Selected Nutrition and Management Strategies in Suckling Pigs to Improve Post-Weaning Outcomes
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Management Strategies in Sows and Suckling Pigs to Increase Colostrum Intake
2.1. Pain Management in Sows
2.2. Split-Suckling
3. Nutritional Strategies in Suckling Pigs to Improve Growth and Intestinal Maturity at Weaning
3.1. Strategies to Help Maximise Dry Matter Intake in Piglets Prior to Weaning
3.1.1. Provision of Solid Creep Feed Pre-Weaning
3.1.2. Provision of Supplemental Milk Pre-Weaning
SA 1 (Days) | WA 2 (Days) | Pattern of Provision | Pre-Weaning Effects (d0 = Birth) | Post-Weaning Effects (d0 = Weaning) | Reference | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Litter size | Supplemental Milk Intake | ADG 3 | Weaning Weight | Other | ADFI 4 | ADG | FCR 5 | Other | |||
1 | 21 | Ad libitum | 2.5 L of milk/pig (375 g DM 6 cool season) 9.9 L of milk/pig (1.49 kg DM warm season) | NA 7 | ↑ | ↑ total litter weight =mortality ↑ glucose, IGF-I 8 and thyroxine in serum at weaning | NA | NA | NA | NA | [65] |
10.4 | |||||||||||
4 | 28 | Ad libitum | 4.76 L of cow’s milk/pig; 10.96 L artificial milk/pig (200 g total solids/L) | =from d0 to d14 ↑ from d14 to 28 ↑ from d0 to 28 | ↑ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | [71] |
12 | |||||||||||
10 | 20 | Ad libitum | 3.9 L of milk/pig (200 g of skim milk powder/L) | ↑ | ↑ | NA | ↑ from d0 to d21 | ↑ from d0 to d21 | NA | ↑ weight on d21 | [67] |
12 | |||||||||||
3 | 21 | Ad libitum | 1000 g of milk powder/pig | = | ↑ | ↘ % mortality ↗ number weaned | ↑ from 25 to 65 kg (grower period) | ↑ from 25 to 65 kg (grower period) | = | reached slaughter weight 3 days earlier | [63] |
12 | |||||||||||
3 | 26 | Ad libitum | 13.8 mL to 10.35 L of milk/pig (winter); 43.7 mL to 17.25 L of milk/pig (summer) (150 g powder/L of water) | = | ↑ | =% mortality =% medicated piglets | =from d0 to 42 | =from d0 to d42 | =from d0 to 42 | =% mortality =% medicated pigs | [72] |
10 to 11 | |||||||||||
4 | 21 | From 8:00 to 16:00 h daily | NA in Trial 1 (late fall) 22 g of milk powder/pig in Trial 2 (summer) | =(Trial 1) ↑(Trial 2) | =(Trial 1) ↑(Trial 2) | ↘ % mortality (Trial 2) | NA | ↑ d21 to d54 (trial 1) =(trial 2) | NA | =carcass weight, back fat thickness, dressing percentage | [69] |
10 | |||||||||||
1 | 28 | Twice a day or as needed | 3.86 L/pig or 138 mL/pig/day (150 g of powder/L of water) | = | = | =% mortality ↑ antibiotic treatments | NA | =from d0 to d21, d21 to d72, d72 to 115 | NA | =% mortality | [66] |
11 to 12 | |||||||||||
2 | 28 | Ad libitum | 520 g of powder/pig (20 g/pig/day) | = | = | ↑ number weaned ↑ total litter weight =mortality, diarrhoea ↓ treatment of facial lesions | NA | NA | NA | NA | [64] |
16.8 | |||||||||||
2 | 21 | Twice a day from 7:00 to 8:00 h and from 15:00 to 16:00 h | From d0–d7: 75 g DM 6 (litter/day) From d7–d14: 225 g DM (litter/day) From d14–21: 773 g DM (litter/day) | NA | ↑ | ↑ IGF-1 8 gene expression on d21 in jejunum mucosa ↑ small intestine weight on d21 ↑ crypt depth and ↓ villus height: crypt depth ratio in the ileum on d21 ↑ VFA 11 in the colon on d21 | NA | NA | NA | NA | [62] |
13 to 14 | |||||||||||
22 | 27 | 200 mL/pig per day | 172.5 g of creep/pig | ↑ | ↑ | NA | ↑ from d0 to d14 ↑ from d14 to d28 | ↑ from d0 to d14 ↗ from d14 to d28 | =from d0 to d14 ↑ from d14 to d28 | NA | [68] |
NA | |||||||||||
4 | 28 | Ad libitum | NA | = | NA | At d28 in colon: =bacterial diversity 9 =bacterial species richness 10 ↑ VFA ↓ Lactobacillus, Clostridium XI, Blautia, Clostridium sensu stricto, Escherichia ↑ Paraprevotella ↗ Ruminococcus, Clostridium XIVa and IV, Succiniclasticum ↑ TLR4 12 gene expression, ↓ IL-6 13 gene expression in mucosa | =from d0 to d7 | =from d0 to d7 | NA | ↘ diarrhea frequency | [76] |
8 | |||||||||||
4 | 28 | Ad libitum access, provision of fresh milk at 9:00 and 19:00 h | NA | = | NA | =villus height, crypt depth in jejunum on d28 ↓ lactase activity and ↑ sucrase activity in jejunum | = | = | NA | In jejunum on d7: =villus height, crypt depth ↑maltase activity ↑ Lactobacillus ↓ Streptococcus | [74] |
8 | |||||||||||
7 | 21 | Ad libitum access | NA | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ diarrhoea At d21, in jejunum: ↑ bacterial species richness 14 =bacterial diversity ↓ Romboutsia, Actinobacillus, Bacteroides and Lactobacillus | NA | NA | NA | NA | [75] |
NA | |||||||||||
1 | 28 | From 15:00 h on day 1 until weaning | For all piglets alive: From d1 to d12, 1.67 L/pig or 125 mL/pig/day) From d12 to d28, 3.2 L/pig or 200 mL/pig/day (150 g of powder/L of water) | NA | ↑ in litters of 17 piglets on d1 =in litters of 14 piglets on d1 | ↓ risk of piglets dying | NA | NA | NA | NA | [77] |
14 or 17 | |||||||||||
1 | 28 | From 15:00 h on day 1 until weaning | NA | = | = | =body fat and body protein content | NA | NA | NA | NA | [78] |
14 or 17 |
3.1.3. Provision of Supplemental Liquid Feed Pre-Weaning
3.2. Other Pre-Weaning Strategies to Stimulate Earlier Enzyme Production
3.3. Other Pre-Weaning Strategies to Stimulate Gut Structure and Function
3.4. Other Pre-Weaning Strategies to Modulate Gut Microbiota
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Area | Strategies | Review |
---|---|---|
Sow management |
| [16,17] |
| [18] | |
| [18,19] | |
| [17,18,19] | |
Sow nutrition |
| [20] [17] [17,20] [17] [17] [18] |
Piglet management |
| [18,19,20] |
| [17,18,19,20] | |
| [18,19] | |
| [18] [18] [21] | |
| [3,20,22,23] | |
| [24] | |
| [20] | |
| [18,19] | |
| [20] | |
Piglet nutrition |
| [18] |
| [22] [17,18] [18] [22] [25] [17] | |
| [20,22,26] [17,22] [17,18,19,22] | |
| [22] [22] [22] [26] [22] [22] [22] |
Medication | Dose | Route of Administration | Timing | Effects on Sows | Effects on Piglets | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meloxicam | 0.4 mg/kg BW 1 | Intramuscular | ~90 min post-partum | ↓ time lying during day 3 post-partum =FI 2 =RT 3 | =mortality ↑ ADG 4 of low birth weight piglets (<1180 g) from multiparous sows | [42] |
Meloxicam | 0.4 mg/kg BW | Intramuscular | ~12 h post-partum | =RT | =mortality ↑ litter size at weaning ↗ weight gain in litter of 11–13 pigs | [43] |
Meloxicam | 0.4 mg/kg BW | Oral gavage | Beginning of farrowing | NS 5 | =mortality ↑ ADG and weaning weight ↑ IgG 6 in serum on day 1 and 2 | [39] |
Meloxicam/ paracetamol | 0.4/30 mg/kg BW | Oral gavage | Once a day for 7 days from day 113 of gestation (sows with PDS 7) | =RT paracetamol ↓ RT vs. meloxicam | =mortality =ADG | [41] |
Meloxicam | 0.4 mg/kg BW | Oral gavage | Beginning of farrowing | ↗ colostrum IgA 8 and IgG | =mortality ↗ ADG from day 9 to weaning ↑ IgA in serum on day 1 and 9 ↗ IL-2 9 and IL-4 9 in serum on day 9 | [40] |
Meloxicam | 0.4 mg/kg BW | Intramuscular | ~2 h post-partum | =back fat at weaning ↓ body weight at weaning | ↗ colostrum intake =mortality ↓ antibiotics/anti-inflammatories ↑ ADG and weaning weight ↑ slaughter weight | [51] |
Meloxicam/Flunixin (no untreated sows) | 0.4/2 mg/kg BW | Intramuscular | 1.5–24 h post-clinical PDS signs | FI: meloxicam = flunixin RT: meloxicam = flunixin | Mortality: meloxicam < flunixin ADG: meloxicam = flunixin | [50] |
Flunixin/ Metamizole (no untreated sows) | 0.5/50 mg/kg BW | Intramuscular | End of parturition +24 h later if needed | Flunixin: ↓ RT (day 1 vs. day 3 post-partum) Metamizole: =RT (day 1 vs. day 3 post-partum) | NS | [44] |
Paracetamol | 20 mL of paracetamol (400 mg/mL) | Over the feed divided over two meals | 6 days from 3 days before farrowing to 2 days post-partum | =RT ↑ back fat at weaning | =mortality =ADG =IgG in serum on day 1 | [49] |
Ketoprofen | 3 mg/kg BW | Intramuscular | During 3 days post-partum | ↓ incidence of feed refusal ↑ back fat in week 2 ↓ constipation duration | =ADG | [46] |
Ketoprofen | 3 mg/kg BW | Intramuscular | Within 12 h post-partum | NS | ↓ mortality ↑ litter size at weaning | [47] |
Ketoprofen | 1 mg/kg BW | Intramuscular | Within 12 h post-partum | =back fat at weaning ↓ RT | ↘ mortality =weight gain per litter | [45] |
Ketoprofen | 3 mg/kg BW | Intramuscular | 1.5 h post-partum | =putative pain behaviours =salivary cortisol =C-reactive protein =cytokines | NS | [48] |
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Arnaud, E.A.; Gardiner, G.E.; Lawlor, P.G. Selected Nutrition and Management Strategies in Suckling Pigs to Improve Post-Weaning Outcomes. Animals 2023, 13, 1998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13121998
Arnaud EA, Gardiner GE, Lawlor PG. Selected Nutrition and Management Strategies in Suckling Pigs to Improve Post-Weaning Outcomes. Animals. 2023; 13(12):1998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13121998
Chicago/Turabian StyleArnaud, Elisa A., Gillian E. Gardiner, and Peadar G. Lawlor. 2023. "Selected Nutrition and Management Strategies in Suckling Pigs to Improve Post-Weaning Outcomes" Animals 13, no. 12: 1998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13121998