Journal Description
Water
Water
is a peer-reviewed, open access journal on water science and technology, including the ecology and management of water resources, and is published semimonthly online by MDPI. Water collaborates with the International Conference on Flood Management (ICFM) and Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). In addition, the American Institute of Hydrology (AIH), The Polish Limnological Society (PLS) and Japanese Society of Physical Hydrology (JSPH) are affiliated with Water and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, GEOBASE, GeoRef, PubAg, AGRIS, CAPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Water Resources) / CiteScore - Q1 (Water Science and Technology)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16.5 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion journals for Water include: GeoHazards and Hydrobiology.
Impact Factor:
3.0 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.3 (2023)
Latest Articles
Behavioral and Biochemical Effects of Glyphosate-Based Herbicide Roundup on Unionid Mussels: Are Mussels Good Indicators of Water Pollution with Glyphosate-Based Pesticides?
Water 2024, 16(13), 1882; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131882 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2024
Abstract
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The behavioral (filtration activity) and biochemical (oxidative stress) effects of Roundup 360 Plus (active substance glyphosate) herbicide on two species of unionid mussels, Unio tumidus (Philipsson, 1788) and Anodonta anatina (L.), were evaluated at concentrations ranging from 15 to 1500 μg L−1
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The behavioral (filtration activity) and biochemical (oxidative stress) effects of Roundup 360 Plus (active substance glyphosate) herbicide on two species of unionid mussels, Unio tumidus (Philipsson, 1788) and Anodonta anatina (L.), were evaluated at concentrations ranging from 15 to 1500 μg L−1 of glyphosate for five days. During all experiments, we did not record the mortality of the studied mussel species. Exposure to Roundup herbicide induced dose-dependent filtration disruptions in both U. tumidus and A. anatina. Exposure of the mussels to a low and environmentally relevant concentration 15 µg glyphosate L−1 resulted in a slight (<20%) and temporary decrease in mean valve dilation. Exposure of the mussels to Roundup at relatively high concentrations caused drastic and prolonged shell closure and a reduction in the mussel shell opening rate. Exposure of both mussel species to herbicide resulted in oxidative stress; an increase in superoxide dismutase enzymatic activity was detected. The most significant increase in SOD activity was observed after the exposure to the highest Roundup concentration. However, no correlation between the Roundup concentration and enzymatic activity was found. The use of unionid mussels to detect environmentally relevant concentrations of Roundup, as a part of biological early warning system for pollution, is limited, but they can serve to detect the incidental pollution of aquatic ecosystems with high concentrations of this herbicide.
Full article
Open AccessReview
Research Progress of Advanced Design Method, Numerical Simulation, and Experimental Technology of Pumps in Deep-Sea Resource Exploitation
by
Leilei Ji, **nrui He, Wei Li, Fei Tian, Weidong Shi, Ling Zhou, Zhenbo Liu, Yang Yang, Cui **ao and Ramesh Agarwal
Water 2024, 16(13), 1881; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131881 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024
Abstract
Amid the escalating global demand for raw materials, the gradual exhaustion of terrestrial mineral resources, and the rise in extraction costs and energy consumption, the development of deep-sea mineral resources has become a focal point of international interest. The pipeline lifting mining system,
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Amid the escalating global demand for raw materials, the gradual exhaustion of terrestrial mineral resources, and the rise in extraction costs and energy consumption, the development of deep-sea mineral resources has become a focal point of international interest. The pipeline lifting mining system, distinguished by its superior mining efficiency and minimized environmental impact, now accounts for over 50% of the total energy consumption in mining operations. Serving as the “heart” of this system, the deep-sea lifting pump’s comprehensive performance (high pressure tolerance, non-clogging features, elevated lift capacity, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and high reliability, etc.), is critical to transport efficiency, operational stability, and lifespan of the mining system. As a mixed transport pump for solid and liquid media under extreme conditions, its internal flow structure is exceedingly complex, incorporating gas–liquid–solid multiphase flow. A precise understanding of its internal flow mechanisms is essential for breaking through the design limitations of deep-sea lifting pumps and enhancing their operational stability and reliability under various working conditions and multiphase media, thereby providing technical support for advancing global marine resource development and offshore equipment upgrades. This paper comprehensively reviews the design theory, optimization methods, numerical simulations, and experimental studies of deep-sea lifting pumps. It discusses the application of various design optimization techniques in hydraulic lifting pumps, details the multiphase flow numerical algorithms commonly used in deep-sea lifting pumps along with their modified models, and summarizes some experimental methodologies in this field. Lastly, it outlines the forthcoming challenges in deep-sea lifting pump research and proposes potential directions to promote the commercial development of deep-sea mining, thereby offering theoretical and engineering support for the development of deep-sea mining slurry pumps.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Optimization of Fluid Machinery)
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Open AccessArticle
A Hybrid Prediction Model for Rock Reservoir Bank Slope Deformation Considering Fractured Rock Mass Parameters
by
Jiachen Liang, Jian Chen and Chuan Lin
Water 2024, 16(13), 1880; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131880 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024
Abstract
Deformation monitoring data provide a direct representation of the structural behavior of reservoir bank rock slopes, and accurate deformation prediction is pivotal for slope safety monitoring and disaster warning. Among various deformation prediction models, hybrid models that integrate field monitoring data and numerical
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Deformation monitoring data provide a direct representation of the structural behavior of reservoir bank rock slopes, and accurate deformation prediction is pivotal for slope safety monitoring and disaster warning. Among various deformation prediction models, hybrid models that integrate field monitoring data and numerical simulations stand out due to their well-defined physical and mechanical concepts, and their ability to make effective predictions with limited monitoring data. The predictive accuracy of hybrid models is closely tied to the precise determination of rock mass mechanical parameters in structural numerical simulations. However, rock masses in rock slopes are characterized by intersecting geological structural planes, resulting in reduced strength and the creation of multiple fracture flow channels. These factors contribute to the heterogeneous, anisotropic, and size-dependent properties of the macroscopic deformation parameters of the rock mass, influenced by the coupling of seepage and stress. To improve the predictive accuracy of the hybrid model, this study introduces the theory of equivalent continuous media. It proposes a method for determining the equivalent deformation parameters of fractured rock mass considering the coupling of seepage and stress. This method, based on a discrete fracture network (DFN) model, is integrated into the hybrid prediction model for rock slope deformation. Engineering case studies demonstrate that this approach achieves a high level of prediction accuracy and holds significant practical value.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety Evaluation of Dam and Geotechnical Engineering, Volume II)
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Open AccessArticle
Development of an Ecosystem Model Considering Sediment Redox Processes in Enclosed Water Bodies
by
**ichi Koue
Water 2024, 16(13), 1879; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131879 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024
Abstract
This study investigates enclosed water bodies to understand the intricate interactions among physical, chemical, and biological processes. A one-dimensional model, integrating sediment and ecosystem components, was developed to analyze oxygen depletion, nutrient dynamics, and the influence of sediment organic matter on oxygen concentrations
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This study investigates enclosed water bodies to understand the intricate interactions among physical, chemical, and biological processes. A one-dimensional model, integrating sediment and ecosystem components, was developed to analyze oxygen depletion, nutrient dynamics, and the influence of sediment organic matter on oxygen concentrations due to stratification. Oxygen and nutrient concentrations were derived by combining results from a one-dimensional vertical diffusion model with the ecosystem model. The dissolution, adsorption, and desorption of inorganic substances in bottom mud react differently under anaerobic and aerobic conditions, necessitating separate formulations for reduction and oxidation reactions in the bottom mud model. In Lake Biwa, Japan’s largest lake, dissolved oxygen levels have decreased despite regulatory efforts since the 1970s, prompting an investigation into the causes of oxygen-depleted water masses. The model was thus applied to examine oxygen consumption in Lake Biwa’s deep sediments, shedding light on anoxia in enclosed water bodies. This study emphasizes the significance of bottom sediments in water quality models and their implications for ecosystems. Furthermore, the adaptive nature of this model allows for its application in various water bodies, including freshwater reservoirs, lakes, and saltwater bays.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Case of Vibrio vulnificus Infection in Orechromis niloticus during Suspension of Recirculating Aquaculture System
by
Yan Cai, Liu Jiang, Shaoqun Wang, Zhangding Zhao, Yongcan Zhou and Shifeng Wang
Water 2024, 16(13), 1878; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131878 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024
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During a suspension of a GIFT tilapia broodstock recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), a significant fish mortality event occurred. To determine the cause, four bacterial strains were isolated from affected fish and identified as Vibrio vulnificus through 16S rDNA sequencing. Virulence assays confirmed the
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During a suspension of a GIFT tilapia broodstock recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), a significant fish mortality event occurred. To determine the cause, four bacterial strains were isolated from affected fish and identified as Vibrio vulnificus through 16S rDNA sequencing. Virulence assays confirmed the pathogenicity of these strains, with the most virulent, CS-4, selected for a further analysis. Antimicrobial testing revealed CS-4’s sensitivity to 19 antibiotics, including meloxicillin and Gentamicin. Challenge tests indicated varied 7-day Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) values for CS-4 depending on the infection route, with immersion after skin injury being the most lethal. Additionally, the effects of salinity, crowding with air exposure, and nitrite on tilapia mortality were evaluated. The results showed that salinity stress increased the mortality rate of tilapia infected with V. vulnificus through immersion, and that salinity stress and V. vulnificus infection had a synergistic effect. A 20 min crowding with air exposure stress reduced the mortality rate of Nile tilapia infected with V. vulnificus. Nitrite stress had little effect on the mortality rate of tilapia infected with V. vulnificus. The results of the risk factor analysis indicated that salinity was the main factor affecting tilapia mortality caused by V. vulnificus infection. This study will serve as a valuable reference for the future management of similar RAS.
Full article
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Open AccessReview
Innovations in Solar-Powered Desalination: A Comprehensive Review of Sustainable Solutions for Water Scarcity in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region
by
Mohammad Al-Addous, Mathhar Bdour, Shatha Rabaiah, Ali Boubakri, Norman Schweimanns, Nesrine Barbana and Johannes Wellmann
Water 2024, 16(13), 1877; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131877 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024
Abstract
Water scarcity poses significant challenges in arid regions like the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) due to constant population growth, considering the effects of climate change and water management aspects. The desalination technologies face problems like high energy consumption, high investment costs,
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Water scarcity poses significant challenges in arid regions like the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) due to constant population growth, considering the effects of climate change and water management aspects. The desalination technologies face problems like high energy consumption, high investment costs, and significant environmental impacts by brine discharge. This paper researches the relationships among water scarcity, energy-intensive desalination, and the development of renewable energy in MENA, with a particular focus on the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. It examines innovations in solar-powered desalination, considering both solar photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal technologies, in combination with traditional thermal desalination methods such as multi-effect distillation (MED) and multi-stage flash (MSF). The environmental impacts associated with desalination by brine discharge are also discussed, analyzing innovative technological solutions and avoidance strategies. Utilizing bibliometrics, this report provides a comprehensive analysis of scientific literature for the assessment of the research landscape in order to recognize trends in desalination technologies in the MENA region, providing valuable insights into emerging technologies and research priorities. Despite challenges such as high initial investment costs, technical complexities, and limited funding for research and development, the convergence of water scarcity and renewable energy presents significant opportunities for integrated desalination systems in GCC countries. Summarizing, this paper emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary approaches and international collaboration by addressing the complex challenges of water scarcity and energy sustainability in the MENA region. By leveraging renewable energy sources and advancing desalination technologies, the region can achieve water security while mitigating environmental impacts and promoting economic development.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Sustainability and High-Quality Economic Development)
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Open AccessArticle
Study on the Transient Flow Characteristics of Multistage Centrifugal Pumps during the Startup Process before System Operation
by
Chao Chen, Hu Xu, Fanjie Deng, Kaipeng Wu, Zhen Zhang and Qiaorui Si
Water 2024, 16(13), 1876; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131876 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024
Abstract
Multistage pumps are essential in emergency water supply, irrigation, and other systems undergoing unavoidable hydraulic transitions like pump startup and valve operations. These transitions cause rapid changes in impeller speed, flow rate, and pressure, destabilizing the internal flow field and impacting system reliability.
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Multistage pumps are essential in emergency water supply, irrigation, and other systems undergoing unavoidable hydraulic transitions like pump startup and valve operations. These transitions cause rapid changes in impeller speed, flow rate, and pressure, destabilizing the internal flow field and impacting system reliability. To study transient flow characteristics, a numerical analysis of a three-stage pump was conducted, focusing on vortex identification, entropy production, and time–frequency pressure pulsation. Using the SST turbulence model, the simulation analyzed different start times and flow rate variations. Findings revealed that shorter startup times intensified transient effects, with the head increasing rapidly initially and then stabilizing. Vortex structures showed periodic development and dissipation. Entropy production rose with impeller speed, peaking higher with shorter startups. Blade passing frequency dominated pressure pulsations, with increased low-frequency pulsations as speed rose. During valve opening, flow stabilization accelerated with increasing flow rates, reducing amplitude and eliminating low-frequency components. This research aids the reliable operation of high-pressure pum** systems in energy storage.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Optimization of Fluid Machinery, 2nd Edition)
Open AccessArticle
Simulation of Flow and Pressure Loss in the Example of the Elbow
by
Emil Smyk, Michał Stopel and Mikołaj Szyca
Water 2024, 16(13), 1875; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131875 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024
Abstract
One of the most basic issues in fluid mechanics is the description of flow in closed flows; more precisely, the calculation of pressure drops and the description of the flow form. Therefore, in this paper, the numerical simulation of the flow through the
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One of the most basic issues in fluid mechanics is the description of flow in closed flows; more precisely, the calculation of pressure drops and the description of the flow form. Therefore, in this paper, the numerical simulation of the flow through the elbow was presented. This case was used to comprehensively describe the most important phenomena that should be taken into account during closed flows. The elbow was chosen as one of the most frequently used fittings in practice. The simulation was made with ANSYS Fluent, with the use of the turbulent model k-ω, SIMPLE simulation method, and at Reynolds number . The minor and major pressure loss were presented and discussed in the paper. The minor loss coefficient at the high Reynolds number was equal to around 0.2, which is close to the value of 0.22 used in engineering calculations. The influence of the Reynolds number on the shift of the stream separation point in the elbow was described. The secondary flow in the elbow was observed and the vortex structure was discussed and shown with the use of the Q-criterion (Q iso surface for level 0.005). This analysis allowed us to better visualize and describe the complex flow structure observed in the investigated case.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamics in Pressurized Pipe Systems)
Open AccessArticle
Assessing the Efficiency of Microalgae in the Removal of Salicylic Acid from Contaminated Water: Insights from Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity Tests
by
Carla Escapa, Ricardo N. Coimbra, Moonis Ali Khan, Teresa Neuparth, Miguel Machado Santos and Marta Otero
Water 2024, 16(13), 1874; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131874 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024
Abstract
Microalgae-based water treatments for the removal of different types of pollution have been gaining considerable attention during the last few decades. However, information about microalgae potential in the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and the ecotoxicological outcomes is still limited.
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Microalgae-based water treatments for the removal of different types of pollution have been gaining considerable attention during the last few decades. However, information about microalgae potential in the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and the ecotoxicological outcomes is still limited. Therefore, in this work, we aimed at investigating salicylic acid removal from water by three different microalgae strains, namely Chlorella sorokiniana, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus. For such a purpose, photobioreactors were operated under batch and semi-continuous mode. Apart from determining the reduction in the concentration of salicylic acid attained by each strain, we used zebrafish embryo bioassays to assess the efficiency of microalgae to reduce its toxicity effects. S. obliquus was the strain that achieved the most significant decrease in the concentration and toxic effects of salicylic acid. Indeed, S. obliquus was able to rescue mortality and reduce abnormalities at practically 100%. The efficiency of C. sorokiniana and, especially, that of C. vulgaris were not so remarkable, indicating that the removal of SA and its toxic effects from water by microalgae is markedly strain dependent. The obtained results proved the importance of considering toxic effects for a more comprehensive evaluation of microalgae efficiency in the removal of PPCPs in view of an adequate selection for water treatment.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights on Wastewater Treatment Processes for Sustainable Removal of Emerging Contaminants)
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Open AccessArticle
Hydrological Drought Risk Assessment and Its Spatial Transmission Based on the Three-Dimensional Copula Function in the Yellow River Basin
by
Hui Li, Jiamei Guo, Dengming Yan, Huiliang Wang and **ujuan Jiang
Water 2024, 16(13), 1873; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131873 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024
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Administrative strategies to cope with drought are steadily changing, from emergency procedures to day-to-day monitoring. More consideration must be paid to long-term and preventive drought control measures in the future. This paper discusses the risk of hydrological drought in the Yellow River Basin.
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Administrative strategies to cope with drought are steadily changing, from emergency procedures to day-to-day monitoring. More consideration must be paid to long-term and preventive drought control measures in the future. This paper discusses the risk of hydrological drought in the Yellow River Basin. The standardized runoff index (SRI) was used to characterize hydrological drought, and the run theory was used to identify drought states and quantify drought characteristic variables. Based on the drought severity and duration, a drought development plan was proposed and a three-dimensional copula function was constructed to obtain the joint distribution function of three-dimensional drought characteristic variables. A drought risk assessment system based on the loss × probability risk theory was constructed to explore the spatial and temporal characteristics of hydrological drought risk in the Yellow River Basin. Finally, according to the risk assessment results, the risk level was divided into low, medium and high risk, and a Bayesian network was used to explore the probability of hydrological drought. The main results are as follows: (1) From 1960 to 2018, the severity of hydrological drought in the Yellow River Basin increased, the duration lengthened, and the development speed accelerated. (2) The hydrological drought risk in the Yellow River Basin showed an overall upward trend, with the fastest increase in the HJ region of 0.041/10a. The highest annual average drought risk in the TDG region is 0.598. (3) The spatial transmission of hydrological drought risk is divided into three types: constant, enhanced and mitigation types, of which the constant type is the most common. The transmission probabilities of low, medium and high risk of hydrological drought from the HYK region to the low, medium and high risk of hydrological drought in the LJ region are 0.68, 0.66 and 0.78, respectively.
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Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Modelling Current-State N- and P-Fluxes into Surface Waters in Germany
by
Björn Tetzlaff, Ralf Kunkel, Max Eysholdt, Hong Hanh Nguyen, Markus Venohr, Tim Wolters, Maximilian Zinnbauer and Frank Wendland
Water 2024, 16(13), 1872; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131872 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024
Abstract
For the first time, the AGRUM model consortium—consisting of the agro-economic model RAUMIS, the water balance model mGROWA, the hydrological nutrient transport models DENUZ, WeKu and MEPhos, and the urban emission model MONERIS—was jointly set up throughout Germany (357,000 km2). This
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For the first time, the AGRUM model consortium—consisting of the agro-economic model RAUMIS, the water balance model mGROWA, the hydrological nutrient transport models DENUZ, WeKu and MEPhos, and the urban emission model MONERIS—was jointly set up throughout Germany (357,000 km2). This provided a nationwide consistent nutrient model to capture the current status of N and P inputs to surface waters from diffuse sources and urban areas. Diffuse nutrient emissions were quantified in high spatial resolution for the input pathways’ groundwater, drainage runoff, and natural interflow (100 m × 100 m), as well as for water erosion and wash-off (25 m × 25 m). The sum of diffuse nutrient inputs to surface waters is about 385,000 metric tons N/yr and ca. 11,530 metric tons P/yr. Urban emissions were quantified either as point source inputs (wastewater treatment plants, industrial direct dischargers) or at municipality scale for different collection and treatment systems, e.g., rainwater sewers or decentralized treatment plants, and sum up to ca. 95,000 t N/yr and 7500 t P/yr. As modelled, total N and P inputs into surface waters correspond well with observed N and P loads in rivers. The model results represent valuable information for water managers, being responsible for the preparation of management plans for the third management cycle of the EC Water Framework Directive spanning from 2021 to 2027.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Water Protection in Europe under Pressure: Current State of Nutrient Flux Modeling and Assessment of the Impact of Mitigation Measures at National Level)
Open AccessArticle
Enhanced Adsorption of Aqueous Pb(II) by Acidic Group-Modified Biochar Derived from Peanut Shells
by
Yumeng Wu, Ci Li, Zhimiao Wang, Fang Li, **g Li, Wei Xue and **nqiang Zhao
Water 2024, 16(13), 1871; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131871 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024
Abstract
Using peanut shells, a sustainable agricultural waste product, as its raw material, the acid group-modified biochar (AMBC) was prepared through phosphoric acid activation, partial carbonization, and concentrated sulfuric acid sulfonation for efficient removal of lead ion from aqueous solutions. Characterization techniques such as
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Using peanut shells, a sustainable agricultural waste product, as its raw material, the acid group-modified biochar (AMBC) was prepared through phosphoric acid activation, partial carbonization, and concentrated sulfuric acid sulfonation for efficient removal of lead ion from aqueous solutions. Characterization techniques such as N2 isothermal adsorption–desorption, SEM, XRD, FT-IR, TG-DTA, and acid–base titration were utilized to fully understand the properties of the AMBC. It was found that there were high densities of acidic oxygen-containing functional groups (-SO3H, -COOH, Ph-OH) on the surface of the AMBC. The optimal adsorption performance of the AMBC for Pb(II) in water occurred when the initial concentration of Pb(II) was 100 mg/L, the pH was 5, the dosage of the adsorbent was 0.5 g/L, and the contact time was 120 min. Under the optimal conditions, the removal ratio of Pb(II) was 76.0%, with an adsorption capacity of 148.6 mg/g. This performance far surpassed that of its activated carbon precursor, which achieved a removal ratio of 39.7% and an adsorption capacity of 83.1 mg/g. The superior adsorption performance of AMBC can be caused by the high content of acidic oxygen-containing functional groups on its surface. These functional groups facilitate the strong binding between AMBC and Pb(II), enabling effective removal from water solutions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Treatment and Contaminants Control: Technologies and Strategies)
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Open AccessArticle
Reach-Scale Map** of Surface Flow Velocities from Thermal Images Acquired by an Uncrewed Aircraft System along the Sacramento River, California, USA
by
Paul J. Kinzel, Carl J. Legleiter and Christopher L. Gazoorian
Water 2024, 16(13), 1870; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131870 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024
Abstract
An innovative payload containing a sensitive mid-wave infrared camera was flown on an uncrewed aircraft system (UAS) to acquire thermal imagery along a reach of the Sacramento River, California, USA. The imagery was used as input for an ensemble particle image velocimetry (PIV)
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An innovative payload containing a sensitive mid-wave infrared camera was flown on an uncrewed aircraft system (UAS) to acquire thermal imagery along a reach of the Sacramento River, California, USA. The imagery was used as input for an ensemble particle image velocimetry (PIV) algorithm to produce near-continuous maps of surface flow velocity along a reach approximately 1 km in length. To assess the accuracy of PIV velocity estimates, in situ measurements of flow velocity were obtained with an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). ADCP measurements were collected along pre-planned cross-section lines within the area covered by the imagery. The PIV velocities showed good agreement with the depth-averaged velocity measured by the ADCP, with values ranging from 0.59–0.97 across eight transects. Velocity maps derived from the thermal image sequences acquired on consecutive days during a period of steady flow were compared. These maps showed consistent spatial patterns of velocity vector magnitude and orientation, indicating that the technique is repeatable and robust. PIV of thermal imagery can yield velocity estimates in situations where natural water-surface textures or tracers are either insufficient or absent in visible imagery. Future work could be directed toward defining optimal environmental conditions, as well as limitations for map** flow velocities based on thermal images acquired via UAS.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biodiversity and Functionality of Aquatic Ecosystems)
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Open AccessArticle
Effective Removal of Malachite Green Dye from Water Using Low-Cost Porous Organic Polymers: Adsorption Kinetics, Isotherms, and Reusability Studies
by
Saad Melhi, Ayoub Abdullah Alqadami, Eid H. Alosaimi, Gehan M. Ibrahim, Belal El-Gammal, Mahmoud A. Bedair and Elsayed M. Elnaggar
Water 2024, 16(13), 1869; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131869 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024
Abstract
In this study, triphenylaniline-based porous organic polymers (TPA-POPs) were successfully prepared by the Friedel–Crafts reaction and applied to adsorb malachite green (MG) dye from water. The TPA-POP was characterized using TEM, SEM, FTIR, 13C (CP/MAS) NMR, BET surface area, and XRD analysis.
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In this study, triphenylaniline-based porous organic polymers (TPA-POPs) were successfully prepared by the Friedel–Crafts reaction and applied to adsorb malachite green (MG) dye from water. The TPA-POP was characterized using TEM, SEM, FTIR, 13C (CP/MAS) NMR, BET surface area, and XRD analysis. The results exhibited that the TPA-POP has a high surface area (1625.14 m2/g) with pore volume (0.353 cm3/g) and pore radius (1.57 nm) that reflect the high quantity of MG adsorbed on the TPA-POP. The polymer was evaluated as an excellent adsorbent for MG adsorption from water using the batch method. MG dye removal was optimized as 99.60% (at pH: 6.0, adsorbent dosage (m): 0.01 g, temperature (T): 45 °C, and contact time (t): 300 min). The kinetic data follow the Elovich model, while the isotherm data fit the Langmuir model well with uptake capacity (755.72 mg/g) at T: 45 °C. According to thermodynamic parameters, the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. The adsorption of MG on the TPA-POP occurred via different mechanisms (π–π interaction, electrostatic attraction, and hydrogen bonding). Reusability experiments exhibited that the TPA-POP still maintained high removal efficiency (82.12%) after five cycles. In conclusion, the TPA-POP is a promising adsorbent owing to its cost-effectiveness, high adsorption capacity, high surface area, excellent reusability, and efficient MG removal from aqueous media.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)
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Open AccessArticle
A Novel Artificial Intelligence Prediction Process of Concrete Dam Deformation Based on a Stacking Model Fusion Method
by
Wenyuan Wu, Huaizhi Su, Yanming Feng, Shuai Zhang, Sen Zheng, Wenhan Cao and Hongchen Liu
Water 2024, 16(13), 1868; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131868 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024
Abstract
Deformation effectively represents the structural integrity of concrete dams and acts as a clear indicator of their operational performance. Predicting deformation is critical for monitoring the safety of hydraulic structures. To this end, this paper proposes an artificial intelligence-based process for predicting concrete
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Deformation effectively represents the structural integrity of concrete dams and acts as a clear indicator of their operational performance. Predicting deformation is critical for monitoring the safety of hydraulic structures. To this end, this paper proposes an artificial intelligence-based process for predicting concrete dam deformation. Initially, using the principles of feature engineering, the preprocessing of deformation safety monitoring data is conducted. Subsequently, employing a stacking model fusion method, a novel prediction process embedded with multiple artificial intelligence algorithms is developed. Moreover, three new performance indicators—a superiority evaluation indicator, an accuracy evaluation indicator, and a generalization evaluation indicator—are introduced to provide a comprehensive assessment of the model’s effectiveness. Finally, an engineering example demonstrates that the ensemble artificial intelligence method proposed herein outperforms traditional statistical models and single machine learning models in both fitting and predictive accuracy, thereby providing a scientific and effective foundation for concrete dam deformation prediction and safety monitoring.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing, Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning in Hydraulic Structure Safety Monitoring)
Open AccessArticle
Enhancing Ecological Security in Ili River Valley: Comprehensive Approach
by
Ruyi Pan, Junjie Yan, Qianqian **a and Xufan **
Water 2024, 16(13), 1867; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131867 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024
Abstract
The growing tension between economic development and ecological preservation in the Ili River Valley underscores the need for advanced analytical methods to effectively balance these interests. In this study, we utilized the InVEST model to quantify ecosystem services, combined with an analysis of
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The growing tension between economic development and ecological preservation in the Ili River Valley underscores the need for advanced analytical methods to effectively balance these interests. In this study, we utilized the InVEST model to quantify ecosystem services, combined with an analysis of ecological sensitivity, to comprehensively assess the ecological health of the region. By applying circuit theory, the research identified key ecological components such as sources, corridors, and critical nodes, alongside barriers; thus, map** an ecological security pattern tailored specifically for the wetland oasis of the Ili River Valley. The analysis identified 15 ecological source sites covering 43,221.17 km2, 31 ecological corridors totaling 782 km in length, and 32 vital ecological nodes each exceeding 1 km2. Notably, 81.8% of these ecological source areas exhibited high ecological resilience, thus emphasizing their crucial role in maintaining the region’s ecological balance. The findings provide essential guidance for the ecological stewardship and management of the Ili River Valley and underscore the importance of incorporating ecological considerations within economic planning frameworks in arid regions.
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(This article belongs to the Section Biodiversity and Functionality of Aquatic Ecosystems)
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Open AccessArticle
Rate Transient Analysis for Multi-Fractured Wells in Tight Gas Reservoirs Considering Multiple Nonlinear Flow Mechanisms
by
Yonghui Wu, Lidong Mi, Liqiang Ma, Rongchen Zheng and **ujuan Feng
Water 2024, 16(13), 1866; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131866 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024
Abstract
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Making rate transient analysis (RTA) and formation evaluation for multi-fractured tight gas wells has always been a difficult problem. This is because the fluid flow in the formation has multiple nonlinear flow mechanisms, including gas-water two-phase flow, gas slippage, low-velocity non-Darcy flow, and
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Making rate transient analysis (RTA) and formation evaluation for multi-fractured tight gas wells has always been a difficult problem. This is because the fluid flow in the formation has multiple nonlinear flow mechanisms, including gas-water two-phase flow, gas slippage, low-velocity non-Darcy flow, and stress-dependent permeability. In this paper, a novel RTA method is proposed for multi-fractured wells in tight gas reservoirs incorporating nonlinear flow mechanisms. The RTA method is based on an analytical model, which is modified from the classical trilinear flow model by considering all the nonlinear flow mechanisms. The concept of material balance time and normalized rate is used to process the production data for both water and gas phases. The techniques of approximate solutions in linear/bilinear flow regimes and type curve fitting are combined in the proposed RTA method. After that, the rate transient behaviors and influencing factors of multi-fractured tight gas wells are analyzed. A field case from Northwestern China is used to test the efficiency and practicability of the proposed RTA method. The results show that six flow regimes for both gas and water production performances are exhibited on the log-log plots of normalized production rate against material balance time. The rate transient responses are sensitive to the nonlinear flow mechanisms, and formation and fracture properties. The medium flow regimes are significantly affected by fracture number, fracture conductivity, fracture half-length, stress-dependent permeability, gas-water two-phase flow, and formation permeability, which should be considered in making RTA of fractured tight gas wells. The field case shows that both gas and water production performances can be well-fitted using the proposed RTA method. The major innovation of this paper is that a novel RTA method is proposed for fractured tight gas wells considering multiple nonlinear flow mechanisms, and it can be used to make reasonable formation and fracturing evaluations in the field.
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Open AccessArticle
Irrigation and Agricultural Opportunities: Evaluating Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Suitability and Productivity in Lebanon
by
Rhend Sleiman, Jocelyne Adjizian Gerard, Salim Fahed, Mladen Todorovic, Mohamed Houssemeddine Sellami, Rossella Albrizio and Marie Therese Abi Saab
Water 2024, 16(13), 1865; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131865 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
Within the prevalent challenges posed by climate change and decreasing resources, this research underscores the importance of adopting sustainable agricultural practices combined with efficient water resource management. Employing comprehensive climate and soil suitability analyses, this research analyzed the capacity of hemp (Cannabis
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Within the prevalent challenges posed by climate change and decreasing resources, this research underscores the importance of adopting sustainable agricultural practices combined with efficient water resource management. Employing comprehensive climate and soil suitability analyses, this research analyzed the capacity of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) to adapt to Lebanon’s heterogeneous environmental landscapes across two distinct growing seasons (autumn and spring). Both climate and edaphic suitability map** were conducted to study hemp’s suitability. AquaCrop v.7.1 was used to simulate seed yield, biomass production, irrigation needs and yield water productivity in the different agro-homogeneous zones of Lebanon for the two considered seasons. The findings revealed that approximately 30% and 19% of Lebanon’s land exhibit suitability for hemp cultivation during the spring and autumn seasons, respectively. According to AquaCrop model simulations, under the prevailing climatic conditions, the predicted seed yield will range from 3.7 to 5.6 t ha−1 under rainfed conditions and will reach 11.1 t ha−1 for irrigated cultivation. Moreover, employing efficient irrigation techniques during the spring season showed a significant improvement in both yield and biomass of hemp. The enhancement was evident, with notable increases of 112.22% in yield and 96.43% in biomass compared to rainfed conditions. This research highlights the importance of identifying suitable regions within Lebanon capable of supporting hemp cultivation in a sustainable manner. Such research not only promises economic development but also aligns with broader global sustainability objectives.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improved Irrigation Management Practices in Crop Production)
Open AccessArticle
Dual Domain Decomposition Method for High-Resolution 3D Simulation of Groundwater Flow and Transport
by
Hao Deng, Jiaxin Li, Jixian Huang, Yanhong Zou, Yu Liu, Yuxiang Chen, Yang Zheng and **ancheng Mao
Water 2024, 16(13), 1864; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131864 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
The high-resolution 3D groundwater flow and transport simulation problem requires massive discrete linear systems to be solved, leading to significant computational time and memory requirements. The domain decomposition method is a promising technique that facilitates the parallelization of problems with minimal communication overhead
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The high-resolution 3D groundwater flow and transport simulation problem requires massive discrete linear systems to be solved, leading to significant computational time and memory requirements. The domain decomposition method is a promising technique that facilitates the parallelization of problems with minimal communication overhead by dividing the computation domain into multiple subdomains. However, directly utilizing a domain decomposition scheme to solve massive linear systems becomes impractical due to the bottleneck in algebraic operations required to coordinate the results of subdomains. In this paper, we propose a two-level domain decomposition method, named dual-domain decomposition, to efficiently solve the massive discrete linear systems in high-resolution 3D groundwater simulations. The first level of domain decomposition partitions the linear system problem into independent linear sub-problems across multiple subdomains, enabling parallel solutions with significantly reduced complexity. The second level introduces a domain decomposition preconditioner to solve the linear system, known as the Schur system, used to coordinate results from subdomains across their boundaries. This additional level of decomposition parallelizes the preconditioning of the Schur system, addressing the bottleneck of the Schur system solution while improving its convergence rates. The dual-domain decomposition method facilitates the partition and distribution of the computation to be solved into independent finely grained computational subdomains, substantially reducing both computational and memory complexity. We demonstrate the scalability of our proposed method through its application to a high-resolution 3D simulation of chromium contaminant transport in groundwater. Our results indicate that our method outperforms both the vanilla domain decomposition method and the algebraic multigrid preconditioned method in terms of runtime, achieving up to 8.617× and 5.515× speedups, respectively, in solving massive problems with approximately 108 million degrees of freedom. Therefore, we recommend its effectiveness and reliability for high-resolution 3D simulations of groundwater flow and transport.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contaminant Transport Modeling in Aquatic Environments)
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Open AccessArticle
Characteristics and Mechanism of Downflow in Front of a Cylindrical Pier with Clear-Water Local Scour
by
Weizheng Wang, Song Wei, Dayong Zhu, Jun Wang and Haipeng Duan
Water 2024, 16(13), 1863; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131863 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
Local scour often causes pier instability; however, the characteristics and mechanism of downflow, representing one of the crucial flow structures, are still unclear. In this paper, the interaction between the downflow and the horseshoe vortex system and the role of the downflow under
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Local scour often causes pier instability; however, the characteristics and mechanism of downflow, representing one of the crucial flow structures, are still unclear. In this paper, the interaction between the downflow and the horseshoe vortex system and the role of the downflow under clear-water local scour conditions are discussed, based on the stress distribution obtained via experiments and simulations. In the present experiment, more accurate data are measured by installing suitable sensors on 3D-printed models that reproduce the scour hole conditions at various times. The obtained results reveal that the downflow exhibits a strong interaction with the horseshoe vortex system. From the perspective of flow structures, the flow structures collide and rub against each other, which weakens the effect of the downflow. From the perspective of energy transfer, the horseshoe vortex system absorbs the energy carried by the downflow to develop and reduce the energy introduced into the sediment. In addition, shear stress is a crucial factor in maintaining a high tangent slope. When the shear stress is down to a minimum and is stable, the tangent slope rises with the growth of the pressure stress, which means that the downflow is able to promote scour depth development.
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