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A special issue of Crystals (ISSN 2073-4352). This special issue belongs to the section "Hybrid and Composite Crystalline Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (26 December 2023) | Viewed by 17972

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Weijun He

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Guest Editor

College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
Interests: laminated metallic composites, mganesium alloys, plastic deformation, numerical simulation

Dr. Zejun Chen

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Guest Editor

College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
Interests: laminated metallic composites, metal rolling

Prof. Dr. Meini Yuan

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Guest Editor

College of Mechatronics Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
Interests: laminated metallic composites, tial intermetallics , mechanical properties, anti-penetration properties

Dr. Baoxi Liu

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Guest Editor

Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tian** 300132, China
Interests: laminated metallic composites, multilayer steel, strengthening and toughening, rolling bonding

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the continuous development of modern industry, more and more demanding requirements are put forward for material performance. It is often difficult for individual materials difficult to meet the requirements of the multiple properties that are needed. Laminated metal-based composites, which are often composed of similar or dissimilar component materials by bonding, deposition, or other methods, may offer many solutions. Laminated composites can combine the advantageous properties of constituent materials and obtain compressive properties. For example, Al/Cu laminated composites may have the high electrical/thermal conductivity of Cu and the relative low cost of Al, Al/Steel laminated composites combine the good oxidation resistance and thermal conductivity of Al and the high strength and low cost of steel, Ti or stainless steel /steel laminated composites can obtain the excellent corrosion resistance of Ti or stainless steel and the high strength and low cost of steel, and Ti/Al laminated composites can realize high plasticity and high toughness that cannot achieved in the constituent materials. Laminated metallic composites may have excellent chemical, physical or/and mechanical properties and are widely used in various industry fields, which will have broader applications in future.

Although a lot of research has been carried out on laminated metallic composites, many challenges remain in the design, characterization, microstructure tailoring, and fabrication, which significantly affect the performance and application. In addition, laminated composites reveal superior bending, impact, and tensile properties by changing the layer thickness, interface bonding strength or adding interlayer, while the strengthening and toughening mechanisms, such as layer size effect and interface delamination, have not been fully clarified. Therefore, our Special Issue on “Advances in Laminated Metallic Composites” aims to provide an international forum for metallurgists and material scientists to discuss the latest progress in this field, both from experiments and numerical modeling. Potential topics include but are not limited to composition and structure design, microstructure characterization and tailoring, interface, strengthening and toughening mechanisms, fabrication and manufacturing, property and performance evaluation, failure mechanisms, numerical modeling, forming, and efficient applications of laminated metallic composites.

Prof. Dr. Weijun He
Dr. Zejun Chen
Prof. Dr. Meini Yuan
Dr. Baoxi Liu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at mdpi.longhoe.net by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Crystals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2100 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

laminated metal composite
intermetallics
layered structure
bonding interface
microstructure
bonding, deposition and spray forming
mechanical properties
structure–properties relationships
manufacturing methods
residual stress
the anti-penetration properties
damage evolution
fracture property
dynamic response of laminated composites

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 12388 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of the Number of Layers and Thickness Ratio on the Impact Fracture Behavior of AA6061/AA7075 Laminated Metal Composites

by Zejun Chen, Guangming Lu, Dayu Zhou, Guangjie Huang and Yu Cao

Crystals 2024, 14(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14010044 - 28 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 914

Abstract

The initial thickness ratio and number of layers of dissimilar metal components greatly influence the impact performance of laminated metal composites. In this paper, positive and lateral impact tests of 5-layer composite sheets with thickness ratios of 3:1, 1.35:1, and 1:2 and 80-layer composite sheets prepared by ARB (accumulative roll bonding) were conducted to study the influences of the thickness ratio and layer number on the impact fracture behavior of composite sheets. The results showed that the higher the proportion of AA7075, the higher the bending strength of the AA6061/AA7075 laminated composite sheet; compared with the 5-layer composite sheet, the side impact performance of the 80-layer composite sheet is obviously improved, and its side impact strength, energy absorbed in the crack initiation stage, and crack propagation stage are better than those of the 5-layer composite sheet. In addition, the toughening mechanism of the 80-layer composite sheet is mainly that the increase in the number of layers makes the cracks deflect more frequently. Under the rapid impact load, the impact energy absorbed by the sample increases with the increase in the number of layers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laminated Metallic Composites)

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18 pages, 9789 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Sn Addition on the Microstructure and Age-Hardening Response of a Zn-4Cu Alloy

by Aysha E. Shamaki, Heba Y. Zahran and Alaa F. Abd El-Rehim

Crystals 2023, 13(12), 1635; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13121635 - 25 Nov 2023

Viewed by 902

Abstract

The aim of this research is to assess the influence of Sn inclusion on the microstructure evolution and age-hardening response of a Zn-4Cu alloy. This is the first study to correlate the age-hardening response to the microstructure of Zn-4Cu alloy reinforced with different Sn contents. A series of Zn-4Cu-Sn alloys were successfully fabricated with different Sn concentrations in the range of 0.0–4.0 wt.% using permanent mold casting. The microstructure of Zn-4Cu-Sn alloys was investigated by means of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) attached with an energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) line profile analysis. At room temperature, the Vickers microhardness measurements were used to assess the age-hardening response of alloys. The results show that the microhardness of the Zn-4Cu (ZC) binary alloy increases a little bit from 76 to 80 HV as the aging time increases from 2 to 128 h, respectively. For aging times up to 16 h, the microhardness of all Sn-containing alloys decreases but then increases again. The lowest hardness belongs to the ZC-1.5Sn alloy, and the Sn-Zn-3.0Sn alloy has the highest; the other alloys fall somewhere in between. At high aging times (64 and 128 h), the microhardness of all Sn-containing samples increased continuously with an increasing Sn content from 0.0 to 3.0 wt.%. When the Sn-containing alloys (3.5 and 4.0 wt.% Sn) were aged for 64 and 128 h, the hardness declined by 7.94% and 8.90% compared to their peak aging hardness values, respectively. By considering the structural changes that occur in the Zn-4Cu-Sn alloys, the reasons for the observed variations in microhardness data with increasing Sn content and aging time were elucidated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data was analyzed to determine the zinc matrix’s lattice parameters, c/a ratio, and unit cell volume variations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laminated Metallic Composites)

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12 pages, 8055 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Ce-Modified TiN Inclusions on the Fatigue Properties of Gear Steel 20CrMnTi

by Jian Wang, Jun Peng, Fang Zhang, Yujie Li, **n Zhang and Shengli An

Crystals 2023, 13(7), 1071; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13071071 - 7 Jul 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 921

Abstract

In this paper, the results of a study on the influences of different morphologies, types, and sizes of inclusions on the fatigue lives of 20CrMnTi are reported. The results show that the addition of the rare earth element Ce can lead to the formation of spherical CeAlO₃-TiN inclusions in 20CrMnTi. The fatigue performance of 20CrMnTi-Ce was significantly improved compared to that of 20CrMnTi. Using the “edge-to-edge matching” crystallographic theory, CeAlO₃ was validated as a suitable hetero-nucleus core for TiN, and the following best orientation relationships between them were determined: [010]TiN//[2

\bar{1} \bar{1}

1] CeAlO₃&(002) TiN//

{(11 \bar{2} 1)}_{{C e A l O}_{3}}

. The fatigue cycle times of 20CrMnTi-Ce range up to 10⁷, and this value is higher than that of 20CrMnTi without Ce. As the size of the TiN inclusions increases, the maximum stress of the steel matrix also increases. Also, the high-stress and low-life regions noticeably increase, thus increasing the possibility of a fatigue fracture. Under the same sizes of inclusions, the high-stress and low-life regions of square TiN are larger than those of circular TiN. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laminated Metallic Composites)

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17 pages, 10708 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Fe and Thermal Exposure on Mechanical Properties of Al-Si-Cu-Ni-Mg-Fe Alloy

by **gdong Li, Fanming Chen, Yuze Wang, Yuanliang Zhang, Rui Zhang, Yi Luo, Yiqiang He, Ke Sun and Lijie Zuo

Crystals 2023, 13(7), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13070993 - 21 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1115

Abstract

The effects of Fe, Cr and thermal exposure on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Si alloy were investigated in this work. The results indicated that the main phases of the Al-Si-Cu-Ni-Mg-(0.6–0.9%) Fe (wt. %) alloy were α-Al, Si, Al₅Cu₂Mg₈Si₆, Al₃CuNi, Al₇Cu₄Ni, Al₂Cu, and AlFeSi at room temperature. The size of the AlSiFe phase increased with increasing the weight fraction of Fe. The shape of Fe-rich phase changed from rod-like to star-like, followed by long needle-like with Fe varying from 0.6% to 0.9%. The mechanical properties of the studied alloys at elevated temperatures increased with Fe. The ultimate tensile strength of the three alloys at 350 °C was 111.2 MPa, 124 MPa, and 128.7 MPa, respectively. In addition, the ductility and strength of the studied alloys at room temperature decreased with increasing the Fe, due to the large size of the hard and brittle Fe-rich phase strictly cleaved the aluminum matrix. After thermal exposure, the properties of the alloy at room temperature and elevated temperature decreased obviously at the beginning of 0.5~8 h, and then tend to be stabilized during thermal exposure at 350 °C for approximately 32~64 h. Fe-rich was a thermal stable phase at 350 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laminated Metallic Composites)

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17 pages, 7623 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Different Focusing Currents on the Microstructure Evolution and Wear Properties of a Scanning Electron Beam Modified Inconel 625 Nickel Base Alloy Surface

by Juan Li, Jiaye Yao, Guanghui Zhao, Huaying Li, Yugui Li and Jie Liu

Crystals 2023, 13(2), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13020325 - 15 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1260

Abstract

The surface of Inconel 625, a nickel-base alloy, was strengthened by vacuum electron beam scanning technology. The evolution of its microstructure was analyzed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and the friction and wear tester (RETC). The results show that the FCC phase in the microstructure of Inconel 625 nickel-base alloy is stripped and islanded after electron beam scanning treatment. The austenite texture type changes and finally forms a typical cubic texture with a certain strength of S texture. With the increase in temperature of the focusing current, the wear resistance of nickel-base alloy plates first increases and then decreases. Under a 720 mA focusing current, the wear volume and wear rate are the lowest, which are 0.141525 mm³ and 1.41525 ×

10^{- 5} {mm}^{3}

/N∙m, respectively. The wear rate decreases by 26.64%, which may be related to the columnar crystals produced in the melting area. After electron beam surface modification, the oxidation wear and adhesive wear are relatively smaller than the original materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laminated Metallic Composites)

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13 pages, 10780 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of AlZn4SiPb/Steel Clad Sheets by Roll Bonding: Their Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

by Pengju Wang, Ning Zhong, Liyue Tu, Weiming Hong, Yanming Lv, Yonghong Chen, Jian Sun, Caiyong Luo, Zejun Chen and Qian Tang

Crystals 2023, 13(2), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13020292 - 9 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1616

Abstract

An AlZn4SiPb/steel clad composite was prepared via roll bonding at room temperature. The influence of solution and aging treatment on the structure and performance of the clad composite was investigated. The results show that the Al/steel clad composites exhibited satisfactory interfacial adhesion. Pb of the aged Al matrix was spheroidized and uniformly dispersed. An uneven interfacial transition area with a thickness of 30–150 nm was observed for the aged sample. Some rod-shaped nanoscale β’ phases occurred in the aged Al matrix. After the solution and aging treatment, the steel layer recovered, and the γ-fibre texture increased. The tensile strength for individual Al alloy layer improved. The yield ratio of the aged clad sheet was lower than that of the initial sample. The tensile strength values of the composites were consistent with the computed values from the rule of mixture. The interfacial bonding strength of the initial sample was 70 MPa; the aged sample greatly improved and reached 130 MPa in strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laminated Metallic Composites)

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14 pages, 5913 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Role of LPSO Structures in Corrosion Resistance of Mg-Y-Zn Alloys

by Daria Pałgan, Anna Dobkowska, Aleksandra Zielińska, Daria Drozdenko, Kristián Máthis and Wojciech Święszkowski

Crystals 2022, 12(12), 1723; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12121723 - 27 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2202

Abstract

The growing interest in improving Mg-based alloys’ corrosion properties stimulates the development of Mg-Y-Zn alloys with long-period stacking-ordered (LPSO) structures. In this work, to describe the corrosion performance of Mg-LPSO alloys, a set of experiments, including microstructure observations and corrosion testing in media containing various concentrations of chloride ions, were carried out. It was shown that the main corrosion mechanism occurring on the alloys was not only related to the volume of LPSO structures in the Mg matrix but was also dependent on their distribution. In the chloride-containing solutions, pitting was the predominant corrosion mechanism, and with the increasing chloride concentration, microgalvanic corrosion was accelerated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laminated Metallic Composites)

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30 pages, 20113 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of the Strength of Initial Aluminium on the Bonding Properties and Deformation Coordination of Ti/Al Composite Sheets by the Cold Roll Bonding Process

by Jiageng Liu, Jiang Wu, Qian Liu, Shuai Ji, **nlu Zheng, Feng Wang and Jiang Wang

Crystals 2022, 12(11), 1665; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12111665 - 18 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1511

Abstract

Ti/Al composite sheets were prepared using the cold rolling process, and different initial aluminium strengths were considered. The results showed that the peel strength of the Ti/Al composite sheet increased with the increasing initial strength of aluminium under the same reduction. A higher strength of the initial aluminium corresponds to better deformation coordination between titanium and aluminium, where the strain hardening of titanium and aluminium plays an important role. The change degree of the components of twins on the titanium side for the Ti/Al composite sheet with a low aluminium strength is stronger than that for the Ti/Al composite sheet with a high aluminium strength. The strong change in the components of twins may result in the low uniformity of the microstructure on the titanium side. The analysis of the peeling surface shows aluminium residue on the titanium side, while there was almost no titanium residue on the aluminium side. At the same reduction, a higher strength of aluminium corresponds to less aluminium residue on the titanium side. The bonding properties of Ti/Al cold-rolled composite sheets were determined by four strong bonding areas. The strength of the initial aluminium was the main factor, and the residual amount of aluminium on the titanium side of the peeling surfaces was a secondary factor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laminated Metallic Composites)

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13 pages, 4788 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Warm Rolled Temperature Effect on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 18Mn/40Si2CrMo Multilayer Composite Steel

by Bo Yang, Zhuoyu Li, Kuanyuan Fan, Baoxi Liu, Wenxing Yu and Fuxing Yin

Crystals 2022, 12(11), 1652; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12111652 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1618

Abstract

In order to obtain a good strength-plastic/toughness match relationship, 18Mn/40Si2CrMo multilayer composite steels were successfully fabricated by a vacuum hot rolling and warm rolling process in this paper. The effects of different warm rolling temperatures (400–600 °C) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the multilayer composite steel were systematically investigated. The result shows that the warm rolling process reduces thickness of the interfacial diffusion layer, which improves the interfacial bonding strength of multilayer composite steel. With the increase of warm rolling temperature, the total elongation (TEL) increases but ultimate tensile strength (UTS) decreases. The multilayer composite steel with a warm temperature of 500 °C achieves the balance of strength and plastic of which the UTS and TEL are 1.7 GPa and 12.5%, respectively. This is due to the high work-hardening ability of deformation twins of the 18Mn layer and the precipitates nanoscale carbides of the 40Si2CrMo layer to obscure the dislocation movement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laminated Metallic Composites)

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11 pages, 5698 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of High Magnetic Field-Thermal Coupling Processing on Diffusion Bonding Properties and Element Diffusion of 1420 Al-Li Alloy

by Huang Zhang, Tao Niu, Yaoming Li and Meini Yuan

Crystals 2022, 12(11), 1508; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12111508 - 25 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1290

Abstract

The high uniform magnetic field combined with pre-deformation and vacuum heat treatment processing is designed for improving the diffusion bonding properties of the 1420 Al-Li alloy. Serial magneto-thermal coupling treatment experiments of 1420 Al-Li alloy and the pure aluminium diffusion couple, together with the gallium interlayer, is carried out in a superconducting high magnetic field device. Various parameter combinations are used to produce different samples on which interface organization and connection performance are studied. Electron microscopic analysis reveals various interface topographies and fracture morphologies after shear strength tests. Influence of diffusion bonding temperature on element diffusion under a high uniform magnetic field is investigated. The diffusion activation energy of Mg element in pure aluminum under a 12 T magnetic field is calculated in this paper. It is found that the bonding quality and bonding performance of the interface are improved greatly after heat treatment with a strong magnetic field, and the bonding temperature is an important factor affecting the interface bonding and bonding strength. The diffusion coefficient of the Mg element in the 1420 Al-Li alloy to L2 pure aluminum increases with the increase of diffusion bonding temperature. Reducing the activation energy of elemental diffusion is beneficial to atomic diffusion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laminated Metallic Composites)

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16 pages, 9208 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interface Strengthening and Toughening Mechanism of Hot Rolled Multilayer TWIP/40Si2CrMo Steels

by Mingchao Dong, Zhuoyu Li, Baoxi Liu, Cuixin Chen, Wenxing Yu, Bo Yang and Fuxing Yin

Crystals 2022, 12(10), 1367; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101367 - 27 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1406

Abstract

Layered metal composites play an increasingly important role in aerospace, automotive, and nuclear energy. Compared with a single metal or alloy, the layered metal composite exhibits an excellent strong-plastic matching effect. In this paper, multilayer TWIP/40Si2CrMo steels with different hot rolling reductions were successfully fabricated by the vacuum hot rolling. The results show that the multilayer steels can improve the lower yield strength of TWIP steel and lower the fracture elongation of 40Si2CrMo steel. In addition, with the increase of the hot rolling reduction, the mechanical properties and interfacial bonding strength of multilayer steels were improved, while the size and number of interfacial oxides decrease, and the fracture mode was also changed. This shows that a higher hot rolling reduction will promote the breakage of the interface oxides and make them appear dispersed, thereby improving the bonding strength of the interface, effectively suppressing the delamination and local necking of the multilayer steel, and making the multilayer steel show a higher ability of uniform plastic deformation. At the same time, under the dual action of layer thickness scale and interface strengthening effect, the brittle layer of multilayer steel presents a multiple tunnel crack mode. It was beneficial to alleviate the stress concentration and further improve the strengthening and toughening effect of multilayer steel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laminated Metallic Composites)

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15 pages, 6818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructural Characterization of the Corrosion Product Deposit in the Flow-Accelerated Region in High-Temperature Water

by Tong Zhang, Tong Li, **lin Lu, Qi Guo and Jian Xu

Crystals 2022, 12(5), 749; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12050749 - 23 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1739

Abstract

The clogging behavior of the micro-orifice under a flow accelerated condition was investigated after 500 h of immersion in high-temperature water. The results indicated the residual area of the micro-orifice was reduced to one-third of its original size after 500 h of immersion due to the deposition of corrosion products. In this process, the clogging behavior of micro-orifice can be divided into three stages: the stable deposition stage, the quick recovery stage, and the dynamic equilibrium stage. The corrosion products were porous and consisted of many deposited particles. The process of particle deposition and removal was carried out simultaneously. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laminated Metallic Composites)

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