Journal Description
Designs
Designs
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of engineering designs published bimonthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High visibility: indexed within Scopus, Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q2 (Engineering (miscellaneous))
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 15.2 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Latest Articles
Marine Applications and Design of High-Efficiency Small-Scale Gas Turbines
Designs 2024, 8(4), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs8040066 - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
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In today’s era of heightened environmental awareness, industries and means of transport are under increasing pressure to minimize their ecological footprint. In particular, small-scale power plants for the marine sector pose environmental challenges due to their pollutant emissions. One promising technology to address
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In today’s era of heightened environmental awareness, industries and means of transport are under increasing pressure to minimize their ecological footprint. In particular, small-scale power plants for the marine sector pose environmental challenges due to their pollutant emissions. One promising technology to address this purpose is represented by small-scale gas turbines. In this work, the design of a radial turbine and a centrifugal compressor for a 5 MW engine to be employed onboard ships is developed. After a one-dimensional design, the project involves the aerodynamic and structural design optimization of the two machines using fluid dynamic and structural simulation software. The final configuration obtained by the optimization process and its performance are analyzed, demonstrating that the use of a radial architecture for the construction of a 5 MW small gas-turbine assembly for marine propulsion is feasible. Both the compressor and the turbine optimization procedures led to final values of polytropic efficiencies that were three percentage points larger than the first-guess design machine values, simultaneously allowing for reductions in stress usage factors by more than 38% and 32% for the compressor and the turbine, respectively.
Full article
Open AccessEditorial
Biomaterials Design for Human Body Repair
by
Richard Drevet and Hicham Benhayoune
Designs 2024, 8(4), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs8040065 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
The global clinical demand for biomaterials is constantly increasing due to the aging population [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Biomaterials Design)
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Open AccessArticle
A Novel Tire and Road Testing Bench for Modern Automotive Needs
by
Francesco Favilli, Michele Sgamma, Francesco Bucchi, Francesco Frendo, Pietro Leandri and Massimo Losa
Designs 2024, 8(4), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs8040064 - 24 Jun 2024
Abstract
The automotive industry is currently transforming, primarily due to the rise of electric and hybrid vehicle technologies and the need to reduce vehicle mass and energy losses to decrease consumption, pollution, and raw material usage. Additionally, road surface manufacturers emphasize improving pavement durability
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The automotive industry is currently transforming, primarily due to the rise of electric and hybrid vehicle technologies and the need to reduce vehicle mass and energy losses to decrease consumption, pollution, and raw material usage. Additionally, road surface manufacturers emphasize improving pavement durability and reducing rolling noise. This necessitates precise load condition definitions and drives the need for reliable wheel testing benches. Many current benches use abrasive-coated rollers or synthetic tapes, but devices capable of testing on actual road surfaces are rare. In this work, a novel device for testing tire-pavement interaction is proposed. The system features a cart moving along a closed-track platform, ensuring test repeatability and enabling structural durability tests on uneven surfaces with installed obstacles. The cart is equipped with a cantilever arm capable of supporting either a testing wheel with customizable dimensions and kinematic parameters or a tire integrated with a complete suspension system, moving along a customizable pavement surface. The system includes actuators and sensors for applying vertical loads and adjusting the alignment of the testing wheel (slip angle, camber angle, etc.), allowing the characterization of tire behavior such as wear, fatigue, rolling noise, and rolling resistance. Multibody simulations were performed to evaluate the bench’s feasibility in terms of kinematics, power requirements, and structural loads. Results confirmed how this novel test bench represents a promising advancement in tire testing capabilities, enabling comprehensive studies on tire performance, noise reduction, and the structural dynamics of vehicle subsystems.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Vehicle Engineering Design)
Open AccessArticle
Design and Implementation of a Low-Power Device for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose
by
Luis Miguel Pires and José Martins
Designs 2024, 8(4), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs8040063 - 24 Jun 2024
Abstract
Glucose is a simple sugar molecule. The chemical formula of this sugar molecule is C6H12O6. This means that the glucose molecule contains six carbon atoms (C), twelve hydrogen atoms (H), and six oxygen atoms (O). In human
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Glucose is a simple sugar molecule. The chemical formula of this sugar molecule is C6H12O6. This means that the glucose molecule contains six carbon atoms (C), twelve hydrogen atoms (H), and six oxygen atoms (O). In human blood, the molecule glucose circulates as blood sugar. Normally, after eating or drinking, our bodies break down the sugars in food and use them to obtain energy for our cells. To execute this process, our pancreas produces insulin. Insulin “pulls” sugar from the blood and puts it into the cells for use. If someone has diabetes, their pancreas cannot produce enough insulin. As a result, the level of glucose in their blood rises. This can lead to many potential complications, including blindness, disease, nerve damage, amputation, stroke, heart attack, damage to blood vessels, etc. In this study, a non-invasive and therefore easily usable method for monitoring blood glucose was developed. With the experiment carried out, it was possible to measure glucose levels continuously, thus eliminating the disadvantages of invasive systems. Near-IR sensors (optical sensors) were used to estimate the concentration of glucose in blood; these sensors have a wavelength of 940 nm. The sensor was placed on a small black parallelepiped-shaped box on the tip of the finger and the output of the optical sensor was then connected to a microcontroller at the analogue input. Another sensor used, but only to provide more medical information, was the heartbeat sensor, inserted into an armband (along with the microprocessor). After processing and linear regression analysis, the glucose level was predicted, and data were sent via the Bluetooth network to a developed APP. The results of the implemented device were compared with available invasive methods (commercial products). The hardware consisted of a microcontroller, a near-IR optical sensor, a heartbeat sensor, and a Bluetooth module. Another objective of this experiment using low-cost and low-power hardware was to not carry out complex processing of data from the sensors. Our practical laboratory experiment resulted in an error of 2.86 per cent when compared to a commercial product, with a hardware cost of EUR 8 and a consumption of 50 mA.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Biomaterials Design)
Open AccessArticle
Printed Primary Battery in a Rolled-Up Form Factor
by
Andreas Willert, Sven Voigt, Tobias Zschau and Ralf Zichner
Designs 2024, 8(4), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs8040062 - 21 Jun 2024
Abstract
In battery systems, there are several established form factors targeting mass market applications, like D, C, AA, AAA series, lithium round cells, and coin cells. Besides these standardized batteries, in printed electronics, there are several approaches to realize flat batteries of different material
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In battery systems, there are several established form factors targeting mass market applications, like D, C, AA, AAA series, lithium round cells, and coin cells. Besides these standardized batteries, in printed electronics, there are several approaches to realize flat batteries of different material systems fabricating primary and secondary battery types. For a dedicated application in agriculture, a sensor system requires a degradable primary battery. In this paper, the development of a dedicated zinc–carbon battery is described, supplying the sensor application with 4.5 Vnom. The battery has a 170 mm length and a 23 mm outer diameter. while the inner core is open for the antenna system of the application. The active area is up to 161 cm2. The design and manufacturing aspects are described. The rolled-up battery system is fully charged after manufacturing and ready to operate. It may remain inside the degradable sensor system after use in the field.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Smart Manufacturing System Design)
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Open AccessArticle
Optimising Lead–Air Battery Performance through Innovative Open-Cell Foam Anodes
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Amel Hind Hassein-Bey, Abd-Elmouneïm Belhadj, Selma Toumi, Hichem Tahraoui, Mohammed Kebir, Abdeltif Amrane, Derradji Chebli, Abdallah Bouguettoucha, Meriem Zamouche and Jie Zhang
Designs 2024, 8(4), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs8040061 - 21 Jun 2024
Abstract
In the dynamic realm of sustainable energy storage technologies, the global research landscape presents myriad scientific and economic challenges. The erratic growth of renewable energies alongside the phasing out of conventional power plants poses a significant hurdle in maintaining a stable balance between
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In the dynamic realm of sustainable energy storage technologies, the global research landscape presents myriad scientific and economic challenges. The erratic growth of renewable energies alongside the phasing out of conventional power plants poses a significant hurdle in maintaining a stable balance between energy supply and demand. Consequently, energy storage solutions play a pivotal role in mitigating substantial fluctuations in demand. Metal–air batteries, distinguished by their superior energy density and enhanced safety profile compared to other storage devices, emerge as promising solutions. Leveraging the well-established lead–acid battery technology, this study introduces a novel approach utilising open-cell foam manufactured through the Excess Salt Replication process as an anode for lead–air battery cells. This innovation not only conserves lead but also reduces battery weight. By employing a 25% antimonial lead alloy, open-cell foams with diameters ranging from 2 mm to 5 mm were fabricated for the antimonial lead–air battery. Preliminary findings suggest that the effective electrical conductivity of primary battery cells, measured experimentally, surpasses that of cells composed of the same dense, non-porous antimonial lead alloy. This improvement is primarily attributed to their extensive specific surface area, facilitating oxidation–reduction reactions. A correlation between effective electrical conductivity and cell diameter is established, indicating optimal conductivity achieved with a 5 mm cell diameter. These results underscore the feasibility of implementing such an electrical system.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Manufacture of Electric Vehicles)
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Open AccessArticle
Design and Application of Low-Temperature Geothermal Thermoelectric Power Generation (Lotemg–TPG) in Sari Ater Hot Spring, Ciater, Subang, West Java, Indonesia
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Harapan Marpaung, Supriyadi, Ni Ketut Lasmi, Alamta Singarimbun and Wahyu Srigutomo
Designs 2024, 8(3), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs8030060 - 17 Jun 2024
Abstract
The use of surface geothermal manifestations in Indonesia is still very limited as a tourist attraction. Solid-state thermoelectric generator technology is an alternative to converting electrical energy directly from a heat source in the form of low-temperature geothermal manifestation. Low-temperature geothermal thermoelectric power
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The use of surface geothermal manifestations in Indonesia is still very limited as a tourist attraction. Solid-state thermoelectric generator technology is an alternative to converting electrical energy directly from a heat source in the form of low-temperature geothermal manifestation. Low-temperature geothermal thermoelectric power generation (Lotemg–TPG) was designed, manufactured, and tested to take advantage of this opportunity. It was also applied to the Sari Ater Hot Spring, Ciater. The Lotemg–TPG unit comprises seven M8T modules in two frame blocks equipped with hot- and cold-water circulation channels. The M8T module is the main part of the Lotemg–TPG, which consists of eight TEG elements of type TEG1-241-1.4-1.2, flanked by a hot-side radiator and a cold-side radiator. The measurement results showed that at the temperature difference between the hot-side Th and the cold-side Tc of ∆T 17.38 °C, one module can produce 1.30 W of power, so the total power of the Lotemg–TPG unit is around 9.10 W. This result is quite good considering that the heat source is obtained for free, and the device can operate to produce stable electrical power.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Smart Energy Systems Design)
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Open AccessArticle
Requirements and Characteristics for the Development and Selection of Design Methods
by
Johannes Matschewsky, Sergio A. Brambila-Macias, Abhijna Neramballi and Tomohiko Sakao
Designs 2024, 8(3), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs8030059 - 14 Jun 2024
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While many design methods are developed, tested and reported in the literature, their utilization in industry practice remains low. Design methods are receiving substantial scholarly focus and are considered central to efficiently achieving reliable outcomes in the engineering design process. They are particularly
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While many design methods are developed, tested and reported in the literature, their utilization in industry practice remains low. Design methods are receiving substantial scholarly focus and are considered central to efficiently achieving reliable outcomes in the engineering design process. They are particularly vital as industrial companies increasingly transition to integrated offerings of products and services with a lifecycle perspective, leading to additional uncertainty and complexity. Thus, the presented research aims to support method selection and development, focusing on resource-efficient offerings. This is achieved through an in-depth, practice-centric, empirical study of users’ requirements of design methods and the corresponding characteristics of design methods aimed at meeting these requirements in resource-efficient offerings. Highly relevant insight supporting a broad set of stakeholders is reported. Firstly, the user requirements and method characteristics reported support practitioners seeking to identify a design method fitting their needs. Secondly, academics and practitioners aiming to enhance the usefulness and impact of a design method may benefit from considering these requirements and characteristics during method development. Lastly, the systematic approach taken in this research can be applied by both method developers and potential users to identify additional requirements and corresponding characteristics specific to their conditions. Two use cases for the results attained are reported, focusing on applying the research results for method selection and deriving overall guidelines for develo** design methods directed toward resource-efficient offerings.
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Open AccessArticle
Quadcopter Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Structural Design Using an Integrated Approach of Topology Optimization and Additive Manufacturing
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Luttfi A. Al-Haddad, Alaa Abdulhady Jaber, Wojciech Giernacki, Zeashan Hameed Khan, Khalid Mohsin Ali, Mauwafak Ali Tawafik and Amjad J. Humaidi
Designs 2024, 8(3), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs8030058 - 14 Jun 2024
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The performance of quadcopter frames, particularly in terms of weight and crash resistance, is significantly influenced by their structural design and manufacturing process. In this work, a methodology is proposed that integrates advanced principles of topology optimization (TO) and additive manufacturing (AM) techniques
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The performance of quadcopter frames, particularly in terms of weight and crash resistance, is significantly influenced by their structural design and manufacturing process. In this work, a methodology is proposed that integrates advanced principles of topology optimization (TO) and additive manufacturing (AM) techniques to optimize the frame structure for improved performance. First, an analysis is conducted to evaluate existing quadcopter frame configurations, identifying areas for improvement. Experimental evaluations of thrust and moment of motors are performed to assess the performance of the enhanced quadcopter frame, with a focus on advancing the design through computer-aided simulations of static structural analysis and impact tests. The TO technique is then employed to determine the optimal distribution of material within the frame, governed by constraints such as weight reduction and mechanical strength. The results demonstrate that the overall performance of a quadcopter frame is significantly improved by the proposed methodology, showcasing advancements in stability, weight reduction, and crashworthiness. The resulting optimized frame design is subsequently manufactured using AM methods, which offer advantages such as design flexibility and the ability to produce complex geometries. The findings of this study contribute to the field of quadcopter design and optimization by highlighting the synergies between TO and AM techniques. An avenue is offered for the development of lightweight and robust quadcopter frames, as the capabilities and performance of quadcopter systems are advanced. The insights gained from this research open up opportunities for further advancements in the design and manufacturing of UAVs.
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![](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/designs/designs-08-00058/article_deploy/html/images/designs-08-00058-g001-550.jpg?1718369650)
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Open AccessArticle
Biomechanics of a Novel 3D Mandibular Osteotomy Design
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Carlos Aurelio Andreucci, Elza M. M. Fonseca and Renato N. Jorge
Designs 2024, 8(3), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs8030057 - 13 Jun 2024
Abstract
Elective mandibular surgical osteotomies are commonly used to correct craniofacial discrepancies. Since the modifications proposed by Obwegeser, Dal Pont, and Hunsuck, no effective variations have been proposed to improve the biomechanical results of these mandibular osteotomies. With technological developments and the use of
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Elective mandibular surgical osteotomies are commonly used to correct craniofacial discrepancies. Since the modifications proposed by Obwegeser, Dal Pont, and Hunsuck, no effective variations have been proposed to improve the biomechanical results of these mandibular osteotomies. With technological developments and the use of three-dimensional images from CT scans of patients, much has been done to plan and predict outcomes with greater precision and control. To date, 3D imaging and additive manufacturing technologies have not been used to their full potential to create innovative mandibular osteotomies. The use of 3D digital images obtained from CT scans as DICOM files, which were then converted to STL files, proved to be an efficient method of develo** an innovative mandibular ramus beveled osteotomy technique. The new mandibular osteotomy is designed to reduce the likelihood of vasculo-nervous damage to the mandible, reduce the time and ease of surgery, and reduce post-operative complications. The proposed osteotomy does not affect traditional osteotomies. Anatomical structures such as the inferior alveolar nerve and intraoral surgical access were preserved and maintained, respectively. The results obtained from the digital images were validated on an additively manufactured 3D synthetic bone model.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Biomaterials Design)
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Open AccessArticle
Dimensional Accuracy in 4D-Printed PLA Objects with Holes: Experimental and Numerical Investigations
by
Alexandru-Antonio Ene, Tudor George Alexandru and Diana Popescu
Designs 2024, 8(3), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs8030056 - 6 Jun 2024
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This study investigates the impact of material and process parameters—specifically, filament color, infill density, and pattern—on the dimensional accuracy of 4D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) objects featuring holes of varying diameters (6, 8, and 10 mm) that undergo a heat-induced recovery process. The objective
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This study investigates the impact of material and process parameters—specifically, filament color, infill density, and pattern—on the dimensional accuracy of 4D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) objects featuring holes of varying diameters (6, 8, and 10 mm) that undergo a heat-induced recovery process. The objective was to understand how these factors affect shape retention and the dimensional accuracy of holes through a comparative analysis of the diameters before and after recovery. Increased variability in the hole diameters was noted after recovery, regardless of the values of the independent variables. The objects did not fully return to their original planar shape, and the holes did not completely return to their circular form, resulting in smaller diameters for each sample. No significant differences in the hole diameters could be determined. Additionally, there was no consistent trend in identifying the most influential parameter affecting the accuracy of the recovered holes. However, it was observed that higher infill densities improved shape retention. A quasi-static finite elements analysis model was developed to capture the mechanical behavior of the 4D-printed parts. This model incorporated temperature-dependent material characteristics to predict the strain occurring near the holes. Nodal displacements were defined according to the deformed shape. A correlation was established between the observed strains and the post-recovery dimensional accuracy of the specimens. The importance of this work was demonstrated through a case study involving a two-sieve filtering device for small objects.
Full article
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Open AccessArticle
Experimental Behaviour of Tensioner for Rigid Hangers of Arch Bridges
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Michele Fabio Granata, Benedetta Fontana, Marco Rosone and Giovanni Culotta
Designs 2024, 8(3), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs8030055 - 5 Jun 2024
Abstract
In steel tied arch bridges where the hangers are made of rigid bars, the replacement of damaged hangers is rather complex. In fact, while generally the cable hangers are already prepared with anchors at the ends and their replacement traces the initial stages
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In steel tied arch bridges where the hangers are made of rigid bars, the replacement of damaged hangers is rather complex. In fact, while generally the cable hangers are already prepared with anchors at the ends and their replacement traces the initial stages of construction with their prestressing, on the contrary, the rigid bars are welded to the arch and the deck, so their replacement must include the design of a new suspension system that allows the insertion of a pretension where this had never been considered. To check the reliability of this new system, a prototype of tensioner was studied for the case of a steel arch bridge in which the high level of corrosion made it necessary to replace all the original hangers with new ones. This entailed the need to test the tensioner performance with the aim of ensuring the axial force transmission between the two hanger segments without slippage in the threads, as well as to test the correct tension setting before construction and putting into service the hangers to be replaced. For this reason, a predictive experimental campaign was carried out on a prototype by means of tests for the mechanical characterization of the materials used, tensile tests of the system, and tensioning tests under load, measuring the displacements and strains of the system elements. The results of the tests, with slippage in the threads limited to the 2% of total elongation, and the turnaround-stressing curves were useful for the definition of the pieces to be assembled during on-site work and for addressing the operating procedures of the tensioning phases on-site during hanger replacement. Validation with the on-site monitoring of stressing operation was conducted at the end; the monitoring of tension through dynamic tests confirmed the agreement of on-site results with the predictive loading tests of the experimental campaign on the tensioner prototype.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Resilient Civil Infrastructure)
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Open AccessArticle
State Control Design of Ostensible Metzler Linear Systems with Unsigned Input Parameters
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Dušan Krokavec and Anna Filasová
Designs 2024, 8(3), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs8030054 - 5 Jun 2024
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This paper deals with the design of a complete state control for input unsigned, rank deficient matrix parameters of a linear system with system dynamics defined by ostensible structures of Metzler matrices. The proposed solution is based on the principle of diagonal stabilization
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This paper deals with the design of a complete state control for input unsigned, rank deficient matrix parameters of a linear system with system dynamics defined by ostensible structures of Metzler matrices. The proposed solution is based on the principle of diagonal stabilization of positive systems and uses a stabilizing additional component over the decomposition of the Metzler matrix in solving the incomplete internal positivity of such linear system structures. The novelty of the proposed approach is the unified representation of the parametric constraints of the Metzler matrix and the structurally constrained system inputs using linear matrix inequalities, which guarantees that the closed-loop system will be asymptotically stable. Despite the complexity of the constraint conditions on this class of linear continuous systems, the design conditions are formulated using sharp linear matrix inequalities only. A detailed design process is presented using a system-linearized mathematical model to verify the superiority and practicality of the proposed method.
Full article
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Open AccessArticle
Multi-Objective Optimization of a Two-Stage Helical Gearbox Using MARCOS Method
by
Van-Thanh Dinh, Huu-Danh Tran, Quoc-Hung Tran, Duc-Binh Vu, Duong Vu, Ngoc-Pi Vu and Thanh-Tu Nguyen
Designs 2024, 8(3), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs8030053 - 5 Jun 2024
Abstract
In order to address the Multi-Objective Optimization Problem (MOOP) in building a two-stage helical gearbox, this work presents a novel application of the Multi-Criterion Decision-Making (MCDM) method. The aim of the study is to determine the optimal primary design factors that will increase
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In order to address the Multi-Objective Optimization Problem (MOOP) in building a two-stage helical gearbox, this work presents a novel application of the Multi-Criterion Decision-Making (MCDM) method. The aim of the study is to determine the optimal primary design factors that will increase gearbox efficiency while decreasing gearbox volume. Three main design parameters were chosen for assessment in this work: the first stage’s gear ratio, and the first and second stages’ Coefficients of Wheel Face Width (CWFW). In addition, the MOOP is divided into two phases: phase 1 solves the single-objective optimization problem to reduce the gap between variable levels, and phase 2 solves the MOOP to determine the optimal primary design factors. Furthermore, the Entropy approach was picked to compute the weight criteria, and the MARCOS method was chosen as an MCDM method to handle the multi-objective optimization issue. The following are important characteristics of the study: Firstly, the MCDM method (MARCOS technique) was successfully applied to solve a MOOP for the first time. Secondly, this work has looked into power losses during idle motion to calculate the efficiency of a two-stage helical gearbox. The results of the study were used in the design of a two-stage helical gearbox in order to identify the optimal values for three important design parameters.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Efficient Manufacturing: Materials, Processes, and Systems)
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Open AccessArticle
Challenges That Impact the Development of a Multi-Generational Low-Carbon Passive House in a Small City
by
Hanan Wehbi and Tahar Messadi
Designs 2024, 8(3), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs8030052 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
The impact of the building and construction sector on climate change is becoming more important and recognized. Multiple initiatives around the globe have been utilized to design and develop residential structures, aiming to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions; yet, there are several
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The impact of the building and construction sector on climate change is becoming more important and recognized. Multiple initiatives around the globe have been utilized to design and develop residential structures, aiming to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions; yet, there are several barriers to effective construction processes. This research outlines the gaps and barriers encountered by key stakeholders that were engaged during the preconstruction phase of a three-story multi-generational low-impact Passive House in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Through direct observation and open-ended interviews, the primary data are collected, and secondary data from a comprehensive literature review are detailed to capture the challenges faced during different phases of the implementation of sustainable residential dwellings. This study highlights the limited knowledge and experience in sustainable building design as a common barrier among participants along with the insufficiency of the regulatory framework governing adopted building codes in Arkansas, in facilitating sustainable building design implementation. These challenges, among others, are then thoroughly examined, and recommendations to address them are described.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)
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Open AccessArticle
Introduction of Hybrid Additive Manufacturing for Producing Multi-Material Artificial Organs for Education and In Vitro Testing
by
Konstantinos Chatzipapas, Anastasia Nika and Agathoklis A. Krimpenis
Designs 2024, 8(3), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs8030051 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
The evolution of 3D printing has ushered in accessibility and cost-effectiveness, spanning various industries including biomedical engineering, education, and microfluidics. In biomedical engineering, it encompasses bioprinting tissues, producing prosthetics, porous metal orthopedic implants, and facilitating educational models. Hybrid Additive Manufacturing approaches and, more
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The evolution of 3D printing has ushered in accessibility and cost-effectiveness, spanning various industries including biomedical engineering, education, and microfluidics. In biomedical engineering, it encompasses bioprinting tissues, producing prosthetics, porous metal orthopedic implants, and facilitating educational models. Hybrid Additive Manufacturing approaches and, more specifically, the integration of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) with bio-inkjet printing offers the advantages of improved accuracy, structural support, and controlled geometry, yet challenges persist in cell survival, interaction, and nutrient delivery within printed structures. The goal of this study was to develop and present a low-cost way to produce physical phantoms of human organs that could be used for research and training, bridging the gap between the use of highly detailed computational phantoms and real-life clinical applications. To this purpose, this study utilized anonymized clinical Computed Tomography (CT) data to create a liver physical model using the Creality Ender-3 printer. Polylactic Acid (PLA), Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA), and light-bodied silicone (Polysiloxane) materials were employed for printing the liver including its veins and arteries. In brief, PLA was used to create a mold of a liver to be filled with biocompatible light-bodied silicone. Molds of the veins and arteries were printed using PVA and then inserted in the liver model to create empty channel. In addition, the PVA was then washed out by the final product using warm water. Despite minor imperfections due to the printer’s limitations, the final product imitates the computational model accurately enough. Precision adjustments in the design phase compensated for this variation. The proposed novel low-cost 3D printing methodology successfully produced an anatomically accurate liver physical model, presenting promising applications in medical education, research, and surgical planning. Notably, its implications extend to medical training, personalized medicine, and organ transplantation. The technology’s potential includes injection training for medical professionals, personalized anthropomorphic phantoms for radiation therapy, and the future prospect of creating functional living organs for organ transplantation, albeit requiring significant interdisciplinary collaboration and financial investment. This technique, while showcasing immense potential in biomedical applications, requires further advancements and interdisciplinary cooperation for its optimal utilization in revolutionizing medical science and benefiting patient healthcare.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Biomaterials Design)
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Open AccessArticle
Analysis of the Accuracy of CAD Modeling in Engineering and Medical Industries Based on Measurement Data Using Reverse Engineering Methods
by
Paweł Turek, Wojciech Bezłada, Klaudia Cierpisz, Karol Dubiel, Adrian Frydrych and Jacek Misiura
Designs 2024, 8(3), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs8030050 - 24 May 2024
Abstract
The reverse engineering (RE) process is often necessary in today’s engineering and medical industries. Expertise in measurement technology, data processing, and CAD modeling is required to ensure accurate reconstruction of an object’s geometry. However, errors are generated at every stage of geometric reconstruction,
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The reverse engineering (RE) process is often necessary in today’s engineering and medical industries. Expertise in measurement technology, data processing, and CAD modeling is required to ensure accurate reconstruction of an object’s geometry. However, errors are generated at every stage of geometric reconstruction, affecting the dimensional and geometric accuracy of the final 3D-CAD model. In this article, the geometry of reconstructed models was measured using contact and optical methods. The measurement data representing 2D profiles, 3D point clouds, and 2D images acquired in the reconstruction process were saved to a stereolithography (STL) model. The reconstructed models were then subjected to a CAD modeling process, and the accuracy of the parametric modeling was evaluated by comparing the 3D-CAD model to the 3D-STL model. Based on the results, the model used for clam** and positioning parts to perform the machining process and the connecting rod provided the most accurate map** errors. These models represented deviations within ±0.02 mm and ±0.05 mm. The accuracy of CAD modeling for the turbine blade model and the pelvis part was comparable, presenting deviations within ±0.1 mm. However, the helical gear and the femur models showed the highest deviations of about ±0.2 mm. The procedures presented in the article specify the methods and resolution of the measurement systems and suggest CAD modeling strategies to minimize reconstruction errors. These results can be used as a starting point for further tests to optimize CAD modeling procedures based on the obtained measurement data.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Biomaterials Design)
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Open AccessReview
Product Design Trends within the Footwear Industry: A Review
by
Lazaros Firtikiadis, Athanasios Manavis, Panagiotis Kyratsis and Nikolaos Efkolidis
Designs 2024, 8(3), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs8030049 - 24 May 2024
Abstract
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Computer technology influences the capability to enhance the functionality of manufacturing and product design technologies. Innovations in computational design and digital manufacturing empower designers and manufacturers to create novel representations and algorithms for designing, analyzing, and planning the production of highly complicated products
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Computer technology influences the capability to enhance the functionality of manufacturing and product design technologies. Innovations in computational design and digital manufacturing empower designers and manufacturers to create novel representations and algorithms for designing, analyzing, and planning the production of highly complicated products achievable through state-of-the-art technology. Various principles, including computational physics, geometric reasoning, and automated spatial planning, enable engineers to generate entirely new categories of products in the footwear industry. This study aims to review the methods and tools that have been published in the literature for the last twenty years, and provide a better understanding of the parameters, tools, and controls that contribute to the design and manufacturing processes of shoes. The main focus is on highlighting the product design-related trends within the footwear industry. A structured framework becomes apparent in the literature through the grou** and presentation of information. This framework facilitates drawing conclusions about the trends and existing needs derived from in-depth research in the field of footwear. Additionally, it reveals the upcoming methods and tools that will contribute to the enhancement and development of this emerging and promising industry sector. In conclusion, the categorization limitation within the footwear industry could serve as the foundation for exploring key areas to be analyzed further in other industries, for instance, in furniture, clothing, and packaging.
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Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Energy Requirement Modeling for Automated Guided Vehicles Considering Material Flow and Layout Data
by
Marvin Sperling and Kai Furmans
Designs 2024, 8(3), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs8030048 - 21 May 2024
Abstract
Saving energy and resources has become increasingly important for industrial applications. Foremost, this requires knowledge about the energy requirement. For this purpose, this paper presents a state-based energy requirement model for mobile robots, e.g., automated guided vehicles or autonomous mobile robots, that determines
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Saving energy and resources has become increasingly important for industrial applications. Foremost, this requires knowledge about the energy requirement. For this purpose, this paper presents a state-based energy requirement model for mobile robots, e.g., automated guided vehicles or autonomous mobile robots, that determines the energy requirement by integrating the linearized power requirement parameters within each system state of the vehicle. The model and their respective system states were verified using a qualitative process analysis of 25 mobile robots from different manufacturers and validated by comparing simulated data with experimental data. For this purpose, power consumption measurements over 461 operating hours were performed in experiments with two different industrial mobile robots. System components of a mobile robot, which require energy, were classified and their power consumptions were measured individually. The parameters in the study consist of vehicle speed, load-handling duration, load, utilization, material flow and layout data, and charging infrastructure system frequency, yet these varied throughout the experiments. Validation of the model through real experiments shows that, in a confidence interval, the relative deviation in the modeled power requirement for a small-scale vehicle is , whereas, for a mid-scale vehicle, it is . This sets a benchmark for modeling the energy requirement of mobile robots with multiple influencing factors, allowing for an accurate estimation of the energy requirement of mobile robots.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Robotic Design, Manufacturing, and the Action-Perception Loop)
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Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
An Innovative Mechanical Approach to Mitigating Torque Fluctuations in IC Engines during Idle Operation
by
Daniel Silva Cardoso, Paulo Oliveira Fael, Pedro Dinis Gaspar and António Espírito-Santo
Designs 2024, 8(3), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs8030047 - 17 May 2024
Abstract
Internal combustion engines have been a major contributor to air pollution. Replacing these engines with electric propulsion systems presents significant challenges due to different countries’ needs and limitations. An active, purely mechanical solution to the problem of irregular torque production in an alternative
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Internal combustion engines have been a major contributor to air pollution. Replacing these engines with electric propulsion systems presents significant challenges due to different countries’ needs and limitations. An active, purely mechanical solution to the problem of irregular torque production in an alternative internal combustion engine is proposed. This solution uses an actuator built on a camshaft and a spring, which stores and returns energy during the engine operating cycle, allowing torque production to be normalized, avoiding heavy flywheels. Designed for control throughout the engine’s duty cycle, this system incorporates a cam profile and a spring mechanism. The spring captures energy during the expansion stroke, which is then released to the engine during the intake and compression strokes. Simple, lightweight, and efficient, this system ensures smoother and more consistent engine operations. It presents a viable alternative to the heavy and problematic dual-mass flywheels that were introduced in the 1980s and are still in use. This innovative approach could significantly enhance the performance and reliability of alternative internal combustion engines without notable energy losses.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Zero Carbon Vehicles and Power Generation)
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