Animals

15 pages, 14286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Allelic Mitochondrial DNA Deletions in an Adult Dogs with Chronic Weakness, Exercise Intolerance and Lactic Acidemia

by G. Diane Shelton, James R. Mickelson, Steven G. Friedenberg, Jonah N. Cullen, Jaya M. Mehra, Ling T. Guo and Katie M. Minor

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1946; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131946 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: An adult dog was presented to a board-certified veterinary neurologist for evaluation of chronic weakness, exercise intolerance and lactic acidemia. (2) Methods: A mitochondrial myopathy was diagnosed based on the histological and histochemical phenotype of numerous COX-negative muscle fibers. Whole-genome sequencing [...] Read more.

(1) Background: An adult dog was presented to a board-certified veterinary neurologist for evaluation of chronic weakness, exercise intolerance and lactic acidemia. (2) Methods: A mitochondrial myopathy was diagnosed based on the histological and histochemical phenotype of numerous COX-negative muscle fibers. Whole-genome sequencing established the presence of multiple extended deletions in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), with the highest prevalence between the 1–11 kb positions of the approximately 16 kb mitochondrial chromosome. Such findings are typically suggestive of an underlying nuclear genome variant affecting mitochondrial replication, repair, or metabolism. (3) Results: Numerous variants in the nuclear genome unique to the case were identified in the whole-genome sequence data, and one, the insertion of a DYNLT1 retrogene, whose parent gene is a regulator of the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), was considered a plausible causal variant. (4) Conclusions: Here, we add mitochondrial deletion disorders to the spectrum of myopathies affecting adult dogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Canine and Feline Diagnostics—2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 1391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Polymorphisms in FASN, DGAT1, and PPARGC1A Genes and Their Association with Milk Yield and Composition Traits in River Buffalo of Bangladesh

by Monira Akter Mou, Gautam Kumar Deb, Md. Forhad Ahmed Hridoy, Md. Ashadul Alam, Hasi Rani Barai, Md Azizul Haque and Mohammad Shamsul Alam Bhuiyan

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1945; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131945 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024

Abstract

This study aimed to identify SNPs in the intron, exon, and UTR regions of the FASN, DGAT1, and PPARGC1A genes and to investigate their possible association with milk yield and composition traits in the riverine buffalo of Bangladesh. A total of [...] Read more.

This study aimed to identify SNPs in the intron, exon, and UTR regions of the FASN, DGAT1, and PPARGC1A genes and to investigate their possible association with milk yield and composition traits in the riverine buffalo of Bangladesh. A total of 150 DNA samples from riverine buffalo were used for PCR amplification with five pairs of primers, followed by association studies using a generalized linear model in R. SNP genoty** was performed by direct sequencing of the respective amplicon. Traits analyzed included DMY, fat%, protein%, and SNF%. This study identified 8 SNPs in FASN (g.7163G>A and g.7271C>T), DGAT1 (g.7809C>T and g.8525C>T) and PPARGC1A (g.387642C>T, g.387758A>G, g.409354A>G, and g.409452G>A). Genotypic and allelic frequencies differed significantly for each SNP genotype and did not follow the Hardy–Weinberg principle (p < 0.01 or p < 0.001) in most cases. The g.7163G>A and g.7271C>T SNP genotypes of the FASN gene were significantly associated with milk fat%, with the latter also significantly associated with SNF%. The g.8525C>T polymorphism of the DGAT1 gene significantly affected protein% (p < 0.01). Additionally, PPARGC1A gene polymorphisms showed significant associations: g.387642C>T with fat% (p < 0.05); g.387758A>G and g.409354A>G with protein% (p < 0.001) and SNF% (p < 0.01); and g.409452G>A with DMY (p < 0.001), fat% (p < 0.05), and protein% (p < 0.01). Reconstructed haplotypes of the PPARGC1A gene were significantly associated (p < 0.01) with all traits except SNF%. These findings suggest that polymorphisms in these three candidate genes have the potential as molecular markers for improving milk yield and composition traits in the riverine buffalo of Bangladesh. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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16 pages, 2280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Additive and Dominance Genome-Wide Association Studies Reveal the Genetic Basis of Heterosis Related to Growth Traits of Duhua Hybrid Pigs

by Jiakun Qiao, Kebiao Li, Na Miao, Fangjun Xu, **** Han, **angyu Dai, Omnia Fathy Abdelkarim, Meng** Zhu and Yunxiang Zhao

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1944; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131944 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024

Abstract

Heterosis has been extensively used for pig genetic breeding and production, but the genetic basis of heterosis remains largely elusive. Crossbreeding between commercial and native breeds provides a good model to parse the genetic basis of heterosis. This study uses Duhua hybrid pigs, [...] Read more.

Heterosis has been extensively used for pig genetic breeding and production, but the genetic basis of heterosis remains largely elusive. Crossbreeding between commercial and native breeds provides a good model to parse the genetic basis of heterosis. This study uses Duhua hybrid pigs, a crossbreed of Duroc and Liangguang small spotted pigs, as materials to explore the genetic basis underlying heterosis related to growth traits at the genomic level. The mid-parent heterosis (MPH) analysis showed heterosis of this Duhua offspring on growth traits. In this study, we examined the impact of additive and dominance effects on 100 AGE (age adjusted to 100 kg) and 100 BF (backfat thickness adjusted to 100 kg) of Duhua hybrid pigs. Meanwhile, we successfully identified SNPs associated with growth traits through both additive and dominance GWASs (genome-wide association studies). These findings will facilitate the subsequent in-depth studies of heterosis in the growth traits of Duhua pigs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

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27 pages, 2699 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Job Analysis and Curriculum Design of South Korean Animal-Assisted Therapy Specialists Using DACUM

by Soo Jeong Choi and ** Soo Han

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1943; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131943 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024

Abstract

This study analyzed the jobs of animal-assisted therapy specialists using the Development of a Curriculum (DACUM) technique, a job analysis method for the duties and tasks performed in a specific job. It derived nine duties and 54 tasks through a verification process. In [...] Read more.

This study analyzed the jobs of animal-assisted therapy specialists using the Development of a Curriculum (DACUM) technique, a job analysis method for the duties and tasks performed in a specific job. It derived nine duties and 54 tasks through a verification process. In addition, by analyzing the knowledge, skills, and attitudes according to the task, the duties of animal-assisted therapy specialists were derived with 37 knowledge points (K), 32 skills (S), and 46 attitudes (A). The curriculum was designed based on the results derived from the job analysis. The final derived subjects were “understanding the counselee”, “clinical practice”, “therapy-assisted animal management”, “case conceptualization”, “psychological test and evaluation”, “program development”, “understanding and practice of counseling psychology”, “animal-assisted intervention introduction”, “evaluation analysis and report”, “case study and practice”, “case guidance and management”, “training and behavior”, and “animal welfare”. These results can improve the professionalism of animal-assisted therapy specialists and the overall quality of the therapy site. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symbiosis in Animal-Assisted Interventions)

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15 pages, 5466 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Histological and Histopathological Features of the Third Metacarpal/Tarsal Parasagittal Groove and Proximal Phalanx Sagittal Groove in Thoroughbred Horses with Racing History

by Szu-Ting Lin, Alastair K. Foote, Nicholas M. Bolas, David R. Sargan and Rachel C. Murray

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1942; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131942 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024

Abstract

Information regarding the histopathology of the proximal phalanx (P1) sagittal groove in racehorses is limited. Twenty-nine cadaver limbs from nine Thoroughbred racehorses in racing/race-training underwent histological examination. Histological specimens of the third metacarpal/metatarsal (MC3/MT3) parasagittal grooves and P1 sagittal grooves were graded for [...] Read more.

Information regarding the histopathology of the proximal phalanx (P1) sagittal groove in racehorses is limited. Twenty-nine cadaver limbs from nine Thoroughbred racehorses in racing/race-training underwent histological examination. Histological specimens of the third metacarpal/metatarsal (MC3/MT3) parasagittal grooves and P1 sagittal grooves were graded for histopathological findings in hyaline cartilage (HC), calcified cartilage (CC), and subchondral plate and trabecular bone (SCB/TB) regions. Histopathological grades were compared between (1) fissure and non-fissure locations observed in a previous study and (2) dorsal, middle, and palmar/plantar aspects. (1) HC, CC, and SCB/TB grades were more severe in fissure than non-fissure locations in the MC3/MT3 parasagittal groove (p < 0.001). SCB/TB grades were more severe in fissure than non-fissure locations in the P1 sagittal groove (p < 0.001). (2) HC, CC, and SCB/TB grades including SCB collapse were more severe in the palmar/plantar than the middle aspect of the MC3/MT3 parasagittal groove (p < 0.001). SCB/TB grades including SCB collapse were more severe in the dorsal and middle than the palmar/plantar aspect of the P1 sagittal groove (p < 0.001). Histopathology in the SCB/TB region including bone fatigue injury was related to fissure locations, the palmar/plantar MC3/MT3 parasagittal groove, and the dorsal P1 sagittal groove. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Equine Surgery and Sports Medicine)

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19 pages, 4564 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Therapeutic Potential of Amantadine in a Vincristine-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy Model in Rats

by Isabela Santana Albertazzi Drummond, Jéssica Natália Silva de Oliveira, Raquel Vieira Niella, Álvaro José Chávez Silva, Iago Santos de Oliveira, Sophia Saraiva de Souza, Claire Souza da Costa Marques, Janaina Maria Xavier Corrêa, Juneo Freitas Silva and Mário Sérgio Lima de Lavor

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1941; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131941 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of amantadine in a vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy model in rats. Forty-eight male Wistar rats were used. The treated groups received oral amantadine at doses of 2, 5, 12, 25 and 50 mg/kg, with daily applications [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of amantadine in a vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy model in rats. Forty-eight male Wistar rats were used. The treated groups received oral amantadine at doses of 2, 5, 12, 25 and 50 mg/kg, with daily applications for 14 days. The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold was measured using a digital analgesimeter. Immunohistochemical analysis of IL-6, TNFα, MIP1α, IL-10, CX3CR1, CXCR4, SOD, CAT and GPx, and enzymatic activity analysis of CAT, SOD and GPx were performed, in addition to quantitative PCR of Grp78, Chop, Ho1, Perk, Bax, Bcl-xL, Casp 3, Casp 9, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18 and IL-1β. The results showed an increase in nociceptive thresholds in animals that received 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg amantadine. Immunohistochemistry showed a decrease in the immunostaining of IL-6, TNFα, MIP1α and CX3CR1, and an increase in IL-10. CAT and SOD showed an increase in both immunochemistry and enzymatic analysis. qPCR revealed a reduced expression of genes related to endoplasmic reticulum stress and regulation in the expression of immunological and apoptotic markers. Amantadine demonstrated antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in the vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy model in rats, suggesting that amantadine may be considered an alternative approach for the treatment of vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathic pain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomarker Research in Animal Pathological States)

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13 pages, 495 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Motivation and Habits of a Wild Boar-Hunting Community

by Vasileios J. Kontsiotis, Apostolos Polychronidis and Vasilios Liordos

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1940; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131940 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024

Abstract

The wild boar (Sus scrofa) is a widespread ungulate, the populations of which have recently increased throughout most of its range. This increase has caused negative impacts on ecosystems, biodiversity, and society. Nowadays, the wild boar is considered both a valuable [...] Read more.

The wild boar (Sus scrofa) is a widespread ungulate, the populations of which have recently increased throughout most of its range. This increase has caused negative impacts on ecosystems, biodiversity, and society. Nowadays, the wild boar is considered both a valuable game and a pest. Wildlife managers need to know the habits and motivations of wild boar hunters, a key stakeholder group, for effectively managing this controversial mammal. We carried out face-to-face interviews with 134 wild boar hunters in the Evros Prefecture, in the Region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, northern Greece to determine their hunting habits and their motivation for hunting. Most hunters owned a hunting dog (84.3%), hunted in groups of eight to nine people for 48 days, traveled 60 km, stayed outdoors for 4 nights, and spent weekly EUR 61 on average in each hunting season. Two motivations for wild boar hunting were prominent among the hunters (assessed on a 5-point scale; 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree): a strong recreation motivation (hunting as a recreational activity; mean score 4.159 ± 1.144 SD) and a considerable utility motivation (hunting for its use values; 3.404 ± 1.11). Both recreation and utility motivations were positively associated with the preference for further increases in wild boar populations. Sociodemographic characteristics and hunting habits variously affected motivations and preferred future population trends. The findings revealed specific habits and strong motivations among hunters. Such findings will be useful for designing and implementing education and outreach programs for informing hunters about the negative impacts of wild boars and the need for their control. The participation of hunters in the management process will be critical for its success. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wildlife)

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16 pages, 3844 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Potential Key Genes in Nutritional Deposition in the Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

by Yunya Wu, Pengfei **ao, Hang Sha, **angzhong Luo, Guiwei Zou and Hongwei Liang

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1939; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131939 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024

Abstract

The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most important aquaculture species in China, known for its remarkable adaptability and nutritional profile. However, the specific molecular response mechanisms regulating the nutritional deposition of carp remain inadequately elucidated. This study conducted [...] Read more.

The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most important aquaculture species in China, known for its remarkable adaptability and nutritional profile. However, the specific molecular response mechanisms regulating the nutritional deposition of carp remain inadequately elucidated. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of muscle nutritional content and transcriptome data from liver and muscle tissues of three distinct carp varieties. The aim was to elucidate the key genes and signaling pathways that regulate muscle nutritional composition in carp. The findings revealed that FFRC carp (FFRC) exhibited significantly higher levels of crude fat, total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and total n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in muscle tissue compared to Ying carp (YC) and Huanghe carp (HC) (p < 0.05). Transcriptomic analyses correlated these elevated levels with a marked upregulation of genes involved in the activation and transportation of fatty acid (fabp7, acsl5, acsbg2) as well as biosynthesis and elongation of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids (elovl2, fads2) within the liver. Furthermore, the flavor amino acid, essential amino acids, and crude protein content in the muscle of HC were significantly higher than in FFRC and YC (p < 0.05). Transcriptomic analyses indicated that this was associated with significant changes in the expression of genes related to amino acid metabolism (asns, alt, ldha, glul, setd, prodh, l3hypdh, hoga1) within their muscle tissue. This research provides a theoretical foundation for the precise modulation of the muscle nutritional composition in carp. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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21 pages, 5416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Habitat Suitability of Snow Leopards in Yanchiwan National Reserve, China

by Rashid Rasool Rabbani Ismaili, **aoxu Peng, Yibin Li, Arshad Ali, Tariq Ahmad, Anees Ur Rahman, Shahid Ahmad and Kun Shi

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1938; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131938 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024

Abstract

Snow leopards (Panthera uncia) are elusive predators inhabiting high-altitude and mountainous rugged habitats. The current study was conducted in the Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve, Gansu Province, China, to assess the habitat suitability of snow leopards and identify key environmental factors inducing [...] Read more.

Snow leopards (Panthera uncia) are elusive predators inhabiting high-altitude and mountainous rugged habitats. The current study was conducted in the Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve, Gansu Province, China, to assess the habitat suitability of snow leopards and identify key environmental factors inducing their distribution. Field data collected between 2019 and 2022 through scat sampling and camera trap** techniques provided insights into snow leopard habitat preferences. Spatial distribution and cluster analyses show distinct hotspots of high habitat suitability, mostly concentrated near mountainous landscapes. While altitude remains a critical determinant, with places above 3300 m showing increased habitat suitability, other factors such as soil type, human footprint, forest cover, prey availability, and human disturbance also play important roles. These variables influence ecological dynamics and are required to assess and manage snow leopard habitats. The MaxEnt model has helped us to better grasp these issues, particularly the enormous impact of human activities on habitat suitability. The current study highlights the importance of altitude in determining snow leopard habitat preferences and distribution patterns in the reserve. Furthermore, the study underscores the significance of considering elevation in conservation planning and management strategies for snow leopards, particularly in mountainous regions. By combining complete environmental data with innovative modeling tools, this study not only improves local conservation efforts but also serves as a model for similar wildlife conservation initiatives around the world. By understanding the environmental factors driving snow leopard distribution, conservation efforts can be more efficiently directed to ensure the long-term survival of this endangered species. This study provides valuable insights for evidence-based conservation efforts to safeguard the habitats of snow leopards amidst emerging anthropogenic pressure and environmental fluctuations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wildlife Movement Ecology)

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11 pages, 2861 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Effectiveness of Modified Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy Plates for Treating Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture and Medial Patellar Luxation in Small-Breed Dogs

by Eunbin Jeong, Young** Jeon, Taewan Kim, Dongbin Lee and Yoonho Roh

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1937; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131937 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024

Abstract

In small-breed dogs with concurrent cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) and medial patellar luxation (MPL), correcting both disorders is are essential for restoring normal gait. However, the previously described surgical treatment, using two osteotomy technique, poses a high risk of fracture and instability. [...] Read more.

In small-breed dogs with concurrent cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) and medial patellar luxation (MPL), correcting both disorders is are essential for restoring normal gait. However, the previously described surgical treatment, using two osteotomy technique, poses a high risk of fracture and instability. Addressing CCLR and MPL with a single osteotomy and implant was considered superior to the conventional method. Therefore, a pre-contoured modified tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (PCM–TPLO) plate facilitating medial shifting of the proximal tibia was developed. We compared postoperative alignment and strength between this novel plate group and a conventional tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) plate group using eight small-breed dog cadavers each. Additionally, we investigated the potential of the novel plate as an alternative to tibial tuberosity transposition. Postoperative alignment and strength were assessed through radiographs and mechanical testing. Measurements including tibial plateau angle, mechanical medial proximal tibial angle, and number of screws within the joint were also analyzed. There were no significant differences in all measured parameters. For the novel plate, the medial displacement ratio of the proximal tibia was confirmed to be approximately 30%, and the result was thought to be appropriate. These findings suggest that the PCM–TPLO plate could be a promising alternative for treating concurrent CCLR and MPL in small-breed dogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small Animal Orthopedic Surgery, Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation)

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9 pages, 3929 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Ovarian Sex Cord Stromal Tumor in a Free-Ranging Brown Bear (Ursus arctos)

by Natalia García-Álvarez, Álvaro Oleaga, María José García-Iglesias, Claudia Pérez-Martínez, Daniel Fernández, Luis Miguel Álvarez, Ramón Balsera and Ana Balseiro

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1936; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131936 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024

Abstract

Reports on neoplasms in bears are scarce, especially concerning ovarian tumors. A large primary ovarian neoplasm with multiple metastasis was found during the necropsy of a 14-year-old free-ranging Eurasian brown bear (Ursus arctos) from Northwestern Spain. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry allowed for [...] Read more.

Reports on neoplasms in bears are scarce, especially concerning ovarian tumors. A large primary ovarian neoplasm with multiple metastasis was found during the necropsy of a 14-year-old free-ranging Eurasian brown bear (Ursus arctos) from Northwestern Spain. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry allowed for the diagnosis of a sex cord stromal tumor. This is a complex group of neoplasms which differ in the predominant cell morphology and immunohistochemical features. The microscopic examination revealed two types of cells, one with eosinophilic cytoplasm, intermingled with larger vacuolated cells rich in lipids. The evaluation of the immunoreactivity to different markers, frequently used in the characterization of gonadal tumors (INHA, inhibin-alpha; PLAP, placental alkaline phosphatase; Ki-67; α-SMA, actin alpha-smooth muscle) and inflammation patterns (IBA1, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule for macrophages; CD3 for T lymphocytes; CD20 for B lymphocytes), displayed significant INHA positive immunostaining of neoplastic cells, as well as inflammatory cell infiltration, mainly composed of macrophages and B lymphocytes. These findings were consistent with a malignant ovarian steroid cell tumor, not otherwise specified. The present study characterizes an unusual type of neoplasm, and also represents the first report of an ovarian sex cord stromal tumor in Ursidae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disease and Health in Free-Ranging and Captive Wildlife)

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19 pages, 1303 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Organic Iodine Improves the Growth Performance and Gut Health of Fujian Yellow Rabbits

by Qinghua Liu, Yeqiu Zhang, Jie Zhang, Zhijian Du, Bixian He, Juanqing Qin, Li** Zhang and **g Zhang

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1935; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131935 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024

Abstract

Organic iodine is a new trace element additive that is highly efficient in regulating cell growth, function, and metabolism. This study demonstrated that organic iodine improves the growth performance and gut health of Fujian yellow rabbits. A total of 160 healthy rabbits of [...] Read more.

Organic iodine is a new trace element additive that is highly efficient in regulating cell growth, function, and metabolism. This study demonstrated that organic iodine improves the growth performance and gut health of Fujian yellow rabbits. A total of 160 healthy rabbits of similar weight were randomly divided into four groups, which were treated with organic iodine (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/kg) for 60 days. Our results indicated that organic iodine improved the growth performance, including significantly increased BW, ADG, and ADFI, and decreased F/G notably. Organic iodine improved the content of T3, T4, IgM, IgA, and IgM in serum, and intestinal mucosal immunity (IL-1α, IL-2, and sIgA). Organic iodine supplementation ameliorated gut morphometry and morphology, such as higher villus height and lower crypt depth. Organic iodine increased the amount of goblet cells significantly. The 0.5 mg/kg organic iodine most increased the activities of amylase, cellulase, and trypsin in caecum. Organic iodine induced more active caecum fermentation, higher NH₃-N, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid, while lowering PH. In conclusion, organic iodine improved the growth performance and gut morphometry and morphology, and increased caecum enzyme activities, active caecum fermentation, and intestinal immunity of Fujian yellow rabbits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mammals)

23 pages, 1996 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between Selected SNPs (g.16024A/G, g.16039T/C and g.16060A/C) of the FASN Gene and the Fat Content and Fatty Acid Profile in the Milk of Three Breeds of Cows

by Paulina Przybylska and Marian Kuczaj

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1934; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131934 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024

Abstract

Fat is an important energy and nutritional component of milk and consists of fatty acids. FASN (fatty acid synthase) is an enzyme that regulates the synthesis of fatty acids in the milk and meat of cattle. It was hypothesized that knowing the relationships [...] Read more.

Fat is an important energy and nutritional component of milk and consists of fatty acids. FASN (fatty acid synthase) is an enzyme that regulates the synthesis of fatty acids in the milk and meat of cattle. It was hypothesized that knowing the relationships between the genotypes of the tested single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the content of fat and specific fatty acids would make it possible to improve milk quality in the selection process during cattle breeding. This study aimed to analyze the relationships of SNPs (g.16024A/G, g.16039T/C) of the FASN gene and their genotypes with the fat and fatty acid content of the milk of the following breeds: Polish Red-White (ZR), Polish Red (RP), and Polish Holstein-Friesian Red-White (RW). The SNP g.16060A/C was included in the study, although its effect on the fat composition of cow’s milk has not yet been widely studied. Milk was obtained during test milkings. SNP genoty** was performed using the real-time PCR (HRM) method. The milk from ZR and RP cows was more often characterized by a more favorable fatty acid profile than the milk from RW cows. This information can be used by cattle breeders and consumers of so-called functional food. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Junction between Ruminants' Health Status and Quality of Animal Products)

15 pages, 3014 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Plasma Differences between Mares with Endometritis and Healthy Ones

by **jun Zhang, Yu** Gao, Zhanhai Mai, Yina Li, Jiamian Wang, **ngxu Zhao and Yong Zhang

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1933; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131933 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024

Abstract

The aim of this study was to explore alterations in plasma metabolites among mares afflicted with endometritis. Mares were divided into two groups, namely, the equine endometritis group (n = 8) and the healthy control group (n = 8), which included [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to explore alterations in plasma metabolites among mares afflicted with endometritis. Mares were divided into two groups, namely, the equine endometritis group (n = 8) and the healthy control group (n = 8), which included four pregnant and four non-pregnant mares, using a combination of clinical assessment and laboratory confirmation. Plasma samples from both groups of mares were analyzed through untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) metabolomics. A total of 28 differentially abundant metabolites were identified by screening and identifying differentially abundant metabolites and analyzing the pathway enrichment of differentially. Ten metabolites were identified as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of endometritis in mares. Among them, seven exhibited a decrease in the endometritis groups, including hexadecanedioic acid, oleoyl ethanolamide (OEA), [fahydroxy(18:0)]12_13-dihydroxy-9z-octa (12,13-diHOME), deoxycholic acid 3-glucuronide (DCA-3G), 2-oxindole, and (+/-)9-HPODE, and 13(S)-HOTRE. On the other hand, three metabolites, adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP), 5-hydroxy-dl-tryptophan (5-HTP), and l-formylkynurenine, demonstrated an increase. These substances primarily participate in the metabolism of tryptophan and linolenic acid, as well as fat and energy. In conclusion, metabolomics revealed differentially abundant metabolite changes in patients with mare endometritis. These specific metabolites can be used as potential biomarkers for the non-invasive diagnosis of mare endometritis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Equids)

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17 pages, 2540 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Microalgae-Derived Astaxanthin to Improve Cytoprotective Capacity in the Ileum of Heat-Induced Oxidative Stressed Broilers

by Donna Lee Kuehu, Yuanyuan Fu, Masaki Nasu, Hua Yang, Vedbar S. Khadka and You** Deng

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1932; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131932 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024

Abstract

The gastrointestinal tract has a pivotal role in nutrient absorption, immune function, and overall homeostasis. The ileum segment of the small intestine plays respective roles in nutrient breakdown and absorption. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of heat-induced oxidative [...] Read more.

The gastrointestinal tract has a pivotal role in nutrient absorption, immune function, and overall homeostasis. The ileum segment of the small intestine plays respective roles in nutrient breakdown and absorption. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of heat-induced oxidative stress and the potential mitigating effects of an astaxanthin antioxidant treatment on the ileum of broilers. By comparing the growth performance and gene expression profiles among three groups—thermal neutral, heat stress, and heat stress with astaxanthin—thermal neutral temperature conditions of 21–22 °C and heat stress temperature of 32–35 °C, this research aims to elucidate the role of astaxanthin in supporting homeostasis and cellular protection in the ileum. Results showed both treatments under heat stress experienced reduced growth performance, while the group treated with astaxanthin showed a slightly lesser decline. Results further showed the astaxanthin treatment group significantly upregulated in the cytoprotective gene expression for HSF2, SOD2, GPX3, and TXN, as well as the upregulation of epithelial integrity genes LOX, CLDN1, and MUC2. In conclusion, our experimental findings demonstrate upregulation of cytoprotective and epithelial integrity genes, suggesting astaxanthin may effectively enhance the cellular response to heat stress to mitigate oxidative damage and contribute to cytoprotective capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative Animal Nutrition and Metabolism)

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11 pages, 472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Streptomyces griseus Protease Reserved for Protein Evaluation of Ruminant Feed on Carbohydrase Activity during Co-Incubation

by Paul Okon, Sandra Liebscher, Andreas Hans Simon, Monika Wensch-Dorendorf, Martin Bachmann, Frank Bordusa and Annette Zeyner

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1931; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131931 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024

Abstract

For protein evaluation of feedstuffs for ruminants, the Streptomyces griseus protease test provides a solely enzymatic method for estimating ruminal protein degradation. Since plant proteins are often structured in carbohydrate complexes, the use of carbohydrase during the test might improve its accuracy. It [...] Read more.

For protein evaluation of feedstuffs for ruminants, the Streptomyces griseus protease test provides a solely enzymatic method for estimating ruminal protein degradation. Since plant proteins are often structured in carbohydrate complexes, the use of carbohydrase during the test might improve its accuracy. It is advisable to co-incubate protease and carbohydrase, risking that the carbohydrase activity is reduced under the influence of the protease. The present study was conducted to investigate this impact by using α-amylase or the multi-enzyme complex Viscozym^®L as carbohydrase. The detection of active protease was determined fluorescence photometrically using internally quenched fluorogenic substrates (IQFS). Cellulose, pectin, and starch degradation were determined spectrophotometrically using 3,5-dinitro salicylic acid as a colorimetric agent. The Streptomyces griseus protease mixture proved to be active for the selected IQFS immediately after the start of measurements (p < 0.05). Starch hydrolysis catalyzed by α-amylase or Viscozym^® L, respectively, was decreased by co-incubation with protease mixture by maximal 3% or 37%, respectively, at 5 h incubation time (p > 0.05). Pectin and cellulose hydrolysis catalyzed by Viscozym^® L, respectively, was not significantly influenced by co-incubation with a protease mixture (p > 0.05). Although a decrease in carbohydrase activity during co-incubation with Streptomyces griseus protease occurred, it was only numerical and might be counteracted by an adapted carbohydrase activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

11 pages, 1534 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MTHFR as a Novel Candidate Marker for Litter Size in Rabbits

by Jie Yang, Zhiyuan Bao, Jiali Li, Tingting Lu, Jiawei Cai, Shaoning Sun, Ning Shen, Yang Chen, Bohao Zhao and **nsheng Wu

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1930; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131930 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024

Abstract

Litter size is a significant economic trait during animal reproduction. This current study attempted to decipher whether MTHFR promotes the apoptosis of granulosa cells (GCs) and inhibits their proliferation by investigating the effects of the MTHFR gene using flow cytometry and a Cell [...] Read more.

Litter size is a significant economic trait during animal reproduction. This current study attempted to decipher whether MTHFR promotes the apoptosis of granulosa cells (GCs) and inhibits their proliferation by investigating the effects of the MTHFR gene using flow cytometry and a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. MTHFR is linked with ovarian follicle development in the reproductive performance of 104 female New Zealand rabbits. We observed that MTHFR could regulate the mRNA of follicular development-related genes (TIMP1, CITED1, FSHR, GHR, HSD17B1, and STAR) with a qRT-PCR, and we observed the protein expression of CITED1 and GHR using a western blot (WB) analysis. The dual luciferase activity assays helped identify the core promoter region of the MTHFR gene, and the polymorphism of the MTHFR promoter region was studied using Sanger sequencing. The results indicated four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the core promoter region, among which the g.-680C>A locus was significantly associated with both the total and alive litter sizes. Additionally, the CC genotype was associated with the largest total and alive litter sizes, compared to the CA and AA genotypes (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study investigated the effects of MTHFR on ovarian granulosa cells and its association with selected reproductive parameters in rabbits. The results provide a theoretical foundation for the use of MTHFR as a molecular marker in rabbits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Reproduction)

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20 pages, 1545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stability Analysis of a Fractional-Order African Swine Fever Model with Saturation Incidence

by Ruiqing Shi and Yihong Zhang

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1929; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131929 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024

Abstract

This article proposes and analyzes a fractional-order African Swine Fever model with saturation incidence. Firstly, the existence and uniqueness of a positive solution is proven. Secondly, the basic reproduction number and the sufficient conditions for the existence of two equilibriums are obtained. Thirdly, [...] Read more.

This article proposes and analyzes a fractional-order African Swine Fever model with saturation incidence. Firstly, the existence and uniqueness of a positive solution is proven. Secondly, the basic reproduction number and the sufficient conditions for the existence of two equilibriums are obtained. Thirdly, the local and global stability of disease-free equilibrium is studied using the LaSalle invariance principle. Next, some numerical simulations are conducted based on the Adams-type predictor–corrector method to verify the theoretical results, and sensitivity analysis is performed on some parameters. Finally, discussions and conclusions are presented. The theoretical results show that the value of the fractional derivative

α

will affect both the coordinates of the equilibriums and the speed at which the equilibriums move towards stabilization. When the value of

α

becomes larger or smaller, the stability of the equilibriums will be changed, which shows the difference between the fractional-order systems and the classical integer-order system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue African Swine Fever Virus Transmission and Control: The Role of Wild and Domestic Suids—2nd Edition)

16 pages, 2344 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic Characterization of Local Croatian Sheep Breeds-Effective Population Size, Inbreeding & Signatures of Selection

by Jelena Ramljak, Marija Špehar, Dora Ceranac, Valentino Držaić, Ivan Pocrnić, Dolores Barać, Boro Mioč, Ivan Širić, Zdravko Barać, Ante Ivanković and Ante Kasap

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1928; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131928 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024

Abstract

The Istrian (IS) and the Pag sheep (PS) are local Croatian breeds which provide significant income for the regional economy and have a cultural and traditional importance for the inhabitants. The aim of this study was to estimate some important population specific genetic [...] Read more.

The Istrian (IS) and the Pag sheep (PS) are local Croatian breeds which provide significant income for the regional economy and have a cultural and traditional importance for the inhabitants. The aim of this study was to estimate some important population specific genetic parameters in IS (N = 1293) and PS (N = 2637) based on genome wide SNPs. Estimates of linkage disequilibrium effective population size (N_e) evidenced more genetic variability in PS (N_e = 838) compared to IS (N_e = 197), regardless of historical time (both recent and ancient genetic variability). The discrepancy in the recent genetic variability between these breeds was additionally confirmed by the estimates of genomic inbreeding (F_ROH), which was estimated to be notably higher in IS (F_ROH>2 = 0.062) than in PS (F_ROH>2 = 0.029). The average F_ROH2–4, F_ROH4–8, F_ROH8–16, and F_ROH>16 were 0.26, 1.65, 2.14, and 3.72 for IS and 0.22, 0.61, 0.75, and 1.58 for PS, thus evidencing a high contribution of recent inbreeding in the overall inbreeding. One ROH island with > 30% of SNP incidence in ROHs was detected in IS (OAR6; 34,253,440–38,238,124 bp) while there was no ROH islands detected in PS. Seven genes (CCSER1, HERC3, LCORL, NAP1L5, PKD2, PYURF, and SPP1) involved in growth, feed intake, milk production, immune responses, and resistance were associated with the found autozygosity. The results of this study represent the first comprehensive insight into genomic variability of these two Croatian local sheep breeds and will serve as a baseline for setting up the most promising strategy of genomic Optimum Contribution Selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Genetics and Breeding in Livestock Management)

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