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Biomolecules
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Biomarkers of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases
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Biomarkers of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases

A special issue of Biomolecules (ISSN 2218-273X). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Biomarkers".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2024 | Viewed by 1389

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Ana Catarina Fonseca

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
José Ferro Lab—Clinical Research in Non-Communicable Neurological Diseases, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: stroke; biomarkers; precision medicine; cardioembolism
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are still among the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Lifestyle risk factors such as smoking, diet, obesity, and physical inactivity contribute to increasing the incidence of cardiovascular events by promoting a proinflammatory condition that affects the proliferation, migration, and increased permeability of endothelial cells. In turn, the endothelial inflammatory phenotype triggers the synthesis and release of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that further exacerbate endothelial health and impair vascular performance. However, searching for biological markers able to evaluate cardiovascular diseases is still a great challenge.

Among the most validated biomarkers that are currently in use, inflammation-related markers are prominent. Some classical and novel biomarkers have emerged as relevant contributors in the energy-homeostasis field and have appeared as valid biomarkers of various cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Among these presumed and specific biomarkers, several members of the TGF-beta super-family, GDF15, GDF11, newly emerging cardiokines, miRNAs, and markers discovered via proteomics in relation to oxidative stress are involved in cardiovascular disease. The evaluation of their circulating levels might provide new insights into the course of the disease. Finally, classical and novel biomarkers can also serve as new diagnostic markers for the detection of cardiovascular disorders to guide prognostication and emerging therapeutics. We invite you to share your knowledge and experience. Original and review papers that address cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk factors in all aspects, from cellular and molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological links to problems of diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring, are welcome.

Dr. Ana Catarina Fonseca
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at mdpi.longhoe.net by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomolecules is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biomarkers
  • cardiovascular disease
  • cerebrovascular disease
  • cardiovascular therapy
  • diagnosis

Published Papers (2 papers)

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22 pages, 7205 KiB  
Article
Screening of Secretory Proteins Linking Major Depressive Disorder with Heart Failure Based on Comprehensive Bioinformatics Analysis and Machine Learning
by Chuan**g Zhang, Yongfei Song, Lichao Cen, Chen Huang, Jianqing Zhou and Jiangfang Lian
Biomolecules 2024, 14(7), 793; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14070793 - 4 Jul 2024
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Abstract
Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) plays a crucial role in the occurrence of heart failure (HF). This investigation was undertaken to explore the possible mechanism of MDD’s involvement in HF pathogenesis and identify candidate biomarkers for the diagnosis of MDD with HF. Methods: [...] Read more.
Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) plays a crucial role in the occurrence of heart failure (HF). This investigation was undertaken to explore the possible mechanism of MDD’s involvement in HF pathogenesis and identify candidate biomarkers for the diagnosis of MDD with HF. Methods: GWAS data for MDD and HF were collected, and Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to investigate the causal relationship between MDD and HF. Differential expression analysis (DEA) and WGCNA were used to detect HF key genes and MDD-associated secretory proteins. Protein–protein interaction (PPI), functional enrichment, and cMAP analysis were used to reveal potential mechanisms and drugs for MDD-related HF. Then, four machine learning (ML) algorithms (including GLM, RF, SVM, and XGB) were used to screen candidate biomarkers, construct diagnostic nomograms, and predict MDD-related HF. Furthermore, the MCPcounter algorithm was used to explore immune cell infiltration in HF, and MR analysis was performed to explore the causal effect of immunophenotypes on HF. Finally, the validation of the association of MDD with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and the performance assessment of diagnostic biomarkers was accomplished based on animal models mimicking MDD. Results: The MR analysis showed that the MDD was linked to an increased risk of HF (OR = 1.129, p < 0.001). DEA combined with WGCNA and secretory protein gene set identified 315 HF key genes and 332 MDD-associated secretory proteins, respectively. Through PPI and MCODE analysis, 78 genes were pinpointed as MDD-related pathogenic genes for HF. The enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were predominantly enriched in immune and inflammatory regulation. Through four ML algorithms, two hub genes (ISLR/SFRP4) were identified as candidate HF biomarkers, and a nomogram was developed. ROC analysis showed that the AUC of the nomogram was higher than 0.90 in both the HF combined dataset and two external cohorts. In addition, an immune cell infiltration analysis revealed the immune dysregulation in HF, with ISLR/SFRP4 displaying notable associations with the infiltration of B cells, CD8 T cells, and fibroblasts. More importantly, animal experiments showed that the expression levels of ISLR (r = −0.653, p < 0.001) and SFRP4 (r = −0.476, p = 0.008) were significantly negatively correlated with LVEF. Conclusions: The MR analysis indicated that MDD is a risk factor for HF at the genetic level. Bioinformatics analysis and the ML results suggest that ISLR and SFRP4 have the potential to serve as diagnostic biomarkers for HF. Animal experiments showed a negative correlation between the serum levels of ISLR/SFRP4 and LVEF, emphasizing the need for additional clinical studies to elucidate their diagnostic value. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases)
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19 pages, 4708 KiB  
Systematic Review
Unravelling the Gut Microbiome Role in Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis
by Diana Martins, Cláudia Silva, António Carlos Ferreira, Sara Dourado, Ana Albuquerque, Francisca Saraiva, Ana Beatriz Batista, Pedro Castro, Adelino Leite-Moreira, António S. Barros and Isabel M. Miranda
Biomolecules 2024, 14(6), 731; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14060731 - 20 Jun 2024
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Abstract
A notable shift in understanding the human microbiome’s influence on cardiovascular disease (CVD) is underway, although the causal association remains elusive. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to synthesise current knowledge on microbial taxonomy and metabolite variations between healthy controls (HCs) and [...] Read more.
A notable shift in understanding the human microbiome’s influence on cardiovascular disease (CVD) is underway, although the causal association remains elusive. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to synthesise current knowledge on microbial taxonomy and metabolite variations between healthy controls (HCs) and those with CVD. An extensive search encompassing three databases identified 67 relevant studies (2012–2023) covering CVD pathologies from 4707 reports. Metagenomic and metabolomic data, both qualitative and quantitative, were obtained. Analysis revealed substantial variability in microbial alpha and beta diversities. Moreover, specific changes in bacterial populations were shown, including increased Streptococcus and Proteobacteria and decreased Faecalibacterium in patients with CVD compared with HC. Additionally, elevated trimethylamine N-oxide levels were reported in CVD cases. Biochemical parameter analysis indicated increased fasting glucose and triglycerides and decreased total cholesterol and low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in diseased individuals. This study revealed a significant relationship between certain bacterial species and CVD. Additionally, it has become clear that there are substantial inconsistencies in the methodologies employed and the reporting standards adhered to in various studies. Undoubtedly, standardising research methodologies and develo** extensive guidelines for microbiome studies are crucial for advancing the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases)
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