Tomato and Watermelon Production with Mulches and Automatic Drip Irrigation in North Dakota
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Field Layout
2.3. Soil Analysis
2.4. Mulch
2.5. Irrigation System
2.5.1. Drip
2.5.2. Water Supply
2.5.3. Scheduling
2.5.4. Controller
2.6. Measurements
2.6.1. Rainfall
2.6.2. Soil Water Potential and Soil Temperature Measurements
2.6.3. Groundwater
2.6.4. Vegetables
2.7. Vegetable Management
2.8. Field Observations
2.9. Fruit Quality Analysis
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Weather Conditions
3.2. Soil Moisture and Temperature
3.3. Vegetable Yield
3.4. Vegetable Quality
3.5. Irrigation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2019 | 2020 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Avg | Std | Avg | Std | |
NO3-N (kg N/ha) 0–15 cm | 18.51 | 4.51 | 6.75 | 2.15 |
15–61 cm | 62.24 | 8.43 | 33.95 | 11.76 |
P (mg/L) | 21.50 | 4.81 | 26.63 | 5.95 |
K (mg/L) | 368.13 | 35.95 | 480.63 | 31.78 |
pH | 6.96 | 0.09 | 6.60 | 0.14 |
EC (dS/m) | 0.41 | 0.06 | 0.39 | 0.03 |
Organic Matter (%) | 7.74 | 0.99 | 6.31 | 0.53 |
Parameters | Depth |
---|---|
(0–45 cm) | |
Sand (%) | 5 |
Silt (%) | 47 |
Clay (%) | 48 |
Bulk density (g/cm3) | 1.08 |
Saturation (cm3/cm3) | 0.59 |
Field capacity (cm3/cm3) | 0.41 |
Permanent wilting point (cm3/cm3) | 0.26 |
Tomato | Watermelon | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | 2019 | 2020 | |
Seeded | 22 Apr | 7 Apr | 22 Apr | 20 Apr |
Transplanted | 14 Jun | 30 May | 14 Jun | 30 May |
Fruit growth | 28 Jun | 24 Jun | 22 Jul | 28 Jun |
Start harvest | 19 Aug | 24 Aug | 6 Sep | 5 Aug |
End harvest | 8 Oct | 2 Oct | 2 Oct | 9 Sep |
Year | Month | Tmax (°C) | Tmin (°C) | Tavg (°C) | Tsoil (°C) | Uavg (m/s) | Umax (m/s) | Rs (MJ/m2) | PET (mm/day) | Rain (mm/mon) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | May | 17.57 | 5.30 | 11.43 | 11.28 | 7.18 | 21.50 | 18.79 | 5.03 | 69.65 |
June | 25.62 | 13.71 | 19.67 | 19.45 | 7.03 | 23.47 | 20.75 | 6.41 | 82.75 | |
July | 27.86 | 17.08 | 22.47 | 23.17 | 5.83 | 20.08 | 23.25 | 6.09 | 121.26 | |
August | 24.77 | 14.82 | 19.80 | 20.82 | 6.03 | 19.16 | 18.91 | 4.76 | 89.69 | |
September | 21.61 | 12.10 | 16.85 | 16.87 | 6.99 | 22.67 | 12.42 | 3.24 | 106.81 | |
October | 9.71 | 2.28 | 5.99 | 7.55 | 8.72 | 22.60 | 7.61 | 1.84 | 87.78 | |
Avg/Total | 21.19 | 10.88 | 16.04 | 16.52 | 6.96 | 21.58 | 16.96 | 4.56 | 557.94 | |
2020 | May | 18.34 | 6.95 | 12.64 | 12.52 | 8.01 | 23.32 | 21.14 | 5.80 | 37.92 |
June | 28.29 | 15.58 | 21.94 | 20.20 | 9.00 | 27.54 | 23.63 | 7.89 | 66.75 | |
July | 28.62 | 17.72 | 23.17 | 23.28 | 6.38 | 24.04 | 24.08 | 6.51 | 133.38 | |
August | 26.88 | 15.46 | 21.17 | 22.30 | 5.88 | 20.90 | 18.93 | 4.93 | 122.33 | |
September | 20.81 | 8.97 | 14.89 | 16.26 | 7.12 | 22.88 | 13.61 | 4.11 | 22.10 | |
October | 9.17 | −1.18 | 4.00 | 7.79 | 8.03 | 23.88 | 9.44 | 2.60 | 21.49 | |
Avg/Total | 22.02 | 10.58 | 16.30 | 17.06 | 7.40 | 23.76 | 18.47 | 5.31 | 403.97 |
Crop | Year | Treatment | Depth (cm) | June | July | August | September | October | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tomato | 2019 | PF | 15 | 20.74 | 23.09 | 20.50 | 16.71 | 10.24 | 18.26 |
BP | 15 | 22.95 | 25.31 | 21.81 | 17.71 | 11.22 | 19.80 | ||
CP | 15 | 24.05 | 27.48 | 24.90 | 19.13 | 12.30 | 21.57 | ||
NM | 15 | 21.72 | 23.23 | 21.44 | 17.12 | 9.87 | 18.68 | ||
PF | 30 | 18.56 | 21.40 | 20.33 | 16.93 | 11.82 | 17.81 | ||
BP | 30 | 20.10 | 23.00 | 20.93 | 17.51 | 12.45 | 18.80 | ||
CP | 30 | 22.93 | 26.00 | 23.68 | 18.83 | 12.78 | 20.84 | ||
NM | 30 | 19.13 | 21.86 | 20.70 | 17.05 | 10.97 | 17.94 | ||
2020 | PF | 15 | 20.45 | 23.22 | 21.97 | 16.42 | - | 20.52 | |
BP | 15 | 21.55 | 23.85 | 22.18 | 16.65 | - | 21.06 | ||
CP | 15 | 22.71 | 24.83 | 23.10 | 17.77 | - | 22.10 | ||
NM | 15 | 20.69 | 23.44 | 21.72 | 16.07 | - | 20.48 | ||
PF | 30 | 21.63 | 24.50 | 22.28 | 15.81 | - | 21.05 | ||
BP | 30 | 23.01 | 24.77 | 22.05 | 16.20 | - | 21.51 | ||
CP | 30 | 24.17 | 25.96 | 23.49 | 17.43 | - | 22.76 | ||
NM | 30 | 21.50 | 24.57 | 22.09 | 15.35 | - | 20.88 | ||
Watermelon | 2019 | PF | 15 | 20.49 | 22.43 | 20.17 | 16.68 | 10.66 | 18.09 |
BP | 15 | 23.12 | 24.20 | 20.47 | 17.16 | 11.09 | 19.21 | ||
CP | 15 | 25.94 | 25.70 | 21.13 | 17.61 | 11.85 | 20.45 | ||
NM | 15 | 21.29 | 22.68 | 19.87 | 16.44 | 10.00 | 18.06 | ||
PF | 30 | 18.63 | 21.23 | 19.88 | 16.74 | 11.68 | 17.63 | ||
BP | 30 | 20.12 | 22.45 | 20.33 | 17.44 | 12.28 | 18.53 | ||
CP | 30 | 22.28 | 24.13 | 20.74 | 17.55 | 12.43 | 19.43 | ||
NM | 30 | 19.37 | 21.56 | 19.72 | 16.60 | 11.02 | 17.65 | ||
2020 | PF | 15 | 21.05 | 22.94 | 21.64 | 16.20 | - | 20.46 | |
BP | 15 | 21.53 | 22.98 | 21.62 | 16.77 | - | 20.73 | ||
CP | 15 | 23.19 | 23.14 | 21.81 | 17.50 | - | 21.41 | ||
NM | 15 | 20.85 | 22.52 | 20.81 | 16.23 | - | 20.10 | ||
PF | 30 | 21.96 | 22.78 | 21.13 | 15.36 | - | 20.31 | ||
BP | 30 | 23.08 | 23.92 | 21.91 | 16.05 | - | 21.24 | ||
CP | 30 | 24.17 | 23.24 | 21.82 | 17.22 | - | 21.61 | ||
NM | 30 | 22.09 | 22.85 | 21.08 | 15.73 | - | 20.44 |
Treatment | Tomato (Mg ha−1) | Watermelon (Mg ha−1) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year | 2019 | 2020 | 2019 | 2020 |
DI BP | 26.38 | 40.24 | 55.11 | 144.67 |
DI CP | 21.1 | 22.4 | 69.43 | 165.55 |
DI PF | 23.86 | 34.31 | 35.01 | 153.95 |
DI NM | 29.77 | 34.28 | 28.15 | 147.47 |
NI BP | 34.32 | 27.56 | 44.75 | 132.03 |
NI CP | 27.46 | 25.91 | 79.30 | 109.62 |
NI PF | 29.84 | 23.91 | 30.89 | 123.54 |
NI NM | 41.63 | 18.54 | 38.72 | 113.91 |
Average | 29.3 | 28.4 | 47.67 | 136.34 |
pH | EC (mS/cm) | Sugar Content (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | 2019 | 2020 | 2019 | 2020 | |
DI BP | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.9 | 5.8 |
DI CP | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.9 | 7.3 |
DI PF | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.9 | 5.6 |
DI NM | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.9 | 5.8 |
NI BP | 4.2 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 5.4 | 8.2 |
NI CP | 4.2 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.9 | 5.7 |
NI PF | 4.2 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 4.9 | 6.0 |
NI NM | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 5.1 | 6.2 |
pH | EC (dS/cm) | Sugar content (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | 2019 | 2020 | 2019 | 2020 | |
DI BP | 5.7 | 5.2 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 9.4 | 10.3 |
DI CP | 5.9 | 5.2 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 10.2 | 11.0 |
DI PF | 5.4 | 5.0 | 3.2 | 3.8 | 8.2 | 10.2 |
DI NM | 5.4 | 5.2 | 3.2 | 3.8 | 8.7 | 9.9 |
NI BP | 5.8 | 5.3 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 10.1 | 10.2 |
NI CP | 5.8 | 5.1 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 9.8 | 10.3 |
NI PF | 5.5 | 5.2 | 3.1 | 3.6 | 9.1 | 9.8 |
NI NM | 5.7 | 5.3 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 9.6 | 10.2 |
Vegetable | Year | Source | Weight (g) | Diameter (mm) | EC (dS/m) | pH | Sugar (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tomato | 2019 | Mulch | ** | *** | ** | ||
Irrigation | |||||||
Interaction | |||||||
2020 | Mulch | ** | * | ||||
Irrigation | ** | *** | |||||
Interaction | * | ||||||
Watermelon | 2019 | Mulch | *** | * | ** | * | |
Irrigation | |||||||
Interaction | |||||||
2020 | Mulch | ** | *** | * | |||
Irrigation | ** | ||||||
Interaction |
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Vaddevolu, U.B.P.; Lester, J.; Jia, X.; Scherer, T.F.; Lee, C.W. Tomato and Watermelon Production with Mulches and Automatic Drip Irrigation in North Dakota. Water 2021, 13, 1991. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13141991
Vaddevolu UBP, Lester J, Jia X, Scherer TF, Lee CW. Tomato and Watermelon Production with Mulches and Automatic Drip Irrigation in North Dakota. Water. 2021; 13(14):1991. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13141991
Chicago/Turabian StyleVaddevolu, Uday Bhanu Prakash, Justin Lester, **nhua Jia, Thomas F. Scherer, and Chiwon W. Lee. 2021. "Tomato and Watermelon Production with Mulches and Automatic Drip Irrigation in North Dakota" Water 13, no. 14: 1991. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13141991