Journal Description
International Journal of Plant Biology
International Journal of Plant Biology
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on all different subdisciplines of plant biology, published quarterly online by MDPI (from Volume 13, Issue 1 - 2022).
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, Biological Abstracts and BIOSIS Previews (Web of Science), and other databases.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 19.2 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 4.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.
Latest Articles
Inheritance of Mitochondria in Pelargonium Section Ciconium (Sweet) Interspecific Crosses
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 586-598; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030044 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024
Abstract
We have studied the inheritance of mitochondria in Pelargonium section Ciconium using 36 interspecific crosses generated. We designed KASP markers targeting four mitochondrial loci, belonging to the mitomes of four main crossing parents, enabling tracking the transmission of each mitome in the crosses.
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We have studied the inheritance of mitochondria in Pelargonium section Ciconium using 36 interspecific crosses generated. We designed KASP markers targeting four mitochondrial loci, belonging to the mitomes of four main crossing parents, enabling tracking the transmission of each mitome in the crosses. These markers discriminate between an individual species versus the other section Ciconium species. We found that maternal inheritance of mitochondria is most frequent, with occasional occurrences of paternal inheritance, while biparental inheritance is rare. For a P. multibracteatum crossing series, we found ambiguous results. Our results confirm those of previous studies, namely, that paternal inheritance of mitochondria can occur in P. sect Ciconium but that the instance is rare and much less common than is the case for chloroplasts.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Genetic Resources: Conservation and Characterization)
Open AccessReview
From Signaling to Stress: How Does Plant Redox Homeostasis Behave under Phytophagous Mite Infestation?
by
Wesley Borges Wurlitzer, Mateusz Labudda, Joaquim Albenisio G. Silveira, Ronice Drebel Matthes, Julia Renata Schneider and Noeli Juarez Ferla
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 561-585; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030043 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
Plants are directly exposed to several biotic factors. Among these, mite species belonging to the superfamilies Eriophyoidea and Tetranychoidea stand out due to their ability to injure or even transmit viruses to their host plants. In response to infestations by these organisms, reactive
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Plants are directly exposed to several biotic factors. Among these, mite species belonging to the superfamilies Eriophyoidea and Tetranychoidea stand out due to their ability to injure or even transmit viruses to their host plants. In response to infestations by these organisms, reactive oxygen species (ROS), regulated by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants (homeostasis), can act as signaling molecules to induce defenses or even acclimatization in attacked plants. However, depending on the severity of the stress, there can be an imbalance between ROS and antioxidants that can result in oxidative stress, leading to membrane damage by lipid peroxidation, organelle inactivation, and even cell death. In this review, we outline for the first time the current state of understanding regarding the role of cellular processes in ROS metabolism, such as signaling, the potential damage induced by ROS, and the defense role of enzymatic antioxidant systems involved in the plant–mite relationship. Furthermore, we identify several gaps between redox metabolism and plant defense against phytophagous mites.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Communication)
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Open AccessArticle
Pre-Harvest Chemical Compounds Influence Lily (Lilium × elegans) Leaf and Flower Indigenous Phenols, Flavonoids and Gibberellic Acid Levels
by
Ahmed AlFayad and Yahia Othman
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 551-560; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030042 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
The global cut flower industry, including lilies, represents a highly promising investment. Therefore, improving the quantity and quality of these commercially significant flower species is crucial. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the influence of different pre-harvest chemical compounds on
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The global cut flower industry, including lilies, represents a highly promising investment. Therefore, improving the quantity and quality of these commercially significant flower species is crucial. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the influence of different pre-harvest chemical compounds on endogenous GA3, phenol, flavonoids and total antioxidants levels on the leaf and petals parts of Longiflorum-Asiatic (Lilium × elegans cv. Cevennes, yellow) lily and to (2) assess the effect of these compound on the flower quality component. The study was conducted over two cycles in both greenhouse and laboratory settings. Lily bulbs were transplanted into 10 L pots and grown for 70 days. Treatments were applied by spraying twice with a five-day interval on the flowers still on the plants and not yet fully opened. The treatments included 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (8HQS) at 100, 200, and 400 mg L−1; salicylic acid (SA) at 100 and 200 mg L−1; SmartFresh™ at 1 and 2 mg L−1; Harvista™ at 150 mg L−1; GA₃ at 50 mg L−1; and a control (water). The lily stems were harvested when one of the flowering buds began to open but was not fully opened. A post-harvest assessment was conducted in the laboratory at room temperature (20 ± 2 °C). The results showed that the lily leaf had a much higher endogenous concentration of GA3 (256%) and lower concentrations of total phenols (22%), flavonoids (28%), and antioxidant activity (14%) when compared to flower petals. In addition, the foliar application of flower preservative compounds one week before harvesting significantly improved the endogenous levels of GA3, total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidants activity, especially SmartFresh™ at rate of 1 mg L−1. In terms of flower quality, SmartFresh™, at rate of 1 mg L−1, and 8-HQS, at rate of 200, had consistently higher vase lives compared to the control treatment across the two experimental cycles. Compared to the control, SmartFresh™ (the post-harvest ethylene control) increased the vase life of lily flowers by 35% at cycle 1 and 31% at cycle 2 while 8-HQS, at rate of 200 mg L−1, increased the vase life by 21% and 15% at cycles 1 and 2, respectively. However, no significant effect was found in the petal flower color coordinates (L*, a* and b*) across the treatments. Overall, the foliar application of preservative compounds (such as SmartFresh™) at the pre-harvest stage potentially stimulates the endogenous levels of GA3, total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidants activity, leading to better improvements in post-harvest flower quality, specifically vase life.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)
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Open AccessArticle
Passion Fruit Cultivation: An Approach to Internal Leaf Anatomy
by
Lucas Aparecido Manzani Lisboa, José Carlos Cavichioli, Thiago de Souza Ferreira, Aldeir da Silva and Paulo Alexandre Monteiro de Figueiredo
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 542-550; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030041 - 24 Jun 2024
Abstract
Some species of the genus Passiflora have leaf morphological adaptations that grow to influence the development of the plant in producing areas. Hence, the objective of this work is to quantify and characterize the leaf anatomy of passion fruit species distributed in the
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Some species of the genus Passiflora have leaf morphological adaptations that grow to influence the development of the plant in producing areas. Hence, the objective of this work is to quantify and characterize the leaf anatomy of passion fruit species distributed in the South American region, which can become an important strategy in the selection of species more adapted to the environment where they will be grown. This work evaluates the abaxial and adaxial cuticle thickness (ABCT and ADCT), abaxial and adaxial epidermis thickness (ABET and ADET), xylem diameter (XD), phloem diameter (PD), and thickness of the palisade parenchyma (TPP), of the species Passiflora quadrangularis L., Passiflora foetida L., Passiflora edulis Sims, Passiflora gibertii N.E Brown, Passiflora coccinea Aubl, Passiflora alata Curtis, Passiflora tenuifila Killip, Passiflora caerulea L., and Passiflora cincinnata Mast. Passion fruit species present differences in leaf anatomy, which may influence the plant’s development. The species Passiflora quadrangularis L. showed a greater thickness of cuticles, epidermis, conducting vessels, and palisade parenchyma. The species Passiflora edulis has higher density and stomatal functionality. All Passiflora species formed druses on their leaves.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)
Open AccessArticle
Elicitor-Mediated Enhancement of α-Tocopherol in Cell Suspension Cultures of Nicotiana tabacum
by
Mani Chandra Harish, Shanmugaraj Balamurugan and Ramalingam Sathishkumar
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 534-541; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030040 - 24 Jun 2024
Abstract
Plant cell and tissue culture have been used as the alternative and potential renewable source for the production of valuable phytochemicals. Elicitation offers a reliable in vitro approach to produce or enhance potential phytochemicals. α-tocopherol, which is an isoform of vitamin E, is
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Plant cell and tissue culture have been used as the alternative and potential renewable source for the production of valuable phytochemicals. Elicitation offers a reliable in vitro approach to produce or enhance potential phytochemicals. α-tocopherol, which is an isoform of vitamin E, is a potent fat-soluble phytochemical known in nature. The present study focused on enhancing the production of α-tocopherol in the cell suspension culture through an elicitation approach. Suspension cultures of Nicotiana tabacum were established from the leaf disk-derived callus. The cell suspension cultures were treated with different elicitors (methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and yeast extract) at the lag phase of the cell growth cycle. The effects of elicitors on cell cultures were determined in terms of biomass, and α-tocopherol enhancement was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Different elicitors depending on the concentration exerted different effects on cell growth and α-tocopherol production. Methyl jasmonate treatment showed the significantly highest increase in α-tocopherol on the 6th day of treatment in tobacco suspension cultures. Methyl jasmonate at the concentration of 150 μM enhanced α-tocopherol content to 24-fold over the control. This study clearly shows that the elicitors had the potential to increase the accumulation of α-tocopherol considerably in tobacco cell cultures. The outcomes of this study could be of considerable importance to the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)
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Open AccessArticle
Impact of Tomato Grafts on the Potato Tuber Metabolome and Skin Colour
by
Vanda Villányi, Khongorzul Odgerel, Cathrine O. O. Okaroni and Zsófia Bánfalvi
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 517-533; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030039 - 21 Jun 2024
Abstract
Grafting is a traditional research and crop production technique used to study the long-distance movement of molecules, reduce disease susceptibility, and improve yield, quality, and nutrient content. Tomato/potato grafts are rare examples of successful interspecies grafting, even resulting in commercially available products. Nevertheless,
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Grafting is a traditional research and crop production technique used to study the long-distance movement of molecules, reduce disease susceptibility, and improve yield, quality, and nutrient content. Tomato/potato grafts are rare examples of successful interspecies grafting, even resulting in commercially available products. Nevertheless, information on the effect of tomato on the quality parameters of potato tubers is scarce. In this study, the tomato cultivar ‘Mobil’ was grafted with the potato cultivars ‘White Lady’, ‘Hópehely’, and ‘Désirée’, and the phenotype, metabolite composition, and starch and protein contents of the tubers were analysed. Anthocyanins were isolated from the tuber skins, and the expression level of the transcription factor ANTHOCYANIN1 (StAN1) was evaluated. Out of the 112 identified metabolites, the concentrations of twelve compounds were altered in the same direction in all three cultivars. Compared to the self-grafted control, the starch content of tubers was increased in each cultivar, while the protein level remained unaltered in ‘White Lady’ and ‘Hópehely’. The oval tubers became roundish. The tomato scion increased the anthocyanin content of ‘Hópehely’ and ‘Désirée’ tuber skins, which was correlated with the upregulation of StAN1 expression. These results indicate that tomato scion has a significant impact on the quality parameters of potato tubers.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)
Open AccessArticle
The Induction of Salt Stress Tolerance by Gibberellic Acid Treatment in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Plants
by
Iman Janah, Raja Ben-Laouane, Abdelhadi Elhasnaoui, Mohamed Anli and Abdelilah Meddich
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(2), 505-516; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15020038 - 19 Jun 2024
Abstract
Salinity poses a perpetual threat to agricultural lands, presenting an ongoing challenge to global food security. The present study aimed to explore the potential benefits of gibberellic acid (GA3) in enhancing stevia’s tolerance to salt stress. The experimental treatments comprised a control group
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Salinity poses a perpetual threat to agricultural lands, presenting an ongoing challenge to global food security. The present study aimed to explore the potential benefits of gibberellic acid (GA3) in enhancing stevia’s tolerance to salt stress. The experimental treatments comprised a control group (C) with 0 mM NaCl, salt stress (S) with 80 mM NaCl, 50 ppm of GA3 (G1), 100 ppm of GA3 (G2), as well as combinations of GA3 with salt stress (G1+S and G2+S). Exposure to saline water (80 mM NaCl) significantly decreased plant growth, water status, and photosynthetic attributes. However, it also led to notable increases in proline, glycine betaine, malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidant enzyme activities compared to the control treatment. Application of 100 ppm of GA3 effectively alleviated salt stress by enhancing plant performance under saline conditions, as evidenced by increased aerial (54%) and root (31%) dry weights compared to the control. Additionally, GA3 treatment resulted in elevated activities of polyphenol oxidase (24%), peroxidase (12%), superoxide dismutase (31%), and catalase (11%) while reducing MDA content by 41%, electrolyte leakage by 37%, and hydrogen peroxide by 34%. The use of phytohormones such as GA3 emerges as a promising strategy for mitigating salt stress-induced damage. It not only enhances plant performance but also reduces oxidative stress, offering protection against the detrimental effects of soil salinization.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)
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Open AccessReview
Progress in the Use of Combined Omics for Mungbean Breeding Improvement and Its Potential in Promoting Resistance against Cercospora Leaf Spot
by
Temesgen Bedassa Gudeta, Gemechu Keneni and Sandiswa Figlan
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(2), 482-504; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15020037 - 14 Jun 2024
Abstract
Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) is the most destructive fungal disease, deteriorating the production and productivity of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Mungbean is one of the most nutritionally and environmentally important legumes, with popularity currently increasing as a ‘future smart food crop’
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Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) is the most destructive fungal disease, deteriorating the production and productivity of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Mungbean is one of the most nutritionally and environmentally important legumes, with popularity currently increasing as a ‘future smart food crop’ due to its several health benefits. In recent years, there has been considerable research progress in improving disease resistance in legumes. However, only a limited number of studies have pinpointed potential genes and candidate genes associated with resistance traits to CLS in mungbeans. Identifying the potential resistant resources through combined omics approaches is an efficient strategy to screen the best Cercospora-resistant mungbean varieties for further molecular breeding and improvement. Potential omics approaches are important tools to predict disease management strategies, alleviate chemical overuse, and mitigate problems due to malnutrition. Sustainable breeding research efforts using potential combined omics, including automated phenoty**, to promote important resistant traits associated with CLS in mungbeans are still unexplored and a key issue that needs to be addressed. Omics-technology-based research findings on resistance genes, proteins, and metabolites against CLS in mungbean are recognised in this review. Due to a limitation of research findings specifically underscoring the use of omics tools for screening resistant mungbean against CLS, best related research outcomes on other crops are included in this review.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)
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Open AccessArticle
Effects of Ultraviolet-C Exposure on Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, and Ornamental Plants
by
Agrin Davari, Cheryl F. Sullivan, Mark S. Rea, Margaret Skinner and Bruce L. Parker
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(2), 468-481; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15020036 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (WFT), is one of the most destructive insect pests of vegetables and ornamental crops globally. Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) exposure has been shown to reduce populations of arthropod pests, including whiteflies and two-spotted spider mites, but has not been fully
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Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (WFT), is one of the most destructive insect pests of vegetables and ornamental crops globally. Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) exposure has been shown to reduce populations of arthropod pests, including whiteflies and two-spotted spider mites, but has not been fully assessed for WFT. The goal of this study was to determine if UV-C radiance could be a viable strategy for inclusion in integrated pest management (IPM) programs for WFT. The objectives were to (1) assess the relationship among UV-C dose (irradiance × duration) and mortality of WFT adults and second instar larvae, (2) determine the effect of UV-C on WFT fecundity and egg hatch, and (3) assess the effect of the WFT lethal dose of UV-C on three WFT-prone ornamental plants. A UV-C dose is measured in Joules, which equals power (watts) × exposure time. A dose-dependent relationship between UV-C exposure and mortality of WFT larvae and adults was observed. At the doses of 0.98 and 0.68 J/cm2 (5 and 4 min exposure, respectively), 50% of the larvae died within 24 and 48 h, respectively. The UV-C dose needed to achieve 50% mortality was higher for adults than larvae, occurring at 5.2 and 4.4 J/cm2 (35 min and 25 min exposure, respectively) within 72 and 120 h, respectively. The number of eggs laid by surviving WFT subjected to UV-C treatment was less than by those that were untreated, and the egg-laying period was significantly shorter among those treated with UV-C. When leaves containing WFT eggs were exposed to UV-C doses known to cause 30–40% mortality in adults, 86–98% fewer eggs hatched compared to untreated controls. Ornamental plants exposed to UV-C doses lethal to eggs, second instars, and adult WFT either showed no damage, or when damage occurred, plants recovered within 14–30 days. Additional studies under controlled greenhouse conditions are needed to elucidate the effectiveness of UV-C radiance against WFT over time and its compatibility with biological control and other IPM practices.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)
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Open AccessArticle
Genomic Regions and Candidate Genes for Seed Iron and Seed Zinc Accumulation Identified in the Soybean ‘Forrest’ by ‘Williams 82’ RIL Population
by
Nacer Bellaloui, Dounya Knizia, Jiazheng Yuan, Qijian Song, Frances Betts, Teresa Register, Earl Williams, Naoufal Lakhssassi, Hamid Mazouz, Henry T. Nguyen, Khalid Meksem, Alemu Mengistu and My Abdelmajid Kassem
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(2), 452-467; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15020035 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Soybean is a major crop in the world and an essential source for minerals, including iron (Fe) and zin (Zn). Deficiency of Fe and Zn in soil and soybean plants result in yield loss and poor seed nutritional qualities. Information on genomic regions
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Soybean is a major crop in the world and an essential source for minerals, including iron (Fe) and zin (Zn). Deficiency of Fe and Zn in soil and soybean plants result in yield loss and poor seed nutritional qualities. Information on genomic regions and candidate genes controlling seed Fe and Zn accumulation in soybean seed is limited. Therefore, The objective of this research was to identify genetic regions, known as quantitative trait loci (QTL), and candidate genes that control the accumulation of Fe and Zn in soybean mature seeds. A ‘Forrest’ by ‘Williams 82’ (F × W82) recombinant inbred line (RIL) population (n = 306) was used and genotyped using a total of 5405 single nucleotides polymorphism (SNP) markers using Infinium SNP6K BeadChips. A two-year experiment was conducted across two environments: North Carolina in 2018 (NC) and Illinois in 2020 (IL). Only QTL with LOD scores ≥ 2.5, as identified by the composite interval map** (CIM) method, are reported here. In total, 6 QTL were identified for seed Fe; specifically, 3 QTL (qFe-01-[NC-2018], qFe-02-[NC-2018], and qFe-03-[NC-2018]) were located on chromosomes 1, 2, and 6, respectively, in the NC environment, and 3 QTL (qFe-01-[IL-2020], qFe-02-[IL-2020], and qFe-03-[IL-2020]) were positioned on chromosomes 1, 2, and 12, respectively, in the IL environment. A total of 6 QTL associated with seed Zn were also identified; 4 QTL (qZn-01-[NC-2018]; qZn-02-[NC-2018]; qZn-03-[NC-2018]; and qZn-04-[NC-2018]), respectively on Chr 2, 3, 7, and 19 in NC; and 2 QTL (qZn-01-[IL-2020] and qZn-02-[IL-2020]), respectively, on Chr 5 and 8 in IL. Several functional genes encode Fe- and Zn-proteins, transcription factors, proteins-zinc finger motifs (involved in DNA binding and transcriptional regulation; crosstalk between the regulatory pathways of Zn and Fe transporters) were identified and located within the QTL interval. To our knowledge, and based on the literature available, the QTL identified here on Chr 2 and Chr 6 are novel and were not previously identified. This current research provides a new knowledge of the genetic basis of seed Fe and Zn and the markers associated with QTL. The QTL identified here will contribute to efficient marker assisted selection for higher Fe and Zn content in soybean seeds. The candidate genes and metal-responsive transcription factors may coordinate the expression of both Zn and Fe transporters in response to changes in metal availability, providing new knowledge on minerals uptake and transport mechanisms, allowing for possible genetic engineering application.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)
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Open AccessArticle
Liming and Plastering Modify Root Anatomy in Pennisetum purpureum Schum
by
Samira Polezi Silva, Gabriel Sgarbiero Montanha, Fernanda de Fátima da Silva Devechio and João Paulo Rodrigues Marques
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(2), 442-451; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15020034 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) exhibits high biomass production, is readily accepted by animals, and demonstrates good adaptation to the various soil types. Consequently, the utilization of P. purpureum shows promise in amending surface and subsurface soil acidity, thereby contributing to increased
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Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) exhibits high biomass production, is readily accepted by animals, and demonstrates good adaptation to the various soil types. Consequently, the utilization of P. purpureum shows promise in amending surface and subsurface soil acidity, thereby contributing to increased crop yield while enhancing water and nutrient utilization efficiency. In this study, the effects of corrective processes involving limestone and plastering on the root anatomy of P. purpureum were investigated. Roots subjected to different treatments were fixed, dehydrated, and embedded in historesin. Subsequently, samples were sectioned in a microtome, stained with toluidine blue for the conventional analysis, or submitted to the histochemical test. The qualitative and quantitative anatomical analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of liming and plastering on the root structure of P. purpureum. The results showed that liming led to an increase in both the number and diameter of vessel elements, while plastering reduced these parameters compared to the acidic soils. Additionally, liming induced the formation of suberized endodermal cell walls. These findings highlight the significance of effective soil management to obtain P. purpureum plants with a well-developed vascular system, thereby promoting optimal plant performance in agricultural crops.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)
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Open AccessArticle
Liriodenine and Its Probable Role as an Osmolyte during Water Stress in Annona lutescens (Annonaceae)
by
Alfredo Cisneros-Andrés, Rocío Cruz-Ortega, Marisol Castro-Moreno and Alma Rosa González-Esquinca
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(2), 429-441; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15020033 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
In tropical deciduous forests (TDFs), plants have developed various strategies to tolerate desiccation during the dry season. One strategy is osmotic adjustment, which includes the accumulation of secondary metabolites. Annona lutescens, a species that inhabits TDFs, increases and accumulates liriodenine alkaloid in
[...] Read more.
In tropical deciduous forests (TDFs), plants have developed various strategies to tolerate desiccation during the dry season. One strategy is osmotic adjustment, which includes the accumulation of secondary metabolites. Annona lutescens, a species that inhabits TDFs, increases and accumulates liriodenine alkaloid in its roots during the dry season. In this study, we evaluate the possible role of this molecule as an osmolyte and in pH homeostasis. We performed growth analyses and determined liriodenine concentrations during water stress in Annona lutescens seedlings grown under controlled temperature, water, and light conditions. We also calculated their osmotic adjustment based on pressure–volume curves and performed solubility tests along a pH gradient. Osmotic adjustment was compared between control plants (irrigated) and plants subjected to 15, 25, and 35 days of water stress. Osmotic adjustment was dramatically higher in plants subjected to 35 days of water stress compared to the control. The solubility of liriodenine was 54% at pH 4.5, and when liriodenine was in contact with malic acid solutions, the pH increased slightly. The highest concentration of liriodenine was in the roots, with a significant increase from 540.855 μg g−1 after 15 days of water stress to 1239.897 μg g−1 after 35 days. Our results suggest that liriodenine plays an important role in the response to water stress as an osmolyte and in pH homeostasis.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Effects of Biotic and Abiotic Stressors on Plant Secondary Metabolites)
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Open AccessArticle
Antagonism and Synergism Characterize the Interactions between Four North American Potato Virus Y Strains
by
Prakash M. Niraula, Patricia Baldrich, Junaid A. Cheema, Hashir A. Cheema, Dejah S. Gaiter, Blake C. Meyers and Vincent N. Fondong
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(2), 412-428; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15020032 - 21 May 2024
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is one of the most important constraints to potato production worldwide. There is an increasing occurrence of recombinant PVY strains PVYNTN and PVYN-Wi and a decline in the incidence of the nonrecombinant PVYO. We hypothesized
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Potato virus Y (PVY) is one of the most important constraints to potato production worldwide. There is an increasing occurrence of recombinant PVY strains PVYNTN and PVYN-Wi and a decline in the incidence of the nonrecombinant PVYO. We hypothesized that this may be due to the ability of these recombinant strains to antagonize and/or outcompete PVYO in mixed infections. To determine this, we investigated interactions between PVYO and three recombinant PVY strains common in North America: PVYNTN, PVYN-Wi, and PVYN:O. Overall, our study showed that these interactions are tissue-dependent. Specifically, PVYNTN, the main causal agent of potato tuber necrotic ringspot disease (PTNRD), was found to be more adaptable than PVYO, especially in potato leaves due, at least in part, to the Ny gene that confers hypersensitive resistance (HR) to PVYO. Furthermore, PVYN-Wi was found to repress PVYO in potato tubers but act synergistically in potato leaves. The PVYO-induced foliage necrosis in cultivar ‘Ranger Russet’ was observed to be more severe in plants co-infected by PVYN-Wi and PVYN:O, respectively, resulting in plant death. Strikingly, this PVYO -induced necrosis was suppressed by PVYNTN in doubly infected plants. These interactions may, at least partially, explain the decreasing incidence of PVYO in United States potato production regions, especially given that many cultivars contain the Ny gene, which likely limits PVYO enabling PVYNTN and PVYN-Wi to outcompete. We also found that replication and cell-to-cell movement of these PVY strains in tubers at 4 °C was similar to levels at ambient temperature.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Microbe-Induced Abiotic Stress Alleviation in Plants)
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Open AccessArticle
Physiological Response and Comprehensive Resistance Evaluation of East African Endemic Aeollanthus repens under Water and Heat Stress
by
Yingying Tu, Jitao Li, Yiying Liao, Yuvenalis Morara Mbuni, **aoning Li and Qiyan Khong
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(2), 397-411; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15020031 - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
Aeollanthus repens, native to East Africa, thrives in seasonally dry tropical biomes and boasts qualities ideal for both ornamental and ground cover purposes. However, despite its potential, its current resistance levels remain uncertain. Assessing its adaptability could offer valuable insights for its
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Aeollanthus repens, native to East Africa, thrives in seasonally dry tropical biomes and boasts qualities ideal for both ornamental and ground cover purposes. However, despite its potential, its current resistance levels remain uncertain. Assessing its adaptability could offer valuable insights for its wider adoption and utilization. In this study, researchers employed 3-month-old cuttings of A. repens, subjecting them to six distinct environments by manipulating the temperature (25/20 °C and 35/30 °C) and soil moisture levels (100%, 20%, and 40%). Their leaf physiological and photosynthetic indices were assessed at intervals of 5, 10, and 15 days following exposure to stress. The findings unveiled that exposure to prolonged moisture, elevated temperatures, or a combination of both led to an increase in osmoregulatory substances in the leaves. This increase was accompanied by heightened enzyme activity and an increased intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, followed by a subsequent decline. Additionally, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate exhibited a decreasing trend over time. Through a comprehensive assessment of stress tolerance utilizing a composite affiliation function value index, the study concluded that A. repens exhibits optimal growth in a certain high-temperature environments and demonstrates substantial resistance to waterlogging, drought, and simultaneous high-temperature stress. However, the resilience of A. repens appears to diminish under the compounded stresses of high temperature and drought.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity and Conservation of Flora in Africa)
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Open AccessReview
Plant Tissues as Biomonitoring Tools for Environmental Contaminants
by
Mariam Tarish, Rania T. Ali, Muhammad Shan, Zarmeena Amjad, Qingchen Rui, Sayed Abdul Akher and Abdullah Al Mutery
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(2), 375-396; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15020030 - 28 Apr 2024
Abstract
Environmental toxins pose significant threats to ecosystems and human health. Monitoring and assessing these toxins are crucial for effective environmental management and public health protection. Recently, plant species have garnered increasing attention as potential bioindicators for identifying and evaluating ecological toxins. Since plants
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Environmental toxins pose significant threats to ecosystems and human health. Monitoring and assessing these toxins are crucial for effective environmental management and public health protection. Recently, plant species have garnered increasing attention as potential bioindicators for identifying and evaluating ecological toxins. Since plants often come into touch with harmful compounds in soil, water, and the atmosphere, they are particularly valuable for analyzing how human activities influence the terrestrial ecosystem, the aquatic system, and the atmosphere. This review paper emphasizes using plant species as a resource for tracking environmental pollution and analyzing contaminants. We focused on plants because they are significant indicators of soil, water, and air quality changes. Many plants have been used as bio-indicators to assess and predict pollution, toxicity, and environmental changes. These include Allium cepa, Vicia faba, Pisum sativum, Zea mays, Nicotiana tabacum, lichens, and mosses. The idea of bioindicators is discussed in the current paper, with a focus on plants as possible candidates for bioindicators for toxin assessment and related outcomes.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)
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Open AccessReview
Review of Invasive Plant Functional Traits and Management Using Remote Sensing in Sub-Saharan Africa
by
Fredrick Ojija, Francesco Petruzzellis and Giovanni Bacaro
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(2), 358-374; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15020029 - 28 Apr 2024
Abstract
Biodiversity and sustainable development in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are considerably impacted by invasive alien plants (IAPs). Increasing plant invasions in SSA threaten agricultural productivity, biodiversity conservation, and other socioeconomic activities, which in turn put the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in peril.
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Biodiversity and sustainable development in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are considerably impacted by invasive alien plants (IAPs). Increasing plant invasions in SSA threaten agricultural productivity, biodiversity conservation, and other socioeconomic activities, which in turn put the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in peril. In order to effectively combat IAPs, understanding their functional traits (morphological, physiological, and phenological traits) and integrating them into remote sensing (RS) is vital. While functional traits influence IAPs’ fitness to invade and establish in a new geographical range, RS aids in studying them remotely, delineating and map** them, and predicting their potential invasions. The information on this study topic was gathered by reviewing various existing studies published between 2000 and 2024. Based on this review, it was deduced that the majority of IAPs are fast-growing (or acquisitive), with a shorter leaf lifespan, bigger leaves, and higher plant height, ultimately resulting in a higher resource acquisition ability. We established further that in SSA, there are limited studies on IAP functional traits and their integration in RS. Many studies conducted in the region focus mostly on IAP distribution. Evidence from prior studies revealed that functional trait remote sensing (FTRS)-based research not only improves detection and map** but also predicts whether a certain alien plant can become invasive or expand its distribution range. Thus, using the FTRS approach could help IAP management in SSA, ultimately achieving the SDGs. Our review discusses IAP implications in SSA (e.g., Angola, Tanzania, Benin, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Zambia, Burundi, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Malawi, etc.) and for the achievement of SDGs; functional traits and their impact on alien invasions; and the importance of incorporating functional traits into RS.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Plant Invasion)
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Open AccessArticle
Ectomycorrhizal Diversity and Exploration Types in Salix caprea
by
Katarzyna Hrynkiewicz, Bliss Ursula Furtado, Jagoda Szydɫo and Christel Baum
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(2), 340-357; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15020028 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
The tree species Salix caprea shows high adaptability to different habitat conditions and is economically valuable as a woody crop for biomass production. Moreover, S. caprea is dependent on mycorrhizal fungi, which are crucial for its growth and adaptability in different environments. Hence,
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The tree species Salix caprea shows high adaptability to different habitat conditions and is economically valuable as a woody crop for biomass production. Moreover, S. caprea is dependent on mycorrhizal fungi, which are crucial for its growth and adaptability in different environments. Hence, this study explores the ectomycorrhizal diversity of S. caprea by utilizing the taxonomy (morphoty** and a molecular approach using the ITS and LSU regions) and trait diversity (exploration types) at two test sites in Germany and Poland. In total, 19 ectomycorrhizal (EM) morphotypes of S. caprea were characterized. Seven taxa were identified at the species level (Hebeloma populinum, Cortinarius atrocoerulaeus, Inocybe hirtella, Laccaria cf. ochropurpurea, Tuber maculatum, Cenococcum geophilum, and Phialophora finlandia) and twelve at the genus level (Tomentella spp. 1–8, Hebeloma sp. 1, Inocybe sp. 1, and Tuber spp. 1–2). The EM colonization ranged from 14 to 28% of the fine root tips. At both test sites, the largest portion of the total EM colonization consisted of Thelephoraceae. The exploration types were classified as medium-distance smooth (Tomentella sp. 1–8 and L. ochropurpurea) and medium-distance fringe (C. atrocoerulaeus), while the other taxa were short-distance exploration types, highlighting their potential functional role in the adaptation and growth of S. caprea.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)
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Open AccessArticle
Analyzing Generalist Plant Species Using Topographic Characteristics of Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carrière Forests in East Asia: From China (Mt. Changbai) to South Korea
by
Byeong-Joo Park, Tae-Im Heo and Kwang-Il Cheon
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(2), 320-339; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15020027 - 18 Apr 2024
Abstract
Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carrière forests are distributed in Korea and China and are crucial for phytogeographical research. Implementing conservation policies encompassing multiple species is necessary to conserve endangered species, particularly monitoring coexisting species and their interactions within an ecological network. Here,
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Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carrière forests are distributed in Korea and China and are crucial for phytogeographical research. Implementing conservation policies encompassing multiple species is necessary to conserve endangered species, particularly monitoring coexisting species and their interactions within an ecological network. Here, we identified plants within P. jezoensis forests in East Asia as generalist species to contribute foundational data for biodiversity conservation. We examined 91 standardized sites through the Braun-Blanquet method, while generalist indices were calculated using Levin’s method. The top 5% of generalists in the P. jezoensis forests were Acer komarovii (0.7409), Betula ermanii (0.7214), Asarum sieboldii (0.7002), Lepisorus ussuriensis (0.6977), Acer pseudosieboldianum (0.6915), Tripterygium regelii (0.6876), Thelypteris phegopteris (0.6771), Dryopteris expansa (0.6745), Sorbus commixta (0.6642), and Rhododendron schlippenbachii (0.6625). Correlation analysis between ecological factors and generalist species revealed that the coverage of Abies spp., Acer spp., and Rhododendron spp. and the species diversity index were influenced by altitude. Convex hull analysis revealed that pteridophytes and broad-leaved plants regenerated through stump sprouts occupy ecological niche spaces, indicating diverse habitats within P. jezoensis forests. This study highlights the importance of the simultaneous monitoring of multiple species to conserve ecosystem health and offers broader implications for ecological understanding.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology and Biodiversity)
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Open AccessArticle
Argemone ochroleuca Phytochemicals and Allelopathic Effect of Their Extracts on Germination of Soybean
by
Nezelo T. Mlombo, Zakheleni P. Dube, Fikile N. Makhubu and Hellen Nxumalo
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(2), 304-319; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15020026 - 16 Apr 2024
Cited by 1
Abstract
Soybean is a high-value food source, and the invasive weeds Mexican prickly poppy (Argemone ochroleuca) could release allelochemicals that inhibit the growth of this crop. The impact of A. ochroleuca on the germination and growth of soybean is not well documented.
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Soybean is a high-value food source, and the invasive weeds Mexican prickly poppy (Argemone ochroleuca) could release allelochemicals that inhibit the growth of this crop. The impact of A. ochroleuca on the germination and growth of soybean is not well documented. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the TLC profiles of different extracts of A. ochroleuca and assess the effects of extracts on the germination of soybean seeds. Shoots and roots of A. ochroleuca were weighed and 100 g of each was separately extracted with 1000 mL deionized water, hexane or acetone. Ten concentrations of water extracts ranging from 10 to 100 mL per 100 mL of deionized water and three concentrations of acetone and hexane extracts ranging from 2.5 to 7.5 g/L were separately used for seed germination bioassays. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis was used to compare the chemical profiles in the shoot and root water, and in the hexane and acetone extracts of A. ochroleuca. The highest reduction was recorded from the water extract, at 100%. The TLC profiling of A. ochroleuca addressed different classes of compounds, including alkaloids, phenolic acids and flavanoids. There is, however, a need to identify the most active phytochemicals in the suppression of germination.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Plant Invasion)
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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Menthalactone from Mentha piperita L., a Monocot-Selective Bioherbicide
by
Adam Soltani, Meirambek Ospanov, Zeyad M. A. Ibrahim, Joanna Bajsa-Hirschel, Charles L. Cantrell, James V. Cizdziel, Ikhlas A. Khan and Mohamed A. Ibrahim
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(2), 293-303; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15020025 - 11 Apr 2024
Abstract
The challenge of managing invasive weed species continues to affect the agricultural industry, presenting ecological, economic, and agronomic hurdles that lead to over 100 billion USD in annual crop losses globally. One such concern is the management of Agrostis stolonifera L., commonly known
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The challenge of managing invasive weed species continues to affect the agricultural industry, presenting ecological, economic, and agronomic hurdles that lead to over 100 billion USD in annual crop losses globally. One such concern is the management of Agrostis stolonifera L., commonly known as cree** bentgrass, particularly due to its ability to form hybrids. This scenario underscores the urgent need for innovative, effective, and environmentally sustainable herbicides, steering the focus toward natural substances as potential candidates. We report here a promising natural lactone, commonly known as menthalactone, which is derived from Mentha piperita L. Its phytotoxic activity was assessed against the monocot, bentgrass, and a dicot, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Menthalactone displayed outstanding activity against bentgrass and was further evaluated for phytotoxic characteristics. The germination of A. stolonifera seeds was significantly inhibited with an IC50 value of 4.9 ± 1.2 µM. In contrast to bentgrass seeds, Lemna pausicostata L. plants were less responsive to menthalactone treatment, shown by an IC50 of 293.4 ± 70.6 µM. Both species are monocots, and the results suggest that menthalactone might have effects on seed germination but not on the metabolism of green tissues. The susceptibility of three common, obnoxious weed species, i.e., ryegrass (Lilium perenne), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.), and crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.), to menthalactone was assessed. Menthalactone at 1000 µM completely inhibited the germination of all three species of grasses, while 330 µM inhibited germination by less than 50%. The post-emergence application of menthalactone at 1% did not produce a significant inhibitory effect against ryegrass, barnyard grass, or crabgrass.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)
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