Review on Sensing Applications of Perovskite Nanomaterials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Structure, Stability and Properties of Perovskites
3. Factors Affecting Sensor Interrogations of Perovskite Nanomaterials
- A.
- Suitable nanostructure: Design and development of suitable nanostructure for a specified analyte/sensor utility is still a question to researchers. Since perovskites may form diverse nanostructures such as quantum dots, nanocrystals, nanowires/rods, nanoparticles, etc. It is still the most difficult challenge for scholars to identify the proper perovskite nanomaterials for their target sensor investigation. Another critical issue is that some synthetic path may lead to a mixture of nanostructures, hence an improved strategy or synthetic path is required to afford explicit nanostructured materials.
- B.
- Stability: perovskite nanomaterials has the major issue of stability, which might influence many sensor responses. For example, organometallic halide perovskites can be significantly affected by moisture and humid conditions. Likewise, both oxide and halide perovskites can become unstable by temperature, pressure and solvent environment [67]. However, this property may also direct the perovskite materials toward sensors for pressure, temperature, solvents, etc. [68,69,70]. These factors might disrupt their crystallinity, structure and morphology, hence sensory designs for other analytes require precautions. Due to the stability concern, recycle of perovskite nanomaterials is still an open question in electronic device-based sensors.
- C.
- Toxicity/environmental affordability: to authenticate the sensor efficacies of perovskite nanomaterials, elucidation of their toxicity or environmental affordability is much anticipated. Toxicity measurements may tell us the biocompatibility of those materials to be consumed in healthcare products. However, majority of halide perovskites are likely to be toxic, hence their use in biosamples are rather restricted. For example, CH3NH3PbX3 (X = Cl, Br and I) are well known candidates with good emissive nature but should be avoided to use in biosamples. Bio/environmental samples may be affected by the presence of toxic Pb ions, hence actions are needed to eliminate their harmfulness via suitable modifications with appropriate cap** or cations [71].
- D.
- Quantum yield (Φ): consumption of luminescent perovskite nanomaterials-based analyte detection is becoming the modern research topic. However, develo** such luminescent materials with analyte specificity is still a challenge. Since luminescent property may vary at diverse precursor dilution [72], it is very essential to develop materials with high quantum yield (Φ) values. For example, Zhu et al. publicized the CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals with 87% quantum yield towards colorimetric sensing of peroxide number in edible oils [73]. Therefore, the development of luminescent perovskite nanomaterials with high quantum yield is expected for sensor studies.
4. Sensing Utilities of Metal Oxide Perovskite Nanomaterials
5. Metal Halide Perovskites in Analyte Detection
6. Perovskites Incorporated Nanocomposites as Sensors
7. Advantages and Limitations
- The excellent opto-electronic properties of both metal oxide and metal halide/organometallic halide perovskites allow their usage in device-based analyte detection, especially towards energetic/toxic gases and humidity quantitation.
- Luminescent characteristics of metal halide/organometallic halide quantum dots or nanocrystals have advantages over PL-based identification of specific target. Their metallic and crystalline nature further improve their sensitivity in comparison with carbon dots [210].
- Selectivity and sensitivity of both perovskites can be improved towards practical reliability with precision when modified or combined with nanostructured materials, such as MIPs.
- A suitable modification of operational electrodes with perovskite materials could extend their usage in diverse analyte assays.
- Majority of metal oxide perovskite-based devices operate at high temperatures in the assay of gases, which becomes a disadvantage in many cases. Likewise, thin film-based sensory performance is limited by film thickness, thereby careful optimization is necessary.
- Environment and solvent conditions are the major threats to the perovskite-facilitated sensory investigations, except in the humidity analysis.
- Cost-effectiveness in the design of perovskite-based devices is still a concern for the researchers.
- Due to the material toxicity and instability in certain circumstances, perovskite sensors have limits in reliability and toxicity. Therefore, unlike the carbon-based materials [211], it still remains an important challenge to apply them in biological and clinical diagnosis.
- For fluorescent-based assays, development of suitable perovskite material with high PLQY is limited by synthetic tactics, stabilizer ligands, temperature, etc.
8. Conclusions and Perspectives
- The underlying mechanisms in many sensory reports still require in-depth investigations with respect to theoretical concepts.
- There are only limited reports on the fluorescent-based analyte assays using metal oxide perovskites, thereby need more attention.
- The majority of the device-based sensory investigations are influenced by operational temperature, therefore, considerate optimization is needed to attain responses at room temperature.
- A cost-effective, reproducible and standardized procedure is required to produce “state of the art” materials towards specific target (toxic gases, VOCs, anions, cations and physical parameters) for commercialization.
- There are only limited reports on the studies of perovskite nanowire-based chemo-/biosensors, hence more efforts need to be devoted in this research area.
- Perovskite nanomaterial-mediated sensing of biologically important species must be promoted with real applications.
- Focus on lead free organometallic halide perovskites is desirable for research in biological imaging studies.
- Research in the development of stable perovskite nanomaterials for environmental and biological assays needs to be intensively stimulated and encouraged.
- Investigations on the incorporation of well-known matrixes in perovskite-composite sensors, such as metal organic frameworks, metal nanostructures, hybrid clusters and polymers, need more attention.
- Perovskite nanomaterial-based colorimetric/naked eye analyte determinations require further attention.
- Design and development of low toxic perovskite nanomaterial-based devices/probes towards sensing-drug delivery modules are required to be established in the future.
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Shellaiah, M.; Sun, K.W. Review on Sensing Applications of Perovskite Nanomaterials. Chemosensors 2020, 8, 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors8030055
Shellaiah M, Sun KW. Review on Sensing Applications of Perovskite Nanomaterials. Chemosensors. 2020; 8(3):55. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors8030055
Chicago/Turabian StyleShellaiah, Muthaiah, and Kien Wen Sun. 2020. "Review on Sensing Applications of Perovskite Nanomaterials" Chemosensors 8, no. 3: 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors8030055