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Assessment of Environmental Impacts of Thermal Caisson Geothermal Systems
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Influence of Geology, Hydrogeology, and Climate on Ground Source Heat Pump Distribution in Slovenia and Selected European Countries
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Combined Contaminant Levels from Local Harvested Food Items in the Norwegian–Finnish–Russian Border Region
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Hydrochar as an Alternative to Coal: A Comparative Study of Lignocellulosic and Nonlignocellulosic Biomass
Journal Description
Resources
Resources
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on natural resources published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), GeoRef, PubAg, AGRIS, RePEc, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Environmental Sciences) / CiteScore - Q1 (Nature and Landscape Conservation)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 33.4 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 4.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
3.6 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.7 (2023)
Latest Articles
A Review of Environmental Impacts of Wheat Production in Different Agrotechnical Systems
Resources 2024, 13(7), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13070093 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2024
Abstract
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In light of the environmental challenges currently facing humanity, the issue of the environmental sustainability of crop production is becoming increasingly pressing. This is due to the fact that global population growth and the related demand for food are placing significant pressure on
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In light of the environmental challenges currently facing humanity, the issue of the environmental sustainability of crop production is becoming increasingly pressing. This is due to the fact that global population growth and the related demand for food are placing significant pressure on the environment. Wheat is a strategic crop globally due to its extensive cultivation area, high production and consumption levels, and vital nutritional properties. It is cultivated across diverse climatic conditions and within various agricultural production systems. It is of the utmost importance to pursue sustainable wheat production on a global scale, given the necessity to protect the environment and climate. The application of life cycle assessment (LCA) enables the identification of potential avenues for enhancing wheat production processes, thereby reducing the negative environmental impacts associated with these processes. This paper presents a synthesis of the existing literature on the environmental LCA of wheat grain production. It compares the impacts of different production systems, highlights critical stages in wheat cultivation, and provides recommendations for sustainable practices and directions for future research.
Full article
Open AccessReview
Hydrogen in Energy Transition: The Problem of Economic Efficiency, Environmental Safety, and Technological Readiness of Transportation and Storage
by
Svetlana Revinova, Inna Lazanyuk, Bella Gabrielyan, Tatevik Shahinyan and Yevgenya Hakobyan
Resources 2024, 13(7), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13070092 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2024
Abstract
The circular economy and the clean-energy transition are inextricably linked and interdependent. One of the most important areas of the energy transition is the development of hydrogen energy. This study aims to review and systematize the data available in the literature on the
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The circular economy and the clean-energy transition are inextricably linked and interdependent. One of the most important areas of the energy transition is the development of hydrogen energy. This study aims to review and systematize the data available in the literature on the environmental and economic parameters of hydrogen storage and transportation technologies (both mature and at high technological readiness levels). The study concluded that salt caverns and pipeline transportation are the most promising methods of hydrogen storage and transportation today in terms of a combination of all parameters. These methods are the most competitive in terms of price, especially when transporting hydrogen over short distances. Thus, the average price of storage will be 0.35 USD/kg, and transportation at a distance of up to 100 km is 0.3 USD/kg. Hydrogen storage underground in a gaseous state and its transportation by pipelines have the least consequences for the environment: emissions and leaks are insignificant, and there is no environmental pollution. The study identifies these methods as particularly viable given their lower environmental impact and potential for seamless integration into existing energy systems, therefore supporting the transition to a more sustainable and circular economy.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series – Energy Resources: Past, Present and Future Role in a Circular Economy)
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Open AccessArticle
Assessing Food Loss and Waste in Chile: Insights for Policy and Sustainable Development Goals
by
Daniel Durán-Sandoval, Gemma Durán-Romero and Ana M. López
Resources 2024, 13(7), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13070091 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reports that Latin America and the Caribbean experienced the most rapid rise in food insecurity, with approximately 47.7 million individuals in the region affected by hunger in 2022. In Chile, almost three million people, 15.6% of the
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The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reports that Latin America and the Caribbean experienced the most rapid rise in food insecurity, with approximately 47.7 million individuals in the region affected by hunger in 2022. In Chile, almost three million people, 15.6% of the country’s population, do not have regular access to sufficient nutritious food and suffer from some form of food insecurity. Moreover, Chile is particularly susceptible to the impacts of climate change and contends with the depletion of several critical natural resources, notably water, stemming from severe and prolonged drought conditions. This article aims to comprehensively evaluate food loss and waste (FLW) in Chile and analyzes the implications of FLW on the sustainable development goal (SDG). This will be achieved by utilizing a top-down mass balance methodology that integrates various data sources and an in-depth analysis of the main food categories at different stages of the food supply chain (FSC). In 2021, Chile generated 5.18 million tons of FLW, with fruit being the largest contributor at 2.5 million tons (48% of total FLW). Vegetables accounted for 0.8 million tons (16%). Other food groups each contributed 1% to 10% of the total FLW. Per capita FLW was 295 kg. FLW varied by food group and FSC stage. Fruits, vegetables, starchy roots, and pulses had the most FLW early in the FSC, while cereals had it later. Comparing FLW with the domestic supply quantity of food, it is observed that 68% of the fruit available for the population was discarded. Vegetables and starchy roots also showed significant volumes of discarded food, with 48% and 29% of the availability of these products in Chile. Furthermore, we explore the implications of FLW on realizing SDG 2—zero hunger, particularly emphasizing its correlation with target 12.3. The research underscores the potential of its findings to significantly shape public policies and strategies concerning FLW and their alignment with the associated SDGs, making a tangible impact on the lives of millions.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Proposition and Application of a Conceptual Model for Risk Management in Rural Areas: Rural Basic Sanitation Safety Plan (RBSSP)
by
Rafaella Oliveira Baracho, Nolan Ribeiro Bezerra and Paulo Sérgio Scalize
Resources 2024, 13(7), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13070090 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
Safe access to drinking water and sanitation is a human right and a key goal of sustainable development, which must also be achieved in rural areas. This work proposes and simulates the application of a conceptual model for a basic sanitation safety plan
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Safe access to drinking water and sanitation is a human right and a key goal of sustainable development, which must also be achieved in rural areas. This work proposes and simulates the application of a conceptual model for a basic sanitation safety plan tailored for rural areas, called the Rural Basic Sanitation Safety Plan (RBSSP). The methodology includes technical and scientific review approaches, followed by consultation with specialists through the Delphi method and simulation in a case study. The RBSSP framework includes six fundamental principles, six steps, and twenty actions to be performed. In the case study, the final conceptual model application was simulated for a rural settlement scenario, which led to significant changes in the actions, subdivisions and phases. Key findings highlight that community participation, involvement and empowerment are the most relevant factors for successful implementation. The necessary tools for RBSSP preparation, such as risk assessment methodologies and management plans, must be applied considering the scenario. Finally, after simulating the conceptual model, we conclude that it is necessary to adapt actions and apply methods and techniques developed and appropriate for rural areas to develop an effective RBSSP for each specific scenario.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Assessment of Water Resources)
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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Aerial Parts (Italian ‘Finocchio di Isola Capo Rizzuto’ PGI): Valorization of Agri-Food Waste as a Potential Source of Lipase Inhibitors and Antioxidants
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Mariangela Marrelli, Carmine Lupia, Maria Pia Argentieri, Roberto Bava, Fabio Castagna, Nadia Cozza, Vincenzo Mollace, Ernesto Palma and Giancarlo Statti
Resources 2024, 13(7), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13070089 - 26 Jun 2024
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A large amount of waste material derives from the horticultural industry. These plant matrices constitute a valuable source of active secondary metabolites with a wide spectrum of potential applications, including both human health and veterinary science. Italy is one of the leading European
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A large amount of waste material derives from the horticultural industry. These plant matrices constitute a valuable source of active secondary metabolites with a wide spectrum of potential applications, including both human health and veterinary science. Italy is one of the leading European producers of fennel, and the ‘Finocchio di Isola Capo Rizzuto’ is a protected geographical indication (PGI) product, typical of the Calabria region. In this study, the waste material from this PGI Italian fennel was investigated for the first time as a potential source of bioactive compounds. Both bulbs and aerial parts were extracted with ethanol through maceration, and the phenolic content was assessed, together with the antioxidant properties. Moreover, the nutraceutical value was investigated by evaluating the potential anti-obesity effects. To this end, fennel extracts were studied for their inhibitory effects on pancreatic lipase enzyme, which plays a pivotal role in dietary fat absorption. The aerial part extract demonstrated DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 = 293.13 ± 22.98 µg/mL) and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities (IC50 = 43.26 ± 1.90 µg/mL), and it was also effective in inhibiting pancreatic lipase (IC50 = 3.51 ± 0.09 mg/mL). Moreover, a significant positive correlation was highlighted between observed biological properties and fennel phenolic constituents. Obtained results show that ‘Finocchio di Isola Capo Rizzuto’ PGI by-products are a good candidate for further investigations as a potential source of antioxidant and anti-obesity agents useful as functional ingredients.
Full article
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Open AccessArticle
Identifying Hotspots and Most Relevant Flows for Red and White Wine Production in Brazil through Life Cycle Assessment: A Case Study
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Tiago Panizzon, Gregório Bircke Salton, Vania Elisabete Schneider and Matheus Poletto
Resources 2024, 13(7), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13070088 - 25 Jun 2024
Abstract
This study undertakes a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of red and white wine production in Brazil, focusing on a leading winery in the Serra Gaúcha region. Given the notable lack of similar research in this area, our study employs LCA methodologies to evaluate
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This study undertakes a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of red and white wine production in Brazil, focusing on a leading winery in the Serra Gaúcha region. Given the notable lack of similar research in this area, our study employs LCA methodologies to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with the winery stage. Our results indicate that although white wine generally exhibits a lower environmental impact than red wine, the specific impacts differ substantially across various environmental categories, highlighting the necessity for context-specific assessments. We also find that electricity consumption, sugar usage, and liquid CO2 production are the primary drivers of environmental impacts, especially in toxicity-related categories. Moreover, our research critically examines the suitability of the Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCR) within the Brazilian context and proposes a revised set of impact categories. This revision enhances the accounted impacts from 55% in the existing PEFCR 2.0 to 80% in our recommended framework, suggesting the need for more tailored environmental impact assessment tools in regional settings. Through these findings, our study not only addresses a significant gap in LCA research within the Brazilian wine industry but also sets the stage for improved environmental management practices across Brazilian wine industries. These enhancements are crucial for aligning local production processes with global sustainability standards and advancing the environmental stewardship of the wine sector in Brazil.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Consideration of Critical and Strategic Raw Materials in Life Cycle Management)
Open AccessReview
Circular Economy, Eco-Innovation and a Business Model for the Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Mexico
by
Carmen García-Castillo, Erandi Maldonado-Villalpando, Luis Seguí-Amórtegui and Hilda Guerrero-García-Rojas
Resources 2024, 13(7), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13070087 - 21 Jun 2024
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants face enormous economic, environmental, technical, and regulatory challenges, including the high energy costs of their operation, waste generation, and the destination of treated water. In this regard, a proposal was made for the operation of municipal WWTPs in Mexico, based
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Wastewater treatment plants face enormous economic, environmental, technical, and regulatory challenges, including the high energy costs of their operation, waste generation, and the destination of treated water. In this regard, a proposal was made for the operation of municipal WWTPs in Mexico, based on the symbiosis of the circular economy and eco-innovation as strategies for sustainable change in their operation. As a result, it was possible to obtain an updated diagnosis of the situation of the WWTPs, a proposal for their operation was made, and a circular and innovative business model was established for these plants in order to channel decision-making and visualize the path for the transition of these facilities to sustainable operation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Management, Environment, Energy and Sustainability under a Circular Economy)
Open AccessArticle
Experience in Processing Alternative Crude Oils to Replace Design Oil in the Refinery
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Dicho Stratiev, Ivelina Shiskova, Vesislava Toteva, Georgi Georgiev, Rosen Dinkov, Iliyan Kolev, Ivan Petrov, Georgi Argirov, Veselina Bureva, Simeon Ribagin, Krassimir Atanassov, Svetoslav Nenov, Sotir Sotirov, Radoslava Nikolova and Anife Veli
Resources 2024, 13(6), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13060086 (registering DOI) - 20 Jun 2024
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A comprehensive investigation of a highly complex petroleum refinery (Nelson complexity index of 10.7) during the processing of 11 crude oils and an imported atmospheric residue replacing the design Urals crude oil was performed. Various laboratory oil tests were carried out to characterize
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A comprehensive investigation of a highly complex petroleum refinery (Nelson complexity index of 10.7) during the processing of 11 crude oils and an imported atmospheric residue replacing the design Urals crude oil was performed. Various laboratory oil tests were carried out to characterize both crude oils, and their fractions. The results of oil laboratory assays along with intercriteria and regression analyses were employed to find quantitative relations between crude oil mixture quality and refining unit performance. It was found that the acidity of petroleum cannot be judged by its total acid number, and acid crudes with lower than 0.5 mg KOH/g and low sulphur content required repeated caustic treatment enhancement and provoked increased corrosion rate and sodium contamination of the hydrocracking catalyst. Increased fouling in the H-Oil hydrocracker was observed during the transfer of design Urals crude oil to other petroleum crudes. The vacuum residues with higher sulphur, lower nitrogen contents, and a lower colloidal instability index provide a higher conversion rate and lower fouling rate in the H-Oil unit. The regression equations developed in this work allow quantitative assessment of the performance of crucial refining units like the H-Oil, fluid catalytic cracker, naphtha reformer, and gas oil hydrotreatment based on laboratory oil test results.
Full article
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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Nature-Based Options for Improving Urban Environmental Quality: Using Black Poplar Trees for Monitoring Heavy Metals Pollution in Urbanized Contexts
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Gilda Perri, Domenico Gargano, Luciana Randazzo, Sergio Calabrese, Lorenzo Brusca, Ilaria Fuoco, Carmine Apollaro and Mauro Francesco La Russa
Resources 2024, 13(6), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13060085 - 19 Jun 2024
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Several researchers recognize the importance of plants as effective tools for environmental biomonitoring. The black poplar (Populus nigra L.) often emerges as a useful bioindicator of air quality in urban environments, where this tree species is widely employed for urban areas. Here,
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Several researchers recognize the importance of plants as effective tools for environmental biomonitoring. The black poplar (Populus nigra L.) often emerges as a useful bioindicator of air quality in urban environments, where this tree species is widely employed for urban areas. Here, we used ICP-MS analysis to assess the presence and concentration of trace elements, with a special focus on heavy metals (HMs), in black poplar leaves and soil samples from three urbanized sites showing varying degrees of environmental quality. Specifically, the foliar concentrations of Zn (173.3 ppm), Cd (0.7 ppm), Co (1.1 ppm) and As (0.2 ppm) exceeded reference values for unpolluted sites, indicating potential environmental hazards. Additionally, we correlated the foliar concentrations of HMs with those quantified in soil and with air quality data provided by the regional air quality-monitoring network. Subsequently, we estimated the values of foliar fluctuating asymmetry, and evaluated their relationships with HM concentrations in both leaves and soil. Our results suggest that element concentrations in black poplar leaves are related to soil contamination and atmospheric quality, and the extent depends on the proximity to relevant pollution sources. Furthermore, the study species showed a pronounced accumulation capacity for some HMs (i.e., Zn, Cd) commonly found in particulate matter. The extent of foliar fluctuating asymmetry is related to atmospheric quality and HM soil concentration, possibly because of the growth anomalies induced by this kind of environmental contamination. Overall, our data indicate the study species can supply an effective biomonitoring service in urbanized contexts, offering valuable insights into the occurrence and biological implications of heavy metal contamination.
Full article
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Open AccessArticle
Hg Pollution in Groundwater of Andean Region of Ecuador and Human Health Risk Assessment
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Irene Passarelli, Demmy Mora-Silva, Mirian Jimenez-Gutierrez, Santiago Logroño-Naranjo, Damaris Hernández-Allauca, Rogelio Ureta Valdez, Victor Gabriel Avalos Peñafiel, Luis Patricio Tierra Pérez, Marcelo Sanchez-Salazar, María Gabriela Tobar Ruiz, Katherin Carrera-Silva, Salvatore Straface and Carlos Mestanza-Ramón
Resources 2024, 13(6), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13060084 - 19 Jun 2024
Abstract
In Ecuador, illegal gold mining has led to significant environmental impacts, with the release of harmful elements such as mercury (Hg) into the environment. Mercury, due to its physical–chemical characteristics and the transport elements involved between different environmental matrices, can easily percolate through
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In Ecuador, illegal gold mining has led to significant environmental impacts, with the release of harmful elements such as mercury (Hg) into the environment. Mercury, due to its physical–chemical characteristics and the transport elements involved between different environmental matrices, can easily percolate through the soil and reach groundwater. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mercury concentration levels in the Andean region in order to perform a human health risk assessment. For this purpose, 175 water samples were analyzed, of which 9.71% exceeded the maximum permissible limit (MPL) established for drinking water in accordance with Ecuadorian regulations. The risk analysis was conducted by applying two approaches: deterministic and probabilistic. The deterministic approach involves a specific analysis based on the calculation of the risk quotient (HQ) and risk index (HI) for both receptors (adults and children) and scenarios (residential and recreational) considered; the probabilistic approach is based on the use of stochastic simulation techniques. The results obtained from the two approaches show a discrepancy, with the deterministic analysis providing more conservative results; however, they coincide in showing higher risk for the child population; decision-makers could use these results to identify areas to be monitored and plan more detailed investigation plans.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mine Ecological Restoration)
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Open AccessArticle
Geophysical Assessment of Structurally Controlled Mineral Resources at Wadi El-Nakheel, Eastern Desert, Egypt
by
Mohamed Al Deep, Arwa Sameer Ibrahim and Ahmed Saleh
Resources 2024, 13(6), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13060083 - 18 Jun 2024
Abstract
It is of great importance to evaluate simple methods to identify mineral occurrence for the future development of society. Applying a reconnaissance magnetic data analysis can help detect the main structural trends mounted to the occurrence of minerals. In this study, geological and
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It is of great importance to evaluate simple methods to identify mineral occurrence for the future development of society. Applying a reconnaissance magnetic data analysis can help detect the main structural trends mounted to the occurrence of minerals. In this study, geological and geophysical data were analyzed to evaluate the main structural trends affecting mineralization in the area of Wadi El-Nakheel. Geomagnetic data were processed to remove the earth’s magnetic field and reduce the magnetic pole. Some mathematical filters related to detecting and enhancing boundaries between rock units, depending on their magnetization affinity, were applied, including the first vertical derivative, the analytic signal, and 3D Euler deconvolution. After structural analysis of these data, we reached the following findings: The main structural trends from the surface and subsurface estimations were the northwest–southeast trend and the northeast–southwest trend. The orientation and origin of Wadi El-Nakheel are aligned with the main structural trend affecting the area that formed during the Red Sea Rift movement and the Pan-African orogeny. The depth of the deep-seated structure controlling the valley is 1500 m and all mineral occurrence is mainly structurally controlled in the studied area; phosphate ore outcrops are usually aligned with the northwest–southeast geological trend, and metallic ores are related to basement rock succession and the main dominant geological structures in the studied area. Finally, the magnetic method was demonstrated to be a reliable tool for detecting the subsurface boundary between geologic units.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Resource Management 2023: Assessment, Mining and Processing)
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Open AccessArticle
Contemporary and Future Secondary Copper Reserves of Vietnam
by
Thi Van Le, Ryota Yamamoto, Sebastien Michael Rene Dente and Seiji Hashimoto
Resources 2024, 13(6), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13060082 - 14 Jun 2024
Abstract
As ASEAN countries, including Vietnam, approach the living standards of developed countries, their copper demand is set to rise. This study investigates Vietnam’s copper stock and flow from 1995 to 2050, employing dynamic material flow analysis and five socioeconomic pathway scenarios (SSPs). Based
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As ASEAN countries, including Vietnam, approach the living standards of developed countries, their copper demand is set to rise. This study investigates Vietnam’s copper stock and flow from 1995 to 2050, employing dynamic material flow analysis and five socioeconomic pathway scenarios (SSPs). Based on this, the secondary copper reserves of Vietnam were assessed. The results showed that the domestic copper demand is expected to grow to 526–1062 kt, resulting in a rapid increase in scrap generation. In 2022, Vietnam’s secondary copper reserves stood at 2.2 Mt and are projected to reach 6.8–8.6 Mt by 2050 under the SSP2 scenario. This corresponds to 3.6–4.6 times the 1.8 Mt primary copper reserve of Vietnam. However, these primary and secondary reserves cannot meet the cumulated demand by 2050. On the other hand, a large amount of copper, 8.9 Mt to 10 Mt, will become difficult-to-recover resources, such as waste in landfill sites, dissipated materials, or mixed metal loss. To promote the sustainable use of copper in Vietnam, we recommend increased geological expedition and mining investment, and improved waste management systems related to secondary resources.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Resource Management 2023: Assessment, Mining and Processing)
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Open AccessReview
Biosurfactants: An Overview of Their Properties, Production, and Application in Mineral Flotation
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Carolina Rossini Simões, Matheus Willian Pereira da Silva, Rodrigo Fernandes Magalhães de Souza, Ronald Roja Hacha, Antônio Gutierrez Merma, Maurício Leonardo Torem and Flávia Paulucci Cianga Silvas
Resources 2024, 13(6), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13060081 - 14 Jun 2024
Abstract
The quest for sustainable mining processes has directed research towards environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional beneficiation practices, with biosurfactants emerging as a viable option due to their lower environmental impact. This study reviews the application of biosurfactants as bioreagents in mineral flotation, exploring
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The quest for sustainable mining processes has directed research towards environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional beneficiation practices, with biosurfactants emerging as a viable option due to their lower environmental impact. This study reviews the application of biosurfactants as bioreagents in mineral flotation, exploring their production, their mechanisms of action, and the sustainability benefits they offer. Methods include a decade-long text mining analysis of relevant literature, utilizing software tools like Zotero on platforms like Web of Science to extract and analyze data. The results underscore the growing interest in biosurfactants over the last ten years, highlighting their increasing relevance in industrial applications such as mineral flotation, where they replace synthetic surfactants. Particularly, biosurfactants have shown effectiveness in enhancing the froth flotation process, leading to more efficient mineral recovery while mitigating environmental harm. In conclusion, the adoption of biosurfactants in mineral processing not only aligns with sustainability goals but also demonstrates potential improvements in operational efficiency, offering a dual benefit of environmental protection and enhanced resource recovery.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Resource Management 2023: Assessment, Mining and Processing)
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Open AccessArticle
Disintegrated Waste-Activated Sludge (NO2/FNA Method) as a Source of Carbon for Denitrification in the Mainstream of a WWTP
by
Dorota Szypulska, Kamil Janiak, Bartosz Zięba, Anna Wizimirska, Marek Mołczan, Sławomir Szerzyna and Renata Tomczak-Wandzel
Resources 2024, 13(6), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13060080 - 10 Jun 2024
Abstract
The deficiency of readily biodegradable organic carbon can be a significant limitation to effective nitrogen removal during wastewater denitrification. Waste-activated sludge (WAS) is a source of carbon produced directly at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Raw WAS has a large molecular weight and complex
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The deficiency of readily biodegradable organic carbon can be a significant limitation to effective nitrogen removal during wastewater denitrification. Waste-activated sludge (WAS) is a source of carbon produced directly at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Raw WAS has a large molecular weight and complex chemical structure molecules that are not easily available for microorganisms. In this study, easily biodegradable organic fractions were released using pH control and/or nitrites and nitric acid (NO2/FNA). The obtained results indicated that WAS can be a sufficient carbon source for denitrification in WWTPs that are at risk of minor effluent violations. The implementation of WAS disintegration with the use of pH control and NO2/FNA allowed for the denitrification of an additional 0.5 and 0.8 mgN-NO3/L. WAS disintegration, besides being a source of carbon generation, reduces the volume of sludge and leads to the implementation of a closed-loop system.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass Energy Resources: Feedstock Quality and Bioenergy Sustainability—2nd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
From Linear to Circular Economy: Embracing Digital Innovations for Sustainable Agri-Food Waste Management among Farmers and Retailers
by
Siraphat Padthar, Phaninee Naruetharadhol, Wutthiya Aekthanate Srisathan and Chavis Ketkaew
Resources 2024, 13(6), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13060079 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Food waste is an issue throughout the food supply chain from production to consumption, especially in the later stages, such as retailing and final consumption. For the future of the develo** world, changes in farming and retail practices are crucial. This study introduces
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Food waste is an issue throughout the food supply chain from production to consumption, especially in the later stages, such as retailing and final consumption. For the future of the develo** world, changes in farming and retail practices are crucial. This study introduces a digital system for managing agricultural waste in Thailand that aims to encourage farmers and food retailers to sell their excess agricultural materials. The study’s objectives are as follows: (1) to explore factors that affect users’ behavioral intention to utilize an agriculture waste trading platform; (2) to compare the behavioral differences between farmers and retailers regarding their intention to use a digital platform for sustainable agriculture. Data were gathered from 570 fruit and vegetable sellers and farmers across five provinces in the northeastern region of Thailand. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the relationships between constructs based on the modified Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2), and multigroup analysis (MGA) was employed to analyze differences in path coefficients across groups. The key findings revealed that social influence (SI) had a more significant impact on retailers compared to farmers, while facilitating conditions (FC), habits (HB), and privacy (PR) were necessary for both groups. Unlike retailers, farmers were also motivated by hedonic motivation (HM) from using the platform. Explicitly, retailers’ behavioral intentions were influenced by a more significant number of factors than those of farmers. This research suggests that policymakers should develop targeted marketing campaigns leveraging social influence for retailers, improve platform usability and security, and create incentives for habitual use to enhance platform adoption. Additionally, policymakers should promote engaging features for farmers, provide comprehensive education and training, and advocate for supportive policies and financial incentives. Strategic actions to facilitate the transition toward a circular economy will improve the environmental sustainability and economic resilience of the agri-food sector.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Management, Environment, Energy and Sustainability under a Circular Economy)
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Open AccessArticle
Production of Synthetic Carbonate Rocks Using Limestone Mining Waste: Mineralogical, Petrophysical and Geomechanical Characterization
by
Yago Ryan Pinheiro dos Santos, Igor Gomes, Analice Lima, José Barbosa, Osvaldo Correia Filho, Antonio Celso Dantas Antonino, Daniel Duarte and Marcos Rodrigues
Resources 2024, 13(6), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13060078 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
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Carbonate rocks are important for the petroleum industry, as they contribute significantly to hydrocarbon reserves, although their analysis is complex due to the high cost of core sampling and their high heterogeneity; for this, synthetic rocks aim to provide relatively homogeneous samples with
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Carbonate rocks are important for the petroleum industry, as they contribute significantly to hydrocarbon reserves, although their analysis is complex due to the high cost of core sampling and their high heterogeneity; for this, synthetic rocks aim to provide relatively homogeneous samples with analogous characteristics to natural rocks. In this research, synthetic carbonate rocks were produced by mixing a fixed ratio between limestone powder, obtained from limestone mining waste, and epoxy resin as a cementing material, using compaction energy for consolidation. The work aimed to produce homogeneous samples with high strength, reproducing the intergranular pore system for future applications in rock–fluid interaction analysis. The characteristics and structure of the samples were investigated through X-ray computed microtomography, petrographic images, petrophysical, chemical and geomechanical tests. Results showed a direct increasing relationship between porosity and permeability and a tendency for mechanical strength (UCS) to decrease with increasing porosity. When compared with the natural carbonate rocks, these presented similarities in their mechanical properties and petrophysical measurements, showing that the methodology can be considered as an alternative for the obtention of a realistic material that can be used for future experiments regarding rock mechanics and rock–fluid interaction for prediction of carbonate rocks’ behavior.
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Open AccessSystematic Review
Systematic Literature Review of Land Use Conflicts in Northern Sweden—Lessons Learned and Ways Forward
by
Jerbelle Elomina and Ivana Živo**ović
Resources 2024, 13(6), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13060077 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
Land use conflicts are intensifying in Northern Sweden due to the increasing global demand for resources coupled with the green transition. In line with this, a thorough understanding of land use conflicts in the area is becoming necessary as economic activities expand and
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Land use conflicts are intensifying in Northern Sweden due to the increasing global demand for resources coupled with the green transition. In line with this, a thorough understanding of land use conflicts in the area is becoming necessary as economic activities expand and newer ones are developed. Hence, this paper aims to provide a systematic literature review of research on land use conflicts specific to Northern Sweden, focusing on various economic activities such as forestry, mining, tourism, energy sector and reindeer husbandry. Additionally, we aim to determine lessons learned and suggested ways forward based on a systematic review. We used Scopus and Web of Science on June 2023 and through descriptive statistical analysis of 33 articles, we summarized research trends and gaps. We found three main typologies of conflicts and five main themes of suggested ways forward. Recommendations agree that there should be a broader understanding of the underlying interests of the stakeholders; and there should be an inclusive, more participatory approach to discussing potential solutions, not to create an agreement but to come to an understanding. Beyond academic insights, the findings hold practical relevance for sha** effective land use policies. This paper offers valuable lessons that extend beyond the local context, informing broader discussions and policy considerations for sustainable land management in the larger Arctic setting, where similar challenges and resource demands are unfolding.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Minerals and Land-Use Planning: Sustainable Narratives and Practices)
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Open AccessArticle
Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Resources and Waste Quantities from Buildings (as Urban Mining Potential) Generated by the European Metropolis of Lille: A Methodology Coupling Data from Construction and Demolition Permits with Geographic Information Systems
by
Cédric Mpié Simba and Emmanuel Lemelin
Resources 2024, 13(6), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13060076 - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
The aim of this article was to conduct a spatial and territorial analysis of the urban mining potential of the European Metropolis of Lille (MEL), which had 1,174,273 inhabitants in 2018. This involved quantifying construction and demolition waste (CDW) deposits and analyzing their
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The aim of this article was to conduct a spatial and territorial analysis of the urban mining potential of the European Metropolis of Lille (MEL), which had 1,174,273 inhabitants in 2018. This involved quantifying construction and demolition waste (CDW) deposits and analyzing their spatial distribution. The chosen quantification approach utilized building and demolition permits as input data, along with waste diagnostics for Construction and Building Materials Products (CBMPs) obtained from stakeholders in the building sector. Waste quantities were estimated using the production rate calculation method (GRC). Specifically, the calculation based on surface area combined with GIS geographic information systems. CDW quantities were categorized by demolition rehabilitation and construction; by type (hazardous non-hazardous inert); and by urban fabric. For the MEL area, the findings revealed that building sites covered the largest surface area, with over 8 million m² being constructed between 2013 and 2022. The construction activity, including renovation, is expected to constitute approximately 20% of the MEL’s building stock from 2013 to 2022. During the same period, 5.51% of the MEL’s building stock was demolished. This corresponds to nearly 6 million tons of CDW being generated during this period, averaging 661318 tons per year. Demolition sites contributed 73% of the total CDW production, compared to 22% for new construction and 4% for renovation sites. Inert waste continued to dominate the composition of waste, accounting for 90% of the total with 9% for non-hazardous waste and 1% for hazardous waste. Semi-detached and grouped houses business fabrics and townhouses or collective fabrics were identified as the primary type of waste-producing urban fabrics. Furthermore, our GIS-based methodology enabled the analysis of CDW quantity distribution by municipality, providing essential data for understanding the urban mining potential and the disparity between construction material requirements for new buildings and resources derived from building demolition. This approach facilitates the assessment of (1) a geographical area’s reliance on construction materials, and (2) the significance of reusing and recycling products equipment materials and waste (PEMW) in new construction to achieve circular economy objectives and to comply with the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) channel initiated in France in 2023. Over the period from 2013 to 2022, annual construction material requirements remained significantly higher than resources from building demolition and rehabilitation, ranging between 29% and 35%. Additionally, the analysis indicated a potential 41% rate of substitution of new construction materials with secondary primary materials in the MEL, varying by municipality and typology, with higher rates in rural communities and lower rates in urban communities.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Resource Management 2023: Assessment, Mining and Processing)
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Open AccessArticle
Post-Recycling Sodium Polyacrylate with Nanostructural Halloysite Additive as the Basic Components of the New Hybrid Soil Modifier—The Circular Economy Rules for SAP in Agriculture
by
Piotr Sakiewicz, Krzysztof Piotrowski, Mariola Rajca and Szczepan Cieślak
Resources 2024, 13(6), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13060075 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Post-recycling sodium polyacrylate (SPA) derived from the selective recycling of personal hygiene products was tested as a potential key component of soil modifiers. Recycled SPA in combination with layered aluminosilicate (halloysite) with the sorption capacity of fertilizers allows for the creation of a
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Post-recycling sodium polyacrylate (SPA) derived from the selective recycling of personal hygiene products was tested as a potential key component of soil modifiers. Recycled SPA in combination with layered aluminosilicate (halloysite) with the sorption capacity of fertilizers allows for the creation of a fully functional, original system responsible for both water retention in soil and controlled dosing of fertilizers. The use of post-recycling SPA (possibly partially supplemented with virgin SPA) is advantageous for the natural environment. The results of different water types retention in post-recycling SPA (deionized water, rainwater, tap water) are discussed. The most beneficial effects of R-SPA swelling and water accumulation are achieved when it comes into contact with rainwater. The clear impact of Mg2+ ions on the sorption capacity of R-SPA introduces the need for a technological compromise between the solution composition (N, P, K or N, P, K, Mg) affecting its fertilization value and the possibility of obtaining maximum R-SPA swelling. The sorption capacity of R-SPA can be slightly increased by using R-SPA/V-SPA mixtures, but R-SPA still plays a decisive role in this system. The possibility of technological adjustment of the leaching rate of fertilizer components under dynamic conditions using different combinations of (R-SPA/V-SPA)/HAL was demonstrated by column tests.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Innovative and Critical Issues in Natural Resource Management and Exploitation)
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Open AccessArticle
Growth of Clones of Eucalyptus urophylla in Two Contrasting Soil Conditions in Plantations of Southeastern Mexico
by
Secundino Torres-Lamas, Pablo Martínez-Zurimendi, Marynor Elena Ortega-Ramírez, Manuel Jesús Cach-Pérez and Marivel Domínguez-Domínguez
Resources 2024, 13(6), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13060074 - 30 May 2024
Abstract
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Eucalyptus urophylla is important for the establishment of commercial forest plantations in Mexico. Genetic improvement programs are currently being implemented to increase timber productivity. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the adaptability and growth stability of 26 clonal lines of E.
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Eucalyptus urophylla is important for the establishment of commercial forest plantations in Mexico. Genetic improvement programs are currently being implemented to increase timber productivity. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the adaptability and growth stability of 26 clonal lines of E. urophylla in Acrisol and Fluvisol soils and to identify the most suitable genotypes for each soil type. Tree survival, diameter at breast height, and total height were measured annually for six years. These variables were used to estimate individual volume, volume per hectare, and mean annual (MAIv) and current annual (CAIv) volume increment. Survival ranged from 14 to 100% in the Acrisol soil and from 0 to 89% in the Fluvisol soil. Volume per hectare ranged from 65.3 to 488.7 m3, MAIv from 11.1 to 83.1 m3 ha−1 year−1, and CAIv from 2.4 to 134.7 m3 ha−1 year−1. Individual heritability ( ) was moderate (0.29–0.49) while the mean heritability of the cloned lines was high (0.73–0.90), indicating that growth is subject to high genetic control. Diameter, height, and volume presented no genotype × environment interaction effects, demonstrating stability in the growth of the clonal lines in both soil types.
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