Life | July 2024 - Browse Articles

28 pages, 2061 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Interplay between Obesity and Inflammation

by Ilinca Savulescu-Fiedler, Razvan Mihalcea, Serban Dragosloveanu, Cristian Scheau, Radu Octavian Baz, Ana Caruntu, Andreea-Elena Scheau, Constantin Caruntu and Serban Nicolae Benea

Life 2024, 14(7), 856; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070856 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2024

Abstract

Obesity is an important condition affecting the quality of life of numerous patients and increasing their associated risk for multiple diseases, including tumors and immune-mediated disorders. Inflammation appears to play a major role in the development of obesity and represents a central point [...] Read more.

Obesity is an important condition affecting the quality of life of numerous patients and increasing their associated risk for multiple diseases, including tumors and immune-mediated disorders. Inflammation appears to play a major role in the development of obesity and represents a central point for the activity of cellular and humoral components in the adipose tissue. Macrophages play a key role as the main cellular component of the adipose tissue regulating the chronic inflammation and modulating the secretion and differentiation of various pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Inflammation also involves a series of signaling pathways that might represent the focus for new therapies and interventions. Weight loss is essential in decreasing cardiometabolic risks and the degree of associated inflammation; however, the latter can persist for long after the excess weight is lost, and can involve changes in macrophage phenotypes that can ensure the metabolic adjustment. A clear understanding of the pathophysiological processes in the adipose tissue and the interplay between obesity and chronic inflammation can lead to a better understanding of the development of comorbidities and may ensure future targets for the treatment of obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Updates in Adipocytes and Adipose Tissue: 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 2376 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Brain Age and Health in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Single-Arm Pilot Clinical Trial

by An Ouyang, Can Zhang, Noor Adra, Ryan Tesh, Haoqi Sun, Dan Lei, ** **g, Peng Fan, Luis Paixao, Wolfgang Ganglberger, Logan Briggs, Joel Salinas, Matthew B. Bevers, Christiane Dorothea Wrann, Zeina Chemali, Gregory Fricchione, Robert J. Thomas, Jonathan Rosand, Rudolph E. Tanzi and Michael Brandon Westover

Life 2024, 14(7), 855; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070855 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2024

Abstract

Backgrounds: Sleep disturbances are prevalent among elderly individuals. While polysomnography (PSG) serves as the gold standard for sleep monitoring, its extensive setup and data analysis procedures impose significant costs and time constraints, thereby restricting the long-term application within the general public. Our laboratory [...] Read more.

Backgrounds: Sleep disturbances are prevalent among elderly individuals. While polysomnography (PSG) serves as the gold standard for sleep monitoring, its extensive setup and data analysis procedures impose significant costs and time constraints, thereby restricting the long-term application within the general public. Our laboratory introduced an innovative biomarker, utilizing artificial intelligence algorithms applied to PSG data to estimate brain age (BA), a metric validated in cohorts with cognitive impairments. Nevertheless, the potential of exercise, which has been a recognized means of enhancing sleep quality in middle-aged and older adults to reduce BA, remains undetermined. Methods: We conducted an exploratory study to evaluate whether 12 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise can improve cognitive function, sleep quality, and the brain age index (BAI), a biomarker computed from overnight sleep electroencephalogram (EEG), in physically inactive middle-aged and older adults. Home wearable devices were used to monitor heart rate and overnight sleep EEG over this period. The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery, in-lab overnight polysomnography, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and a multiplex cytokines assay were employed to compare pre- and post-exercise brain health, exercise capacity, and plasma proteins. Results: In total, 26 participants completed the initial assessment and exercise program, and 24 completed all procedures. Data are presented as mean [lower 95% CI of mean, upper 95% CI of mean]. Participants significantly increased maximal oxygen consumption (Pre: 21.11 [18.98, 23.23], Post 22.39 [20.09, 24.68], mL/kg/min; effect size: −0.33) and decreased resting heart rate (Pre: 66.66 [63.62, 67.38], Post: 65.13 [64.25, 66.93], bpm; effect size: −0.02) and slee** heart rate (Pre: 64.55 [61.87, 667.23], Post: 62.93 [60.78, 65.09], bpm; effect size: −0.15). Total cognitive performance (Pre: 111.1 [107.6, 114.6], Post: 115.2 [111.9, 118.5]; effect size: 0.49) was significantly improved. No significant differences were seen in BAI or measures of sleep macro- and micro-architecture. Plasma IL-4 (Pre: 0.24 [0.18, 0.3], Post: 0.33 [0.24, 0.42], pg/mL; effect size: 0.49) was elevated, while IL-8 (Pre: 5.5 [4.45, 6.55], Post: 4.3 [3.66, 5], pg/mL; effect size: −0.57) was reduced. Conclusions: Cognitive function was improved by a 12-week moderate-intensity exercise program in physically inactive middle-aged and older adults, as were aerobic fitness (VO₂max) and plasma cytokine profiles. However, we found no measurable effects on sleep architecture or BAI. It remains to be seen whether a study with a larger sample size and more intensive or more prolonged exercise exposure can demonstrate a beneficial effect on sleep quality and brain age. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep and Sleep Disorders in Sports and Advanced Physical Exercise)

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22 pages, 3710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Micromassage Compression Leggings Associated with Physical Exercise: Pilot Study and Example of Evaluation of the Clinical and Instrumental Effectiveness of Conservative Treatment in Lipedema

by Lorenzo Ricolfi, Valeria Reverdito, Guido Gabriele, Micaela Bortolon, Ilaria Macherelli, Piero Haag, Nicoletta De Santis, Massimo Guerriero and Laura Patton

Life 2024, 14(7), 854; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070854 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2024

Abstract

We evaluated the effect of compression leggings with micromassage in association with physical activity on women with lipedema, not previously treated and without recent changes in body weight. The treatment resulted in an improvement in all subjective parameters, in spontaneous and evoked pain, [...] Read more.

We evaluated the effect of compression leggings with micromassage in association with physical activity on women with lipedema, not previously treated and without recent changes in body weight. The treatment resulted in an improvement in all subjective parameters, in spontaneous and evoked pain, in the volume of the limbs, in the absence of significant changes in body weight, and regardless of the duration of use, age, years of illness, the clinical stage, and body mass index (BMI). Evoked pain did not improve in areas affected by untreated lipedema; foot circumferences did not increase. We found a significant reduction in the thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and skin evaluated in multiple points of the lower limb. Micromassage compression leggings are proposed as an integral part of conservative treatment. A method is proposed for the clinical evaluation of evoked pain, called the Progressive Pain Check (PPC), which allows for the calculation of a numerical score called the Ricolfi–Patton Score (RPS) and for the ultrasound evaluation of tissues. The method is simple and repeatable and allows for completion of the clinical evaluation of the patient at diagnosis and for an evaluation of the effects of various treatments, even applied to just one side of the body. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Horizons of Adipose Tissue Disorders: From Hormonal Issues to Loose Connective Disease)

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10 pages, 4587 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Non-Invasive Paraclinical Diagnosis of Hepatocutaneous Syndrome in a Dog

by Anamaria-Hortensia Strichea, Ștefania Livia Hreniuc and Gheorghe Solcan

Life 2024, 14(7), 853; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070853 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2024

Abstract

A 14-year-old, female spayed Bichon Maltese with no other known previous pathologies was presented for dermatological examination after being referred from a private clinic with the suspicion of generalized, treatment-resistant demodicosis. Upon presentation and clinical examination, multiple deep skin scra**s were performed, returning [...] Read more.

A 14-year-old, female spayed Bichon Maltese with no other known previous pathologies was presented for dermatological examination after being referred from a private clinic with the suspicion of generalized, treatment-resistant demodicosis. Upon presentation and clinical examination, multiple deep skin scra**s were performed, returning negative parasitological results. Complete blood count and serum biochemistry revealed mild hepatic damage. Abdominal ultrasound revealed an abnormal echostructure of the liver displaying a honeycomb or Swiss cheese-like pattern, reported as pathognomonic for hepatocutaneous syndrome. The owner declined any further paraclinical examination, including skin biopsy and histopathological examination, requesting a treatment protocol that could be pursued at home, considering the age of the dog and its reactive behavior during the examination. The present case report highlights a non-invasive method of diagnosing the hepatocutaneous syndrome in a dog by clinical examination, routine blood testing, and ultrasound assessment of the abdomen, in the absence of the possibility of doing a histopathological diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Pathology and Veterinary Anatomy: 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 4168 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Colonization of Plants from Five Quercus Taxa Native to Greece by Tuber aestivum (Ascomycota, Pezizales)

by Vassileios Daskalopoulos, Elias Polemis, Irini-Evangelia Kioupidi, Panayiotis Trigas and Georgios I. Zervakis

Life 2024, 14(7), 852; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070852 (registering DOI) - 7 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Fungi of the genus Tuber are famous for their hypogeous ascomata (truffles), many of which possess noteworthy organoleptic properties. T. aestivum shows a wide geographic distribution, has many plant symbionts and is well adapted to various climatic conditions. In this study, five Quercus [...] Read more.

Fungi of the genus Tuber are famous for their hypogeous ascomata (truffles), many of which possess noteworthy organoleptic properties. T. aestivum shows a wide geographic distribution, has many plant symbionts and is well adapted to various climatic conditions. In this study, five Quercus taxa native to Greece (i.e., Q. coccifera, Q. ilex, Q. ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis, Q. pubescens and Q. trojana subsp. trojana) were inoculated with spore suspensions obtained from a single ascoma of T. aestivum. The fungal colonization of oak roots was evaluated at three, seven and 12 months after inoculation; the respective colonization rates for each time period were as follows: low to medium (17–41%) for Q. pubescens, Q. ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis and Q. trojana subsp. trojana, medium to relatively high (58–80%) for Q. ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis, Q. ilex, Q. pubescens and Q. trojana subsp. trojana, and medium to high (45–87%) for all oak species examined. Positive correlations were assessed between the number of colonized root tips and the total root tips number, but no significant differences were detected between the inoculated plants and the respective control as regards plant growth. The ectomycorrhizae formed by T. aestivum with Q. ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis and Q. trojana subsp. trojana are described for the first time. The outcome of the study evidences the feasibility of generating the seedlings of various indigenous oak species (covering a large range of diverse habitats) successfully inoculated with autochthonous truffles to be readily used for cultivation purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Science)

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8 pages, 650 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Health Technology Assessment of Cardiopulmonary Bypass Circuit with and without Phosphorylcholine Coating: A Retrospective Study on Safety and Efficiency in Cardiac Surgery

by Ignazio Condello, Giuseppe Nasso, Salvatore Scrivo, Flavio Fiore and Giuseppe Speziale

Life 2024, 14(7), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070851 (registering DOI) - 6 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Background: Phosphorylcholine has emerged as a potential adjunctive agent in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuits. Phosphorylcholine serves as a coating for the CPB circuit, potentially enhancing biocompatibility and reducing thrombotic events. However, its impact on specific patient populations and procedural outcomes remains underexplored. Materials [...] Read more.

Background: Phosphorylcholine has emerged as a potential adjunctive agent in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuits. Phosphorylcholine serves as a coating for the CPB circuit, potentially enhancing biocompatibility and reducing thrombotic events. However, its impact on specific patient populations and procedural outcomes remains underexplored. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, we analyzed data from 60 patients who underwent cardiac surgery with CPB, comprising 20 cases each of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), mitral valve repair, and aortic valve replacement. The patient cohort was divided into two groups—30 patients whose CPB circuits were coated with phosphorylcholine (phosphorylcholine-coated group) and 30 patients who did not receive phosphorylcholine supplementation or circuit coating. Both groups underwent surgery with identical CPB circuit designs. We assessed the absence of adverse events, safety, and efficacy parameters, including blood loss, clotting, and the structural integrity of the CPB circuit. Additionally, we measured changes in mean albumin levels (g/dL), mean platelet counts (×10⁹/L), and antithrombin III (ATIII) levels before and after CPB. Results: The retrospective analysis revealed an absence of adverse events in both groups. In the phosphorylcholine-coated group compared to the non-phosphorylcholine-coated group, there was a notable difference in the delta change in mean albumin levels (0.87 ± 0.1 vs. 1.65 ± 0.2 g/dL, p-value 0.021), mean platelet counts (42.251 ± 0.121 vs. 54.21 ± 0.194 × 10⁹/L, p-value 0.049), and ATIII levels (16.85 ± 0.2 vs. 31.21 ± 0.3 p-value 0.017). There was a notable reduction in the perioperative consumption of human complex units after CPB (3 vs. 12, p-value 0.019). Conclusions: Both groups, phosphorylcholine and non-phosphorylcholine, demonstrated the absence of adverse events and that the systems are safe for iatrogenic complication. Our findings suggest that the use of phosphorylcholine coating on the CPB circuit, in the absence of supplementary phosphorylcholine, in cardiac surgery is associated with favorable changes in mean albumin levels, mean platelet counts, and ATIII levels. Further research is warranted to elucidate the full extent of phosphorylcholine’s impact on patient outcomes and CPB circuit performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinarity in Cardiovascular Diseases: From Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Treatment—2nd Edition)

21 pages, 1979 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Surgical Site Infections in Colorectal Cancer Surgeries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Surgical Approach and Associated Risk Factors

by Valentin Calu, Catalin Piriianu, Adrian Miron and Valentin Titus Grigorean

Life 2024, 14(7), 850; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070850 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) represent a noteworthy contributor to both morbidity and mortality in the context of patients who undergo colorectal surgery. Several risk factors have been identified; however, their relative significance remains uncertain. Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis of observational studies [...] Read more.

Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) represent a noteworthy contributor to both morbidity and mortality in the context of patients who undergo colorectal surgery. Several risk factors have been identified; however, their relative significance remains uncertain. Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis of observational studies from their inception up until 2023 that investigated risk factors for SSIs in colorectal surgery. A random-effects model was used to pool the data and calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each risk factor. Results: Our analysis included 26 studies with a total of 61,426 patients. The pooled results showed that male sex (OR = 1.45), body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m² (OR = 1.09), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score ≥ 3 (OR = 1.69), were all independent risk factors for SSIs in colorectal surgery. Conversely, laparoscopic surgery (OR = 0.70) was found to be a protective factor. Conclusions: The meta-analysis conducted revealed various risk factors, both modifiable and non-modifiable, associated with surgical site infections (SSIs) in colorectal surgery. These findings emphasize the significance of targeted interventions, including optimizing glycemic control, minimizing blood loss, and using laparoscopic techniques whenever feasible in order to decrease the occurrence of surgical site infections in this particular group of patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Surgery: Trends in Prevention, Diagnostic and Treatment)

15 pages, 288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Crushed Flaxseed Consumption on Cardiovascular Risk Indicators in Menopausal Women

by Petra Lenártová, Martina Gažarová, Jana Kopčeková and Jana Mrázová

Life 2024, 14(7), 849; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070849 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Flaxseed is known for its numerous health benefits and is often used in the prevention and treatment of civilizational diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of consuming crushed flaxseed on cardiovascular risk in 51 menopausal women. The intervention lasted for 8 [...] Read more.

Flaxseed is known for its numerous health benefits and is often used in the prevention and treatment of civilizational diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of consuming crushed flaxseed on cardiovascular risk in 51 menopausal women. The intervention lasted for 8 weeks, during which participants received a daily dose of 40 g of crushed flaxseed from two varieties with differing lignan contents. Participants were divided into three subgroups based on the variety of flaxseed consumed: (1) high-lignan group (HL), (2) low-lignan group (LL), and (3) control group (no flaxseed consumption). Biochemical blood parameters were measured using a BiOLis 24i Premium automatic analyzer. Body composition was assessed using an InBody 720 device. In the lipid profile, we observed a significant increase in total cholesterol (T-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, along with a significant decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in both the HL and LL groups. Triglyceride (TG) levels exhibited no significant change, whereas high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were significantly reduced in both the HL (p < 0.01) and LL (p < 0.01) groups. Visceral fat area (VFA) and percent body fat (PBF) showed a slight decreasing trend in the HL group, whereas in the LL group, VFA showed a slight increase. Body mass index (BMI) remained stable across all groups. These findings suggest that for the modulation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, the daily dosage, duration of consumption, form of intake, and the specific variety of flaxseed (based on lignan content) are crucial factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Novel Mechanisms and Risk Factors)

18 pages, 5345 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cell Cycle Kinetics and Sister Chromatid Exchange in Mosaic Turner Syndrome

by Miriam Beatriz Goulart, Eduardo Vieira Neto, Daniela R. Ney Garcia, Marília Martins Guimarães, Isaías Soares de Paiva, Karina de Ferran, Nathalia Correia Krause dos Santos, Luciana Santos Barbosa, Amanda F. de Figueiredo, Maria Cecília Menks Ribeiro and Márcia Gonçalves Ribeiro

Life 2024, 14(7), 848; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070848 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Turner syndrome (TS) is caused by a complete or partial absence of an X or Y chromosome, including chromosomal mosaicism, affecting 1 in 2500 female live births. Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) is used as a sensitive indicator of spontaneous chromosome instability. Cells from [...] Read more.

Turner syndrome (TS) is caused by a complete or partial absence of an X or Y chromosome, including chromosomal mosaicism, affecting 1 in 2500 female live births. Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) is used as a sensitive indicator of spontaneous chromosome instability. Cells from mosaic patients constitute useful material for SCE evaluations as they grow under the influence of the same genetic background and endogenous and exogenous factors. We evaluated the proliferation dynamics and SCE frequencies of 45,X and 46,XN cells of 17 mosaic TS patients. In two participants, the 45,X cells exhibited a proliferative disadvantage in relation to 46,XN cells after 72 h of cultivation. The analysis of the mean proliferation index (PI) showed a trend for a significant difference between the 45,X and 46,X+der(X)/der(Y) cell lineages; however, there were no intra-individual differences. On the other hand, mean SCE frequencies showed that 46,X+der(X) had the highest mean value and 46,XX the lowest, with 45,X occupying an intermediate position among the lineages found in at least three participants; moreover, there were intra-individual differences in five patients. Although 46,X+der(X)/der(Y) cell lineages, found in more than 70% of participants, were the most unstable, they had a slightly higher mean PI than the 45,X cell lineages in younger (≤17 years) mosaic TS participants. This suggests that cells with a karyotype distinct from 45,X may increase with time in mosaic TS children and adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics and Genomics)

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12 pages, 658 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Efficacy of Early Rehabilitation Combined with Virtual Reality Training in Patients with First-Time Acute Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Ta-Chung Chao, Chia-Huei Lin, Meei-Shyuan Lee, Cheng-Chiang Chang, Chia-Ying Lai, Chien-Yao Huang, Wen-Yuan Chang and Shang-Lin Chiang

Life 2024, 14(7), 847; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070847 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Early rehabilitation has beneficial impacts on functional outcomes for patients with acute stroke. However, whether the addition of virtual reality (VR) training could further improve these patients’ muscle strength, functional recovery, and psychological health is unknown. A randomized controlled trial was conducted on [...] Read more.

Early rehabilitation has beneficial impacts on functional outcomes for patients with acute stroke. However, whether the addition of virtual reality (VR) training could further improve these patients’ muscle strength, functional recovery, and psychological health is unknown. A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 33 patients with first-time acute ischemic stroke. The patients were randomly assigned using a 1:1 randomization ratio to either the experimental group (EG) or the comparison group (CG). Both groups received early rehabilitation, and the EG received extra VR training during their stay in the hospital. Muscle strength, functional status, and psychological health were assessed before the intervention and at discharge. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the intervention effects via the interaction of time and group. After adjusting for potential covariates, the EG showed a more significant decrease in depression at discharge than the CG (ß = 3.77, p = 0.011). There were no differences in muscle strength and functional recovery between groups after intervention. Adding VR training into early rehabilitation facilitates substantial positive effects on psychological health, specifically depression, but not muscle strength and functional recovery, compared to receiving early rehabilitation alone in patients with first-time acute stroke during their hospitalized period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Support of the Elderly and People with Disabilities)

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15 pages, 3940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Light-Assisted Formation of Nucleosides and Nucleotides from Formamide in the Presence of Cerium Phosphate

by Shoval Gilboa, Larisa Panz, Nitai Arbell and Yaron Paz

Life 2024, 14(7), 846; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070846 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2024

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Abstract

The abiotic formation of nucleotides from small, simple molecules is of large interest in the context of elucidating the origin of life scenario. In what follows, it is shown that nucleosides and nucleotides can be formed from formamide in a one-pot reaction utilizing [...] Read more.

The abiotic formation of nucleotides from small, simple molecules is of large interest in the context of elucidating the origin of life scenario. In what follows, it is shown that nucleosides and nucleotides can be formed from formamide in a one-pot reaction utilizing the mineral cerium phosphate (CePO₄) as a photocatalyst, a catalyst and a reactant that supplies the necessary phosphate groups. While the most abundant RNA/DNA building blocks were thymidine and thymidine monophosphate, considerable yields of other building blocks such as cytidine, cytidine monophosphate, and adenosine cyclic monophosphate were found. Comparing the yield of nucleosides and nucleotides under light conditions to that in the dark suggests that in the presence of cerium phosphate, light promotes the formation of nucleobases, whereas the formation of nucleotides from nucleosides take place even in the absence of light. The scenario described herein is considerably simpler than other scenarios involving several steps and several reactants. Therefore, by virtue of the principle of Occam’s razor, it should be of large interest for the community. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Origin of Life in Chemically Complex Messy Environments: 2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 3251 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease and Colorectal Cancer: Expect the Unexpected

by Doina Georgescu, Daniel Florin Lighezan, Ana Lascu, Roxana Buzas, Alexandra Faur, Ioana Ionita, Ciprian Ilie Rosca, Ioana Suceava, Despina Calamar-Popovici, Mihai Ionita and Oana Elena Ancusa

Life 2024, 14(7), 845; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070845 - 4 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome/veno-occlusive disease (SOS/VOD) is a rare liver vascular condition, potentially life-threatening, with clinical signs of portal hypertension, frequently reported in relation to bone marrow transplantation and possibly in non-transplantation-related chemotherapy. We report the case of a 65-year-old female patient who insidiously [...] Read more.

Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome/veno-occlusive disease (SOS/VOD) is a rare liver vascular condition, potentially life-threatening, with clinical signs of portal hypertension, frequently reported in relation to bone marrow transplantation and possibly in non-transplantation-related chemotherapy. We report the case of a 65-year-old female patient who insidiously developed fatigue, mild tenderness of the right upper abdominal quadrant, hepato-splenomegaly and slight weight gain consecutive to ascites development, as well as persistent elevation of transaminases and mild thrombocytopenia. To note, she had a previous history of colorectal cancer (CRC) with liver metastases and several courses of chemotherapy. Abdominal duplex and elastography measurements made the diagnosis of cirrhosis improbable. A lot of lab work-ups were performed in order to rule out several diseases and conditions. Further, transjugular access was used to perform the measurement of the hepatic venous pressure gradient and liver biopsy that confirmed SOS/VOD. In late 2023, she was diagnosed with endometrial adenocarcinoma, requiring chemotherapy again. At present, the liver condition is stationary, but the prognosis is, however, uncertain. In conclusion, we presented the atypical case of a female patient who developed portal hypertension syndrome associated with the late onset of SOS/VOD, after 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin chemotherapy for CRC and liver metastases, subsequently diagnosed with endometrial adenocarcinoma, which posed many diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Given the potentially bad outcome, an early diagnosis of SOS/VOD in patients receiving drugs of risk is important not only to stratify further risk, but also to initiate an appropriate therapy in order to improve the prognosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disease)

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21 pages, 3141 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring Varied Treatment Strategies for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)

by Amani Elshaer, David M. H. Chascsa and Blanca C. Lizaola-Mayo

Life 2024, 14(7), 844; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070844 - 3 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) represents a liver disorder characterized by steatosis with underlying metabolic risk factors. The prevalence of MASLD continues to rise, leading to increased patient risk of various complications. Recent research has been focused on new therapeutic strategies to [...] Read more.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) represents a liver disorder characterized by steatosis with underlying metabolic risk factors. The prevalence of MASLD continues to rise, leading to increased patient risk of various complications. Recent research has been focused on new therapeutic strategies to reduce the incidence of MASLD and provide effective treatment plans to prevent further irreversible liver damage. The treatment approach is multifactorial, with a primary focus on weight loss and management of underlying comorbidities through lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, or surgical options. Ongoing research is exploring new pharmacological therapies that could enhance the treatment of MASLD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver in Everyday Clinical Practice: From Diagnosis to Therapy)

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17 pages, 21611 KiB

Open AccessReview

Myocardial, Valvular and Vascular Abnormalities in Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot

by Attila Nemes

Life 2024, 14(7), 843; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070843 - 3 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common heart defect associated with cyanosis characterized by the co-occurrence of pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, and ventricular septal defect with over-riding of the aorta. The present review purposed to summarize myocardial, valvular and vascular abnormalities, which [...] Read more.

Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common heart defect associated with cyanosis characterized by the co-occurrence of pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, and ventricular septal defect with over-riding of the aorta. The present review purposed to summarize myocardial, valvular and vascular abnormalities, which were described in a series of patients following repair of tetralogy of Fallot. It was also aimed to describe potential differences in these parameter using different surgical strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beyond Atherosclerosis: Between Unresolved Questions, Ongoing Studies, and Future Perspectives—2nd Edition)

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25 pages, 1089 KiB

Open AccessReview

Emerging Transcatheter Therapies for Valvular Heart Disease: Focus on Mitral and Tricuspid Valve Procedures

by Nikolaos Ktenopoulos, Odysseas Katsaros, Anastasios Apostolos, Maria Drakopoulou, Grigorios Tsigkas, Constantinos Tsioufis, Periklis Davlouros, Konstantinos Toutouzas and Antonios Karanasos

Life 2024, 14(7), 842; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070842 - 2 Jul 2024

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Abstract

The emergence of percutaneous treatment options provides novel therapeutic alternatives for older and feeble patients who are at high risk for any surgical procedure. The purpose of our review was to offer an up-to-date analysis of the rapidly expanding field of percutaneous technologies [...] Read more.

The emergence of percutaneous treatment options provides novel therapeutic alternatives for older and feeble patients who are at high risk for any surgical procedure. The purpose of our review was to offer an up-to-date analysis of the rapidly expanding field of percutaneous technologies for mitral, tricuspid, and pulmonary procedures. Edge-to-edge repair is an established treatment for secondary mitral regurgitation (MR), while transcatheter mitral valve replacement is a potential and expanding option for managing both secondary and primary MR. However, additional advancements are necessary to enhance the safety and feasibility of this procedure. Transcatheter tricuspid intervention is an emerging option that was conceived after the success of transcatheter procedures in aortic and mitral valves, and it is currently still in the early stages of advancement. This can be attributed, at least in part, to the previously overlooked effect of tricuspid regurgitation on patient outcomes. The development of edge-to-edge repair represents the forefront of innovations in transcatheter procedures. There is a scarcity of data about tricuspid annuloplasty and replacement, and further study is necessary. Transcatheter mitral, tricuspid, and pulmonary procedures show prospects for the future, while their role in clinical practice has not been definitively established. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Modern Thoracic Surgery)

16 pages, 4059 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Morphology of the Femur Influences the Fracture Risk during Stumbling and Falls on the Hip—A Computational Biomechanical Study

by Jan-Oliver Sass, Michael Saemann, Maeruan Kebbach, Ehsan Soodmand, Andreas Wree, Rainer Bader and Daniel Kluess

Life 2024, 14(7), 841; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070841 - 2 Jul 2024

Viewed by 304

Abstract

Proximal femur fracture risk depends on subject-specific factors such as bone mineral density and morphological parameters. Here, we aim to analyze the dependency of the femoral strength on sixteen morphological parameters. Therefore, finite-element analyses of 20 human femurs during stumbling and lateral falls [...] Read more.

Proximal femur fracture risk depends on subject-specific factors such as bone mineral density and morphological parameters. Here, we aim to analyze the dependency of the femoral strength on sixteen morphological parameters. Therefore, finite-element analyses of 20 human femurs during stumbling and lateral falls on the hip were conducted. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated and morphological parameters with significant correlations were examined in principal component analysis and linear regression analysis. The dependency of the fracture strength on morphological parameters was more pronounced during lateral falls on the hip compared to stumbling. Significant correlations were observed between the neck shaft angle (r = −0.474), neck diameter (r = 0.507), the true distance between the femoral head center and femoral shaft axis (r = 0.459), and its projected distance on the frontal plane (r = 0.511), greater trochanter height (r = 0.497), and distance between the femoral head center and a plane parallel to the frontal plane containing the projection of the femoral head center to the femoral neck axis (r = 0.669). Principal component analysis was strongly weighted by parameters defining the lever arm during a lateral fall as well as the loaded cross-section in the femoral neck. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Topographic and Functional Anatomy of Musculoskeletal System)

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10 pages, 3598 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Morphological Study on the Characteristics of Egg Envelopes of Three Cultrinae Fishes (Cyprinidae, Teleostei) in Korea

by Cheol-Woo Park and Jae-Goo Kim

Life 2024, 14(7), 840; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070840 - 1 Jul 2024

Viewed by 239

Abstract

Three species of subfamily Cultrinae currently live in Korea, but Erythroculter erythropterus has been introduced into the Nakdonggang River and has taken over the habitat, reducing the habitat of Culter brevicauda. Only the endangered species C. brevicauda still lives in the Yeongsangang [...] Read more.

Three species of subfamily Cultrinae currently live in Korea, but Erythroculter erythropterus has been introduced into the Nakdonggang River and has taken over the habitat, reducing the habitat of Culter brevicauda. Only the endangered species C. brevicauda still lives in the Yeongsangang River, and it is necessary to be careful not to introduce E. erythropterus in the future. Hemiculter eigenmanni is also found throughout the country. In order to effectively manage and conserve the species in its various habitats and against invasions, this study was initiated. The ultrastructure of the egg envelopes of three species of Cultrinae inhabiting the Geumgang and Yeongsangang Rivers—E. erythropterus, C. brevicauda, and H. eigenmanni—were observed. It was found that the zona radiata of the egg envelopes of all three species were divided into two layers, an outer and inner layer, with the outer surface having a non-structural form. This form is characteristic of fishes with muddy, stagnant habitats or spawning grounds. The number of pore canals on the surface of the egg envelopes was 83 for E. erythropterus, 75 for C. brevicauda, and 58 for H. eigenmanni per 10 μm², and the thickness was 7.89 ± 0.34 μm, 12.27 ± 0.46 μm, and 7.42 ± 0.24 μm, respectively. The shape of the micropyle demonstrated a funnel shape narrowing toward the inner diameter in all three species, and the size of the inner diameter was 6.62 ± 0.29 μm in E. erythropterus, 4.19 ± 0.39 μm in C. brevicauda, and 3.98 ± 0.46 μm in H. eigenmanni. The differences between species were identified in the number of pore canals, thickness, and micropyle inner diameter of egg envelopes, which were species-specific. Our study reveals a morphological mechanism in the egg envelope that prevents the formation of interspecific hybrids, and these features can be taxonomic traits that clarify species names. It also provides useful data for the production (breeding) of the second generation in aquaculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Aquaculture and Fish Reproduction)

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15 pages, 4308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Therapeutic Effect of Donepezil on Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairment after Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury

by Dong Hyuk Youn, Younghyurk Lee, Sung Woo Han, Jong-Tae Kim, Harry Jung, Gui Seung Han, Jung In Yoon, Jae Jun Lee and ** Pyeong Jeon

Life 2024, 14(7), 839; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070839 - 1 Jul 2024

Viewed by 353

Abstract

Background: Despite the important clinical issue of cognitive impairment after moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI), there is currently no suitable treatment. Here, we used in vitro and in vivo models to investigate the effect of Donepezil—an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor—on cognitive impairment in the [...] Read more.

Background: Despite the important clinical issue of cognitive impairment after moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI), there is currently no suitable treatment. Here, we used in vitro and in vivo models to investigate the effect of Donepezil—an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor—on cognitive impairment in the acute period following injury, while focusing on neuroinflammation and autophagy- and mitophagy-related markers. Methods: The purpose of the in vitro study was to investigate potential neuroprotective effects in TBI-induced cells after donepezil treatment, and the in vivo study, the purpose was to investigate therapeutic effects on cognitive impairment in the acute period after injury by analyzing neuroinflammation and autophagy- and mitophagy-related markers. The in vitro TBI model involved injuring SH-SY5Y cells using a cell-injury controller and then investigating the effect of donepezil at a concentration of 80 μM. The in vivo TBI model was made using a stereotaxic impactor for male C57BL/6J mice. Immuno-histochemical markers and cognitive functions were compared after 7 days of donepezil treatment (1 mg/kg/day). Mice were divided into four groups: sham operation with saline treatment, sham operation with donepezil treatment, TBI with saline treatment, and TBI with donepezil treatment (18 mice in each group). Donepezil treatment was administered within 4 h post-TBI. Results: In vitro, donepezil was found to lead to increased cell viability and 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimi-dazolylcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1), along with decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS), lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH), 2′-7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA)-positive cells, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells. The mRNA and protein expressions of neuroinflammation (Cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2; NOD-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3; Caspase-1; and Interleukin-1 beta, IL-1β), as well as autophagy- and mitophagy-related markers (death-associated protein kinase 1, DAPK1; PTEN-induced kinase 1, PINK1; BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3-like, BNIP3L; Beclin-1, BECN1; BCL2-associated X protein, BAX; microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3B (LC3B); Sequestosome-1; and p62) were all found to decrease after donepezil treatment. The in vivo study also showed that donepezil treatment resulted in decreased levels of cortical tissue losses and brain swelling in TBI compared to the TBI group without donepezil treatment. Donepezil treatment was also shown to decrease the mRNA and Western blotting expressions of all markers, and especially COX-2 and BNIP3L, which showed the most significant decreases. Moreover, TBI mice showed an decreased escape latency, increased alteration rate, and improved preference index, altogether pointing to better cognitive performance after donepezil treatment. Conclusions: Donepezil treatment may be beneficial in improving cognitive impairment in the early phase of moderate traumatic brain injury by ameliorating neuroinflammation, as well as autophagy and mitophagy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, 2nd Volume)

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13 pages, 500 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Tools for Optimizing Therapeutic Decision-Making in Prostate Cancer: A Five-Year Retrospective Analysis

by Silviu Constantin Latcu, Alin Adrian Cumpanas, Vlad Barbos, Victor-Bogdan Buciu, Marius Raica, Flavia Baderca, Pusa Nela Gaje, Raluca Amalia Ceausu, Cristina-Stefania Dumitru, Dorin Novacescu, Talida Georgiana Cut and Ligia Petrica

Life 2024, 14(7), 838; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070838 - 30 Jun 2024

Viewed by 281

Abstract

The effective staging of prostate cancer is essential for optimizing treatment and predicting outcomes. This study assessed the correlation between detailed preoperative diagnostic scores and postoperative outcomes to evaluate the accuracy of cancer restaging and its impact on treatment decisions and prognosis after [...] Read more.

The effective staging of prostate cancer is essential for optimizing treatment and predicting outcomes. This study assessed the correlation between detailed preoperative diagnostic scores and postoperative outcomes to evaluate the accuracy of cancer restaging and its impact on treatment decisions and prognosis after prostatectomy. This retrospective study analyzed 133 prostate cancer patients who underwent prostatectomies at “Pius Brinzeu” Clinical Emergency Hospital in Timisoara over five years. Preoperative Gleason scores increased significantly across risk categories, from an average of 6.21 in low-risk patients to 7.57 in high-risk patients. This trend continued postoperatively, with scores rising from 7.04 to 8.33, respectively. The average increase in Gleason scores from preoperative to postoperative assessments was most pronounced in high-risk patients, at 0.76. Significant changes in clinical staging included increases in NCCN risk, where high-risk patients showed a 30% increase, and ISUP grade, with a 26.7% increase in the high-risk category. Notably, nodal status changes were also significant in high-risk patients, showing a 23.3% increase. The incidence of MRI-detected adenopathy was notably higher in the high-risk group (50%). Furthermore, there were significant correlations between the preoperative CAPRA score and postoperative ISUP grade (r = 0.261) and the preoperative PIRADS score and postoperative ISUP grade (r = 0.306). Similar observations were made between the preoperative and postoperative Gleason scores (r = 0.286) and the number of positive fragments (r = 0.227) with the postoperative ISUP grading. Furthermore, the preoperative CAPRA score was significantly correlated (r = 0.261) with the postoperative ISUP grading. Preoperative MRI findings, which included assessments of adenopathy and seminal vesicle invasion, were also significantly correlated (r = 0.218) with the postoperative pathological findings. Additionally, a significant correlation was found between the preoperative PIRADS score and postoperative ISUP grade (r = 0.306). In forecasting the aggressiveness and staging of prostate cancer following surgery, preoperative PSA levels showed an AUC of 0.631; the preoperative Gleason score had an AUC adjusted to 0.582, and the number of positive biopsy fragments indicated an AUC of 0.566. These results highlight the necessity of accurate and comprehensive preoperative assessments to better predict disease progression and refine treatment strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prostate Cancer: 3rd Edition)

9 pages, 2910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Agreement between Ultra-Short-Term and Standard Heart Rate Variability Analysis in Resting and Post-Exercise Conditions

by Kai **, Zhenxiang Guo, Zining Qiao, Meng Liu, Yi Yang and Changnan Xu

Life 2024, 14(7), 837; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070837 - 30 Jun 2024

Viewed by 379

Abstract

Background: Short-term (5 min) heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is widely used in assessing autonomic nervous system activity during exercise. While shortening the HRV measurement duration can help improve its application efficiency, its accuracy needs to be verified. This study investigated the agreement [...] Read more.

Background: Short-term (5 min) heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is widely used in assessing autonomic nervous system activity during exercise. While shortening the HRV measurement duration can help improve its application efficiency, its accuracy needs to be verified. This study investigated the agreement between ultra-short-term (UST) HRV (3 or 4 min) and standard 5 min HRV and explored the optimal recording duration under resting and post-exercise conditions. Methods: Fourteen participants exercised on a cycle ergometer at 60% of their maximum peak power. Data were collected during the rest condition (Pre-E) and three post-exercise conditions (Post-E1, Post-E2, and Post-E3), with indicators of the standard deviation (SDNN) of the ultra-short and short-term RR intervals and the root mean square (RMSSD) of the continuous difference between RR intervals. Repeated measures ANOVA, Cohen’s d statistic, Bland–Altman analysis, and interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) assessed the agreement between UST-HRV and ST-HRV. Results: The consistency results of SDNN and RMSSD in resting and post-exercise were different. At the Pre-E, Post-E2, and Post-E3 phases, no statistical differences for SDNN and RMSSD were observed, with ICCs surpassing 0.9, indicating a high level of agreement. However, at Post-E2, there was a significant difference between 3 min RMSSD and 5 min RMSSD (p < 0.05), as well as between 3 min SDNN, 4 min SDNN, and 5 min SDNN (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the limits of agreement were observed to decrease as the time duration increased in Bland–Altman plots. Conclusions: UST-HRV analysis is a reliable substitute for standard 5 min HRV assessment, particularly during resting conditions. For post-exercise measurements, assessing the appropriateness of a 3- or 4 min duration based on the exercise’s length is recommended to ensure accuracy and reliability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Discussion in the Cardiovascular Field)

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10 pages, 776 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Birth Season and Sex on Motor Skills in 2-Year-Old Children: A Study in **hua, Eastern China

by Yuanye Zhu, Shuying Wang, Yongdong Qian, Jiahui Hu, Huiling Zhou, Mallikarjuna Korivi, Weibing Ye and Rong Zhu

Life 2024, 14(7), 836; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070836 - 30 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1647

Abstract

Background: This study investigates the effects of birth season and sex on the development of gross and fine motor skills in 2-year-old children in **hua, Eastern China. Methods: Conducted in **hua, a city in central Zhejiang Province, Eastern China, this research involved 225 [...] Read more.

Background: This study investigates the effects of birth season and sex on the development of gross and fine motor skills in 2-year-old children in **hua, Eastern China. Methods: Conducted in **hua, a city in central Zhejiang Province, Eastern China, this research involved 225 children, assessing their gross and fine motor skills using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, Second Edition. Scores were adjusted for age in months to avoid the relative age effect. Statistical analyses included MANOVA to evaluate the impacts of season and sex. Results: Sex had no significant impact on overall motor development scores (p > 0.05). However, the season of birth significantly affected fine motor quotient (FMQ) and total motor quotient (TMQ) (p < 0.05). Boys’ motor skills were generally unaffected by season, whereas girls born in winter exhibited superior fine motor skills compared to those born in summer. Conclusions: Seasonal environmental factors significantly influence early motor development, particularly fine motor skills in girls. These findings highlight the importance of considering seasonal variations in early childhood interventions aimed at enhancing exercise physiology and sports performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Exercise Physiology and Sports Performance)

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11 pages, 577 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

Comprehensive Evaluation of a Levonorgestrel Intrauterine Device (LNG-IUD), Metformin, and Liraglutide for Fertility Preservation in Endometrial Cancer: Protocol for a Randomized Clinical Trial

by Gergő Leipold, Richárd Tóth, Péter Hársfalvi, Lotti Lőczi, Marianna Török, Attila Keszthelyi, Nándor Ács, Balázs Lintner, Szabolcs Várbíró and Márton Keszthelyi

Life 2024, 14(7), 835; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070835 - 29 Jun 2024

Viewed by 338

Abstract

Endometrial cancer is a leading gynecological malignancy, with obesity being a significant risk factor due to increased estrogen production in body fat. Current treatments often involve hysterectomy, which precludes fertility, thus highlighting the need for fertility-preserving options. This study aims to evaluate the [...] Read more.

Endometrial cancer is a leading gynecological malignancy, with obesity being a significant risk factor due to increased estrogen production in body fat. Current treatments often involve hysterectomy, which precludes fertility, thus highlighting the need for fertility-preserving options. This study aims to evaluate the combined efficacy of a levonorgestrel intrauterine device (LNG-IUD), metformin, and liraglutide for treating women with endometrial hyperplasia or early stage endometrial cancer while preserving fertility. The study will enroll 264 women aged 18–45 with a BMI > 30 who desire uterine preservation. Participants will be randomized into three groups: LNG-IUD alone, LNG-IUD plus metformin, and LNG-IUD plus metformin and liraglutide. Primary outcomes will include complete pathological remission, while secondary outcomes will assess histological changes, glucose, insulin levels, and weight changes over a 12-month period. This study protocol hypothesizes that LNG-IUD combined with metformin and liraglutide may potentially lead to higher regression rates of endometrial hyperplasia (EH) and early stage endometrial cancer (EC) compared to LNG-IUD alone. Furthermore, the protocol anticipates that these combination therapies will demonstrate good tolerability with minimal adverse effects, suggesting the potential benefit of integrating metabolic interventions with LNG-IUD to enhance treatment efficacy while preserving fertility in women with EH and EC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Clinical Trials)

15 pages, 5578 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics, Relationships, and Anatomical Basis of Leaf Hydraulic Traits and Economic Traits in Temperate Desert Shrub Species

by Fengsen Tan, Wenxu Cao, Xu Li and Qinghe Li

Life 2024, 14(7), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070834 - 29 Jun 2024

Viewed by 283

Abstract

Shrubs are a key component of desert ecosystems, playing a crucial role in controlling desertification and promoting revegetation, yet their growth is often impeded by drought. Leaf hydraulic traits and economic traits are both involved in the process of water exchange for carbon [...] Read more.

Shrubs are a key component of desert ecosystems, playing a crucial role in controlling desertification and promoting revegetation, yet their growth is often impeded by drought. Leaf hydraulic traits and economic traits are both involved in the process of water exchange for carbon dioxide. Exploring the characteristics, relationships, and anatomical basis of these two suites of traits is crucial to understanding the mechanism of desert shrubs adapting to the desert arid environment. However, the relationship between these two sets of traits currently remains ambiguous. This study explored the leaf hydraulic, economic, and anatomical traits of 19 desert shrub species. The key findings include the following: Relatively larger LT values and smaller SLA values were observed in desert shrubs, aligning with the “slow strategy” in the leaf economics spectrum. The relatively high P50_leaf, low HSM_leaf, negative TLP_leaf, and positive HSM_tlp values indicated that severe embolism occurs in the leaves during the dry season, while most species were able to maintain normal leaf expansion. This implies a “tolerance” leaf hydraulic strategy in response to arid stress. No significant relationship was observed between P50_leaf and K_max, indicating the absence of a trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and embolism resistance. Certain coupling relationships were observed between leaf hydraulic traits and economic traits, both of which were closely tied to anatomical structures. Out of all of the leaf traits, LT was the central trait of the leaf traits network. The positive correlation between C content and WP_leaf and HSM_leaf, as well as the positive correlation between N content and HSM_tlp, suggested that the cost of leaf construction was synergistic with hydraulic safety. The negative correlation between SLA, P content, GCL, and SAI suggested a functional synergistic relationship between water use efficiency and gas exchange rate. In summary, this research revealed that the coupling relationship between leaf hydraulic traits and economic traits was one of the important physiological and ecological mechanisms of desert shrubs for adapting to desert habitats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Biotic and Abiotic Stresses 2024)

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11 pages, 585 KiB

Open AccessReview

Technology and Future of Multi-Cancer Early Detection

by Danny A. Milner, Jr. and Jochen K. Lennerz

Life 2024, 14(7), 833; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070833 - 29 Jun 2024

Viewed by 451

Abstract

Cancer remains a significant global health challenge due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. Early detection is essential for improving patient outcomes, yet current diagnostic methods lack the sensitivity and specificity needed for identifying early-stage cancers. Here, we explore the potential of [...] Read more.

Cancer remains a significant global health challenge due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. Early detection is essential for improving patient outcomes, yet current diagnostic methods lack the sensitivity and specificity needed for identifying early-stage cancers. Here, we explore the potential of multi-omics approaches, which integrate genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data, to enhance early cancer detection. We highlight the challenges and benefits of data integration from these diverse sources and discuss successful examples of multi-omics applications in other fields. By leveraging these advanced technologies, multi-omics can significantly improve the sensitivity and specificity of early cancer diagnostics, leading to better patient outcomes and more personalized cancer care. We underscore the transformative potential of multi-omics approaches in revolutionizing early cancer detection and the need for continued research and clinical integration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches to Early Cancer Detection)

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15 pages, 582 KiB

Open AccessReview

Start Strong, Finish Strong: A Review of Prehabilitation in Cardiac Surgery

by Vincent Bargnes III, Steven Davidson, Lillian Talbot, Zhaosheng **, Jeremy Poppers and Sergio D. Bergese

Life 2024, 14(7), 832; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070832 - 29 Jun 2024

Viewed by 464

Abstract

Cardiac surgery constitutes a significant surgical insult in a patient population that is often marred by significant comorbidities, including frailty and reduced physiological reserve. Prehabilitation programs seek to improve patient outcomes and recovery from surgery by implementing a number of preoperative optimization initiatives. [...] Read more.

Cardiac surgery constitutes a significant surgical insult in a patient population that is often marred by significant comorbidities, including frailty and reduced physiological reserve. Prehabilitation programs seek to improve patient outcomes and recovery from surgery by implementing a number of preoperative optimization initiatives. Since the initial trial of cardiac prehabilitation twenty-four years ago, new data have emerged on how to best utilize this tool for the perioperative care of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. This review will explore recent cardiac prehabilitation investigations, provide clinical considerations for an effective cardiac prehabilitation program, and create a framework for future research studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiac Surgery: Recent Advances)

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11 pages, 1002 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Effect of Lumbopelvic Manipulation for Pain Reduction in Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Long-Huei Lin, Ting-Yu Lin, Ke-Vin Chang, Wei-Ting Wu and Levent Özçakar

Life 2024, 14(7), 831; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070831 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 380

Abstract

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the most common etiologies of knee pain and might be relieved with lumbopelvic manipulation (LPM). This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effects of LPM on pain reduction in patients with PFPS. Electronic databases were searched from [...] Read more.

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the most common etiologies of knee pain and might be relieved with lumbopelvic manipulation (LPM). This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effects of LPM on pain reduction in patients with PFPS. Electronic databases were searched from inception to December 2023 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of LPM on PFPS. The primary outcome was the change in visual analog or numeric rating scale scores assessing pain. Ten studies comprising 346 participants were included. Significant pain reduction was noted in the LPM group (Hedges’ g = −0.706, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −1.197 to −0.214, p = 0.005, = 79.624%) compared with the control group. Moreover, pain relief was more pronounced when LPM was combined with other physical therapies (Hedges’ g = −0.701, 95% CI = −1.386 to −0.017, p = 0.045, = 73.537%). No adverse events were reported during the LPM. The LPM appears to be a safe and effective adjuvant therapy for pain reduction in patients with PFPS. Clinicians should consider adding LPM to other physical therapies (e.g., quadriceps muscle strengthening) during the management of these patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Management of Musculoskeletal Pain)

16 pages, 544 KiB

Open AccessReview

Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation Exposure on Human Male Gametes: Damage or Benefit

by Tsvetomira Dimitrova, Elena Hristova and Nadya Petrova

Life 2024, 14(7), 830; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070830 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 458

Abstract

With the improvement of medical devices for diagnosis and radiotherapy, concerns about the effects of low doses of ionizing radiation are also growing. There is no consensus among scientists on whether they might have beneficial effects on humans in certain cases or pose [...] Read more.

With the improvement of medical devices for diagnosis and radiotherapy, concerns about the effects of low doses of ionizing radiation are also growing. There is no consensus among scientists on whether they might have beneficial effects on humans in certain cases or pose more risks, making the exposure unreasonable. While the damaging consequences of high-dose radiation have been known since the discovery of radioactivity, low-dose effects present a much bigger investigative challenge. They are highly specific and include radio-adaptive responses, bystander effects, and genomic instability. Current data regarding the consequences of exposure to low-dose radiation on the quality of male gametes and fertility potential are contradictory. The reports suggest two directions: indirect impact on male gametes—through spermatogenesis—or direct effects at low doses on already mature spermatozoa. Although mature gametes are used for observation in both models, they are fundamentally different, leading to varied results. Due to their unique physiological characteristics, in certain cases, exposure of spermatozoa to low-dose ionizing radiation could have positive effects. Despite the findings indicating no beneficial effects of low-dose exposure on male fertility, it is essential to research its impact on mature spermatozoa, as well. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Male Reproduction)

15 pages, 1631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of a Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability Model in the Rat: Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research

by Ibrahim Saliba, Manon Bachy-Razzouk, Morad Bensidhoum, Thierry Hoc, Esther Potier, Raphaël Vialle and Alexandre Hardy

Life 2024, 14(7), 829; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070829 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 304

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate potential osteoarthritic alterations within the ankle using a surgically-induced chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI) model. Twelve rats were assigned randomly to either the control (n = 4) or CLAI group (n = 8). [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate potential osteoarthritic alterations within the ankle using a surgically-induced chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI) model. Twelve rats were assigned randomly to either the control (n = 4) or CLAI group (n = 8). Surgery was performed on the right ankle. Osteoarthritis was assessed through in-vivo micro-CT at 8 weeks and a clinical analysis. Macroscopic analysis, high-resolution ex-vivo micro-CT and histological examination were conducted after euthanasia at 12 weeks. Three subgroups (SG) were analyzed. SG1 comprised the operated ankles of the CLAI group (n = 8). SG2 consisted of the non-operated ankles of the CLAI group (n = 8). SG3 included both sides of the control group (n = 8). In-vivo micro-CT revealed no significant differences among the three subgroups when analyzed together (p = 0.42), and when comparing SG1 with SG2 (p = 0.23) and SG3 (p = 0.43) individually. No noticeable clinical differences were observed. After euthanasia, macroscopic analysis employing OARSI score, did not demonstrate significant differences, except between the medial tibia of SG1 and SG3 (p = 0.03), and in the total score comparison between these two subgroups (p = 0.015). Ex-vivo micro-CT did not reveal any differences between the three subgroups regarding bony irregularities and BV/TV measurements (SG1 vs. SG2 vs. SG3: p = 0.72; SG1 vs. SG2: p = 0.80; SG1 vs. SG3: p = 0.72). Finally, there was no difference between the three subgroups regarding OARSI histologic score (p = 0.27). These findings indicate that the current model failed to induce significant osteoarthritis. However, they lay the groundwork for improving the model’s effectiveness and expanding its use in CLAI research, aiming to enhance understanding of this pathology and reduce unnecessary animal sacrifice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Animal Models: From Physiology to Pathology)

11 pages, 572 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Use of Ascorbic Acid in Adjunctive Treatment for Schizophrenia—Current State of Knowledge

by Patrycja Piłat, Kamil Nikel, Joanna Smolarczyk and Magdalena Piegza

Life 2024, 14(7), 828; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070828 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 269

Abstract

Schizophrenia is a mental illness characterized by disturbances in the perception of reality, thinking, emotions, and social functioning. This significantly impacts the quality of life of patients and leads to long-term disability. Despite advances in understanding its pathogenesis and treatment, schizophrenia remains a [...] Read more.

Schizophrenia is a mental illness characterized by disturbances in the perception of reality, thinking, emotions, and social functioning. This significantly impacts the quality of life of patients and leads to long-term disability. Despite advances in understanding its pathogenesis and treatment, schizophrenia remains a clinical challenge, especially due to the diversity of its symptoms and the complexity of its mechanisms. Schizophrenia is associated with abnormal functioning of the dopaminergic system, disturbances in glutamatergic neurotransmission, and oxidative stress in the brain. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in optimizing the treatment of mental disorders. The potential use of ascorbic acid, or vitamin C, in the therapy of schizophrenia could bring substantial benefits to patients. Ascorbic acid exhibits antioxidant and neuroprotective properties, suggesting its potential efficacy in reducing brain oxidative stress and improving neurotransmission. Additionally, there have been reports of its positive effects on psychotic symptoms and its potential in reducing the side effects of antipsychotic drugs. In this review article, we present the current state of knowledge on the potential use of ascorbic acid in the treatment of schizophrenia as an adjunct to standard pharmacological therapy. We analyze existing clinical studies and the mechanisms of action of vitamin C, suggesting its promising role as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of schizophrenia. These insights, though not yet widely disseminated, may be significant for the further development of therapeutic strategies for this mental illness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Implication of Psychoactive Substance Consumption)

11 pages, 700 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Factors and Clinical Characteristics of Pruritus in Psoriasis: A Cross-Sectional Survey

by Silviu-Horia Morariu, Ovidiu Simion Cotoi, Oana Mirela Tiucă, Mircea Ambros, Roxana-Ioana Ilcuș, Liuba Garaga, Ailincăi Raluca, Diana Horea, Andreea-Beatrix Bălan, Mădălina Husariu, Anca Gînj, Alexandra Țiplic, Andrea Hidi, Biborka Szabo, Radu Alexandru Stan and Alin Codruț Nicolescu

Life 2024, 14(7), 827; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070827 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 163

Abstract

Pruritus is an important symptom among patients affected by psoriasis. To date, no general agreement has been established regarding pruritus as a measure of psoriasis severity. This study aims to assess psoriatic pruritis prevalence and characteristics using a comprehensive itch questionnaire. A semi-structured [...] Read more.

Pruritus is an important symptom among patients affected by psoriasis. To date, no general agreement has been established regarding pruritus as a measure of psoriasis severity. This study aims to assess psoriatic pruritis prevalence and characteristics using a comprehensive itch questionnaire. A semi-structured questionnaire consisting of 48 questions was applied to patients diagnosed with psoriasis and admitted to the Dermatology Department of Mures Clinical County Hospital, Romania. A total of 163 patients were enrolled, out of which 115 (70.55%) reported itch. Patients with itch had higher PASI (p = 0.003) and DLQI scores (p < 0.001). The itch was most frequently described as a crawling sensation, mainly located in the lesional skin and aggravated by stress and temperature variation. It had a moderate intensity (6.18 ± 2.46). Emollients were the treatment preferred by most patients in alleviating itch, while biologics exerted a protective effect on itch development (OR = −0.24; p < 0.0001) and negatively correlated with itch intensity (r = −0.23; p < 0.0001). Advanced age, high BMI, and PASI scores were indicators of itch presence, while female gender, high PASI score, and frequent itch episodes indicate highly intense pruritus (≥7 on the VAS). A better understanding of itch and its clinical features will guide physicians toward the best treatment option and would, ultimately, benefit the patient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanism, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Novelties in Dermatology: 2nd Edition)

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Life, Volume 14, Issue 7 (July 2024) – 74 articles

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