 12, 1339. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051339
Yan D, Huang C, Ma N, Zhang Y. Improved Landsat-Based Water and Snow Indices for Extracting Lake and Snow Cover/Glacier in the Tibetan Plateau. Water. 2020; 12(5):1339. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051339
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan, Dajiang, Chang Huang, Ning Ma, and Yinsheng Zhang. 2020. "Improved Landsat-Based Water and Snow Indices for Extracting Lake and Snow Cover/Glacier in the Tibetan Plateau" Water 12, no. 5: 1339. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051339