Simulation of Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions under Different Land Use Scenarios in the Bulang Catchment, Northwest China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Water Balance
2.2.2. Groundwater Discharge
2.2.3. Groundwater Model
2.2.4. Scenario Analysis
- Scenario 1 assumes a natural situation in which the catchment is covered by desert grasses. This scenario sets up a bench mark case to compare impacts of land use changes on groundwater and stream flow.
- Scenario 2 represents the current land use in 2011. Impacts of current land use changes on groundwater and stream flow can be analyzed by a comparison to scenario 1.
- Scenario 3 simulates effects of replacing maize crops with less water consumptive crops such as sorghum and millet in order to provide support to the policy of extending dry-resistant crops in the area.
- Scenario 4 proposes an ideal land use scenario where sand dunes are covered by desert grasses and dry-resistant crops are grown. This scenario gives direction to the future land use changes in the area.
2.2.5. Model Inputs for the Simulation of Land Use Scenarios
Scenario | Rainfall | Crop ET | Plant ET | NDVI Map |
---|---|---|---|---|
1-Natural situation | 214.8 | Artemisia Ordosica (133.6) | Artemisia Ordosica (133.6) | August 2011 |
2-Current land use | 214.8 | Maize (503.1) | Salix Psammophila (245.1) | August 2011 |
3-Dry-resistant crop | 214.8 | Sorghum (402.5) | Salix Psammophila (245.1) | August 2011 |
4-Ideal land use | 214.8 | Sorghum (402.5) | Artemisia Ordosica (133.6) | August 2011 |
Scenario | Rainfall | Crop ET | Plant ET | NDVI Map |
---|---|---|---|---|
2-Current land use | Dry (214.8) | Maize (503.1) | Salix Psammophila (245.1) | August 2011 |
Normal (340.0) | August 2009 | |||
Wet (420.0) | September 2014 | |||
4-Ideal land use | Dry (214.8) | Sorghum (402.5) | Artemisia Ordosica (133.6) | August 2011 |
Normal (340.0) | August 2009 | |||
Wet (420.0) | September 2014 |
2.3. Field Measurements
2.3.1. Precipitation and Evapotranspiration
2.3.2. Discharge Gauge
2.3.3. Observation Wells
3. Results
3.1. Estimation of Water Balance and Groundwater Discharge
3.1.1. Estimation of Catchment Water Balance
Estimation method | Precipitation | ET | Net Recharge | Discharge | Deep Circulation | Change of Storage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water Balance | 214.8 | 196.0 | 18.8 | 12.6 | 6.2 | 0 |
Steady model | 214.8 | 196.0 | 18.8 | 13.1 | 5.8 | 0 |
3.1.2. Estimation of Groundwater Discharge
3.2. Calibration of the Groundwater Model
3.2.1. Calibration of the Steady Groundwater Model
3.2.2. Calibration of the Transient Groundwater Model
3.2.3. Sensitivity of the Transient Groundwater Model
3.3. Simulation of Land Use Change Scenarios
Annual Components | Precipitation | ET | Net Recharge | Discharge | Deep Circulation | Change of Storage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scenario 1 | 214.8 | 102.7 | 112.1 | 13.4 | 8.1 | 90.1 |
Scenario 2 | 214.8 | 196.0 | 18.8 | 12.7 | 8.0 | −4.1 |
Scenario 3 | 214.8 | 189.2 | 25.6 | 12.8 | 8.0 | 3.9 |
Scenario 4 | 214.8 | 120.9 | 93.9 | 13.2 | 8.1 | 72.4 |
Annual Components | Precipitation | ET | Net Recharge | Discharge | Deep Circulation | Change of Storage | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scenario 2 | Dry | 214.8 | 196.0 | 18.8 | 12.7 | 8.0 | −4.06 |
Normal | 340.0 | 218.4 | 121.6 | 13.6 | 8.2 | 99.24 | |
Wet | 420.0 | 280.5 | 139.5 | 13.8 | 8.4 | 115.86 | |
Scenario 4 | Dry | 214.8 | 120.9 | 93.9 | 13.2 | 8.1 | 72.4 |
Normal | 340.0 | 136.7 | 203.3 | 14.1 | 8.3 | 179.9 | |
Wet | 420.0 | 166.0 | 254.0 | 14.5 | 8.4 | 228.6 |
4. Discussions
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Yang, Z.; Zhou, Y.; Wenninger, J.; Uhlenbrook, S.; Wan, L. Simulation of Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions under Different Land Use Scenarios in the Bulang Catchment, Northwest China. Water 2015, 7, 5959-5985. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7115959
Yang Z, Zhou Y, Wenninger J, Uhlenbrook S, Wan L. Simulation of Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions under Different Land Use Scenarios in the Bulang Catchment, Northwest China. Water. 2015; 7(11):5959-5985. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7115959
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Zhi, Yangxiao Zhou, Jochen Wenninger, Stefan Uhlenbrook, and Li Wan. 2015. "Simulation of Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions under Different Land Use Scenarios in the Bulang Catchment, Northwest China" Water 7, no. 11: 5959-5985. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7115959