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Toxics
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Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Contaminants in Soil and Wastewater
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Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Contaminants in Soil and Wastewater

A special issue of Toxics (ISSN 2305-6304). This special issue belongs to the section "Ecotoxicology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2022) | Viewed by 13300

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Rui G. Morgado

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
CESAM – Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
Interests: ecotoxicology; combined stressors; mixture toxicity; ecological risk assessment; soil functioning
Dr. Diogo N. Cardoso

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
CESAM – Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
Interests: ecotoxicology; combined stressors; mixture toxicity; ecological risk assessment; bioaccumulation assays
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The use of treated wastewater and biosolids in agroecosystems improves soil structure and fertility, contributing to agriculture and environmental sustainability. However, in agro-food systems, this practice has the potential to introduce contaminants into soil compartments, particularly, emerging contaminants (i.e., personal care products, pharmaceuticals, new persistent organic contaminants, among others). This soil contamination could provide a route for accumulation of toxic chemicals in food products, with potential risk to terrestrial organisms, the environment, and human health.

For this Special Issue of the journal Toxics on “Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Contaminants in Soil and Wastewater”, we are looking for studies evaluating the possible threat caused by the application of contaminated wastewater to soils. Broad-scope original research articles using current and innovative ecotoxicological assays at multiple organization levels are welcome, as well as bioaccumulation studies, particularly when the toxicokinetics of the different emerging contaminants is evaluated. We are also interested in studies on a more realistic scenario, where the co-occurrence of contaminants in irrigation waters or biosolids and different agrochemicals normally applied in agriculture is evaluated.  For this Special Issue, short communications and reviews are also welcome, assessing the risks of the introduction in soils of emerging contaminants by wastewater contamination.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Rui G. Morgado
Dr. Diogo N. Cardoso
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at mdpi.longhoe.net by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • soil exposure
  • aquatic exposure
  • toxicokinetics
  • bioaccumulation
  • ecotoxicity
  • route of exposure
  • contaminants co-occurrence
  • mixture toxicity
  • biomagnification
  • emerging contaminants

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 2146 KiB  
Article
Application of an Ecotoxicological Battery Test to the Paddy Field Soils of the Albufera Natural Park
by Oscar Andreu-Sánchez, Jesús Moratalla-López, José Antonio Rodríguez-Martín and Luis Roca-Pérez
Toxics 2022, 10(7), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10070375 - 5 Jul 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1612
Abstract
Albufera Natural Park (ANP) (Valencia, Spain) is one of the most important wetland areas of the Mediterranean coast subject to high anthropogenic pressure, on whose soils a battery of bioassays has never been applied to evaluate the ecotoxicological risk. The present study determined [...] Read more.
Albufera Natural Park (ANP) (Valencia, Spain) is one of the most important wetland areas of the Mediterranean coast subject to high anthropogenic pressure, on whose soils a battery of bioassays has never been applied to evaluate the ecotoxicological risk. The present study determined available and water-soluble heavy metal content in four paddy soils used in the ANP, and the ecotoxicological effect on these soils was evaluated by performing the bioassays regulated in Spanish Royal Decree 9/2005. Soil properties and extractable Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn (EDTA pH = 7) were analyzed in soils. These elements and macro- and micronutrients were also assessed in soil leachate. A test battery covering the following was needed: acute toxicity test in Eisenia foetida (OECD TG 207); mineralization tests of nitrogen (OECD TG 2016) and carbon (OECD TG 217); growth inhibition test in Raphidocelis subcapitata (OECD TG 201); mobility inhibition test in Daphnia magna (OECD TG 202). The soils found in the most anthropized areas to the north of the ANP (Massanassa and Alfafar) demonstrated a higher concentration of available heavy metals than in the southern ones (Sueca and Sollana). The aqueous leachate of the studied soils contained very low concentrations, which would be related to soil properties. Despite the high concentration of available potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the Massanassa and Alfafar soils, the studied soils showed no toxicity during the performed battery bioassays. Therefore, soils can be considered non-toxic despite the obtained PTEs available concentration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Contaminants in Soil and Wastewater)
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18 pages, 3354 KiB  
Article
Copper Monitoring in Vineyard Soils of Central Italy Subjected to Three Antifungal Treatments, and Effects of Sub-Lethal Copper Doses on the Earthworm Eisenia fetida
by Arianna De Bernardi, Enrica Marini, Cristiano Casucci, Luca Tiano, Fabio Marcheggiani and Costantino Vischetti
Toxics 2022, 10(6), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10060310 - 8 Jun 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2244
Abstract
The extensive employment of copper-based fungicides has increased copper concentration in vineyard soils. The present study’s objectives were to monitor copper concentration in two vineyard soils during two crop** seasons and study the ecotoxicological effects on the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Total, soluble, [...] Read more.
The extensive employment of copper-based fungicides has increased copper concentration in vineyard soils. The present study’s objectives were to monitor copper concentration in two vineyard soils during two crop** seasons and study the ecotoxicological effects on the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Total, soluble, and bioavailable copper fractions were measured at the end of two crop** seasons and different depths in two vineyards of central Italy, characterised by three anticryptogamic control methods: copper compounds, chitosan, and combined treatments of them. A laboratory experiment to assess the effects on Eisenia fetida was conducted with soil samples collected in the vineyards with a mean copper concentration of 60 mg/kg and two higher concentrations of 90 and 150 mg/kg. Results showed low levels of total copper concentration in the first 20 cm of soils, regardless of antifungal treatment, highlighting prudent management of the vineyards under study, but the soluble fractions showed a significant increase in all samples during the two crop** seasons. At the dose of 150 mg/kg, earthworms suffer during the first two days, showing weight loss and DNA damage, but they are able to recover until day 28, showing no permanent harm at this copper concentration in soil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Contaminants in Soil and Wastewater)
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11 pages, 2321 KiB  
Article
Effect of Combined Soil Amendment on Immobilization of Bioavailable As and Pb in Paddy Soil
by Young-Kyu Hong, **-Wook Kim, Sang-Phil Lee, Jae-E. Yang and Sung-Chul Kim
Toxics 2022, 10(2), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020090 - 16 Feb 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2564
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution in soil can have detrimental effects on soil ecosystems and human health. In situ remediation techniques are widely used to reduce the bioavailable fractions of heavy metals in soil. The main objective of this study was to examine the reduction [...] Read more.
Heavy metal pollution in soil can have detrimental effects on soil ecosystems and human health. In situ remediation techniques are widely used to reduce the bioavailable fractions of heavy metals in soil. The main objective of this study was to examine the reduction of the bioavailable fractions of As and Pb in paddy soil with artificial lightweight material (ALM) manufactured from recycled materials. A total of four treatments, including a control (no amendment), ALM10 (10% of ALM in soil), ALM10+L (10% ALM combined with 0.5% lime), and ALM10+FeO (10% ALM combined with 0.5% FeO), were applied to paddy fields, and rice (Oryza sativa L.) was cultivated after 32 weeks. The highest reduction efficiencies for the bioavailable fractions of As and Pb in soil were observed in the ALM10+FeO (52.8%) and ALM10+L treatments (65.7%), respectively. The uptake of As decreased by 52.1% when ALM10+FeO was applied to paddy soil, and that of Pb decreased by 79.7% when ALM10+L was applied. Correlation analysis between bioavailable heavy metals in soil and soil chemical properties showed that soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), P2O5, and soil organic matter (SOM) were the main factors controlling the mobility and bioavailability of As and Pb. Overall, the efficiencies of As and Pb reduction increased synergistically in both soil and plants when FeO and lime were combined with the ALM. In future studies, long-term monitoring is necessary to examine the longevity of soil amendments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Contaminants in Soil and Wastewater)
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Review

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31 pages, 977 KiB  
Review
A Comprehensive Review for Removal of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Attained from Wastewater Observations Using Carbon-Based Anodic Oxidation Process
by Zainab Haider Mussa, Fouad Fadhil Al-Qaim, Ali H. Jawad, Miklas Scholz and Zaher Mundher Yaseen
Toxics 2022, 10(10), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100598 - 10 Oct 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2650
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (concentration <µg/L) are globally acknowledged as hazardous emerging pollutants that pass via various routes in the environment and ultimately enter aquatic food chains. In this context, the article reviews the occurrence, transport, fate, and electrochemical removal of some selected [...] Read more.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (concentration <µg/L) are globally acknowledged as hazardous emerging pollutants that pass via various routes in the environment and ultimately enter aquatic food chains. In this context, the article reviews the occurrence, transport, fate, and electrochemical removal of some selected NSAIDs (diclofenac (DIC), ketoprofen (KTP), ibuprofen (IBU), and naproxen (NPX)) using carbon-based anodes in the aquatic environment. However, no specific protocol has been developed to date, and various approaches have been adopted for the sampling and elimination processes of NSAIDs from wastewater samples. The mean concentration of selected NSAIDs from different countries varies considerably, ranging between 3992–27,061 µg/L (influent wastewater) and 1208–7943 µg/L (effluent wastewater). An assessment of NSAIDs removal efficiency across different treatment stages in various wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has been performed. Overall, NSAIDs removal efficiency in wastewater treatment plants has been reported to be around 4–89%, 8–100%, 16–100%, and 17–98% for DIC, KTP, NPX, and IBU, respectively. A microbiological reactor (MBR) has been proclaimed to be the most reliable treatment technique for NSAIDs removal (complete removal). Chlorination (81–95%) followed by conventional mechanical biological treatment (CMBT) (94–98%) treatment has been demonstrated to be the most efficient in removing NSAIDs. Further, the present review explains that the electrochemical oxidation process is an alternative process for the treatment of NSAIDs using a carbon-based anode. Different carbon-based carbon anodes have been searched for electrochemical removal of selected NSAIDs. However, boron-doped diamond and graphite have presented reliable applications for the complete removal of NSAIDs from wastewater samples or their aqueous solution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Contaminants in Soil and Wastewater)
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19 pages, 5829 KiB  
Review
A Scientometric Study on Industrial Effluent and Sludge Toxicity
by Amid Mostafaie, Diogo N. Cardoso, Mohammadreza Kamali and Susana Loureiro
Toxics 2021, 9(8), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9080176 - 28 Jul 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3019
Abstract
The growth of industrialization has led to an increase in the production of highly contaminated wastewater. Industrial wastewater contains highly complex compounds varying in characteristics and required to be treated before its discharge into a water medium from various industries. However, the efficiency [...] Read more.
The growth of industrialization has led to an increase in the production of highly contaminated wastewater. Industrial wastewater contains highly complex compounds varying in characteristics and required to be treated before its discharge into a water medium from various industries. However, the efficiency of the treated wastewater from the toxicity reduction perspective is unclear. In order to overcome this barrier, toxicity assessment of the industrial wastewater before and after treatment is crucial. Thus, in this study, a scientometric analysis has been performed on the toxicity assessment of industrial wastewater and sludges, which have been reported in the literature. Web of Science (WoS) core collection database has been considered the main database to execute this analysis. Via the search of pre-researched keywords, a total number of 1038 documents were collected, which have been published from 1951 to 2020. Via CiteSpace software and WoS analyser, these documents went under analysis regarding some of the scientometry criteria, and the detailed results obtained are provided in this study. The total number of published documents on this topic is relatively low during such a long period of time. In conclusion, the need for more detailed contributions among the scientific and industrial communities has been felt. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Contaminants in Soil and Wastewater)
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