Journal Description
World Electric Vehicle Journal
World Electric Vehicle Journal
is the first peer-reviewed, international, scientific journal that comprehensively covers all studies related to battery, hybrid, and fuel cell electric vehicles. The journal is owned by the World Electric Vehicle Association (WEVA) and its members, the European Association for e-Mobility (AVERE), Electric Drive Transportation Association (EDTA), and Electric Vehicle Association of Asia Pacific (EVAAP). It has been published monthly online by MDPI since Volume 9, Issue 1 (2018).
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Transportation Science and Technology) / CiteScore - Q2 (Automotive Engineering)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 15.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
2.6 (2023)
Latest Articles
A Novel Robust H∞ Control Approach Based on Vehicle Lateral Dynamics for Practical Path Tracking Applications
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070293 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024
Abstract
This paper proposes a robust lateral control scheme for the path tracking of autonomous vehicles. Considering the discrepancies between the model parameters and the actual values of the vehicle and the fluctuation of parameters during driving, the norm-bounded uncertainty is utilized to deal
[...] Read more.
This paper proposes a robust lateral control scheme for the path tracking of autonomous vehicles. Considering the discrepancies between the model parameters and the actual values of the vehicle and the fluctuation of parameters during driving, the norm-bounded uncertainty is utilized to deal with the uncertainty of model parameters. Because some state variables in the model are difficult to measure, an observer is designed to estimate state variables and provide accurate state information to improve the robustness of path tracking. An state feedback controller is proposed to suppress system nonlinearity and uncertainty and produce the desired steering wheel angle to solve the path tracking problem. A feedforward control is designed to deal with road curvature and further reduce tracking errors. In summary, a path tracking method with performance is established based on the linear matrix inequality (LMI) technique, and the gains in observer and controller can be obtained directly. The hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test is built to validate the real-time processing performance of the proposed method to ensure excellent practical application potential, and the effectiveness of the proposed control method is validated through the utilization of urban road and highway scenes. The experimental results indicate that the suggested control approach can track the desired trajectory more precisely compared with the model predictive control (MPC) method and make tracking errors within a small range in both urban and highway scenarios.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamics, Control and Simulation of Electrified Vehicles)
Open AccessArticle
Research on Unmanned Vehicle Path Planning Based on the Fusion of an Improved Rapidly Exploring Random Tree Algorithm and an Improved Dynamic Window Approach Algorithm
by
Shuang Wang, Gang Li and Boju Liu
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070292 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024
Abstract
Aiming at the problem that the traditional rapidly exploring random tree (RRT) algorithm only considers the global path of unmanned vehicles in a static environment, which has the limitation of not being able to avoid unknown dynamic obstacles in real time, and that
[...] Read more.
Aiming at the problem that the traditional rapidly exploring random tree (RRT) algorithm only considers the global path of unmanned vehicles in a static environment, which has the limitation of not being able to avoid unknown dynamic obstacles in real time, and that the traditional dynamic window approach (DWA) algorithm is prone to fall into a local optimum during local path planning, this paper proposes a path planning method for unmanned vehicles that integrates improved RRT and DWA algorithms. The RRT algorithm is improved by introducing strategies such as target-biased random sampling, adaptive step size, and adaptive radius node screening, which enhance the efficiency and safety of path planning. The global path key points generated by the improved RRT algorithm are used as the subtarget points of the DWA algorithm, and the DWA algorithm is optimized through the design of an adaptive evaluation function weighting method based on real-time obstacle distances to achieve more reasonable local path planning. Through simulation experiments, the fusion algorithm shows promising results in a variety of typical static and dynamic mixed driving scenarios, can effectively plan a path that meets the driving requirements of an unmanned vehicle, avoids unknown dynamic obstacles, and shows higher path optimization efficiency and driving stability in complex environments, which provides strong support for an unmanned vehicle’s path planning in complex environments.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Intelligent Vehicle Path Planning Algorithm)
►▼
Show Figures
![](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/wevj/wevj-15-00292/article_deploy/html/images/wevj-15-00292-g001-550.jpg?1719736151)
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Parametric Correlation Analysis between Equivalent Electric Circuit Model and Mechanistic Model Interpretation for Battery Internal Aging
by
Humberto Velasco-Arellano, Néstor Castillo-Magallanes, Nancy Visairo-Cruz, Ciro Alberto Núñez-Gutiérrez and Isabel Lázaro
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070291 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024
Abstract
In modern electric vehicle applications, understanding the evolution of the internal electrochemical reaction throughout the aging of batteries is as relevant as knowing their state of health. This article demonstrates the feasibility of correlating a mechanistic model of the battery internal electrochemical reactions
[...] Read more.
In modern electric vehicle applications, understanding the evolution of the internal electrochemical reaction throughout the aging of batteries is as relevant as knowing their state of health. This article demonstrates the feasibility of correlating a mechanistic model of the battery internal electrochemical reactions with an equivalent electrical circuit (EEC) model, providing a practical and understandable interpretation of the internal reactions for electrical specialists. By way of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis and automatic control theory, a methodology for correlating the resistance and capacitance variations of the EEC model and how they reflect the electrochemical reaction changes is proposed. These changes are represented through the time constants of the three parallel arrays from an EEC model. PS-260 lead–acid batteries were analyzed throughout the SOC and their useful life to validate this methodology. The result analysis allows us to establish that the first array corresponds to the negative electrode reactions in the range of 1.48 Hz to 10 kHz, the second array to the positive electrode reactions and generation of sulfates in the range of 0.5 to 1.48 Hz, and the third array to the generation of sulfates and their diffusion in the range of 0.01 to 0.5 Hz.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Battery Design and Management)
►▼
Show Figures
![](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/wevj/wevj-15-00291/article_deploy/wevj-15-00291-ag.jpg?1719654473)
Graphical abstract
Open AccessReview
A Review of Key Technologies for Environment Sensing in Driverless Vehicles
by
Yuansheng Huo and Chengwei Zhang
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070290 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024
Abstract
Environment perception technology is the most important part of driverless technology, and driverless vehicles need to realize decision planning and control by virtue of perception feedback. This paper summarizes the most promising technology methods in the field of perception, namely visual perception technology,
[...] Read more.
Environment perception technology is the most important part of driverless technology, and driverless vehicles need to realize decision planning and control by virtue of perception feedback. This paper summarizes the most promising technology methods in the field of perception, namely visual perception technology, radar perception technology, state perception technology, and information fusion technology. Regarding the current development status in the field, the development of the main perception technology is mainly the innovation of information fusion technology and the optimization of algorithms. Multimodal perception and deep learning are becoming popular. The future of the field can be transformed by intelligent sensors, promote edge computing and cloud collaboration, improve system data processing capacity, and reduce the burden of data transmission. Regarding driverless vehicles as a future development trend, the corresponding technology will become a research hotspot.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
An Effective Strategy for Achieving Economic Reliability by Optimal Coordination of Hybrid Thermal–Wind–EV System in a Deregulated System
by
Ravindranadh Chowdary Vankina, Sadhan Gope, Subhojit Dawn, Ahmed Al Mansur and Taha Selim Ustun
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070289 - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
This paper describes an effective operating strategy for electric vehicles (EVs) in a hybrid facility that leverages renewable energy sources. The method is to enhance the profit of the wind–thermal–EV hybrid plant while maintaining the grid frequency (fPG) and energy level
[...] Read more.
This paper describes an effective operating strategy for electric vehicles (EVs) in a hybrid facility that leverages renewable energy sources. The method is to enhance the profit of the wind–thermal–EV hybrid plant while maintaining the grid frequency (fPG) and energy level of the EV battery storage system. In a renewable-associated power network, renewable energy producers must submit power supply proposals to the system operator at least one day before operations begin. The market managers then combine the power plans for the next several days based on bids from both power providers and distributors. However, due to the unpredictable nature of renewable resources, the electrical system cannot exactly adhere to the predefined power supply criteria. When true and estimated renewable power generation diverges, the electrical system may experience an excess or shortage of electricity. If there is a disparity between true and estimated wind power (TWP, EWP), the EV plant operates to minimize this variation. This lowers the costs associated with the discrepancy between actual and projected wind speeds (TWS, EWS). The proposed method effectively reduces the uncertainty associated with wind generation while being economically feasible, which is especially important in a deregulated power market. This study proposes four separate energy levels for an EV battery storage system (EEV,max, EEV,opt, EEV,low, and EEV,min) to increase system profit and revenue, which is unique to this work. The optimum operating of these EV battery energy levels is determined by the present electric grid frequency and the condition of TWP and EWP. The proposed approach is tested on a modified IEEE 30 bus system and compared to an existing strategy to demonstrate its effectiveness and superiority. The entire work was completed using the optimization technique called sequential quadratic programming (SQP).
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Exchange between Vehicle and Power System for Optimal Charging)
►▼
Show Figures
![](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/wevj/wevj-15-00289/article_deploy/html/images/wevj-15-00289-g001-550.jpg?1719799495)
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Design of an Electric Vehicle Charging System Consisting of PV and Fuel Cell for Historical and Tourist Regions
by
Suleyman Emre Dagteke and Sencer Unal
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070288 - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
One of the most important problems in the widespread use of electric vehicles is the lack of charging infrastructure. Especially in tourist areas where historical buildings are located, the installation of a power grid for the installation of electric vehicle charging stations or
[...] Read more.
One of the most important problems in the widespread use of electric vehicles is the lack of charging infrastructure. Especially in tourist areas where historical buildings are located, the installation of a power grid for the installation of electric vehicle charging stations or generating electrical energy by installing renewable energy production systems such as large-sized PV (photovoltaic) and wind turbines poses a problem because it causes the deterioration of the historical texture. Considering the need for renewable energy sources in the transportation sector, our aim in this study is to model an electric vehicle charging station using PVPS (photovoltaic power system) and FC (fuel cell) power systems by using irradiation and temperature data from historical regions. This designed charging station model performs electric vehicle charging, meeting the energy demand of a house and hydrogen production by feeding the electrolyzer with the surplus energy from producing electrical energy with the PVPS during the daytime. At night, when there is no solar radiation, electric vehicle charging and residential energy demand are met with an FC power system. One of the most important advantages of this system is the use of hydrogen storage instead of a battery system for energy storage and the conversion of hydrogen into electrical energy with an FC. Unlike other studies, in our study, fossil energy sources such as diesel generators are not included for the stable operation of the system. The system in this study may need hydrogen refueling in unfavorable climatic conditions and the energy storage capacity is limited by the hydrogen fuel tank capacity.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Technology Development, Energy and Environmental Implications, and Decarbonization)
►▼
Show Figures
![](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/wevj/wevj-15-00288/article_deploy/html/images/wevj-15-00288-g001-550.jpg?1719568183)
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Harmonic Resonance Mechanisms and Influencing Factors of Distributed Energy Grid-Connected Systems
by
Minrui Xu, Zhixin Li, Shufeng Lu, Tianyang Xu, Zhanqi Zhang and **angjun Quan
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070287 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
With the rapid development of global energy transformation and new power system, ensuring the stability of distributed energy grid connections is the key to maintaining the reliable operation of the whole power system. This paper constructs detailed impedance models of grid-following (GFL) and
[...] Read more.
With the rapid development of global energy transformation and new power system, ensuring the stability of distributed energy grid connections is the key to maintaining the reliable operation of the whole power system. This paper constructs detailed impedance models of grid-following (GFL) and grid-forming (GFM) inverters using a harmonic linearization method and thoroughly investigates the mechanisms of resonance when inverters are connected to the grid, as well as the impact of model parameters on the stability of the grid system. This paper also briefly analyzes the scenario where distributed energy and electric vehicles are integrated into the grid simultaneously, demonstrating that grid system stability can be ensured in complex grid situations through reasonable parameter design. Lastly, the accuracy of the proposed impedance models and analysis is verified through MATLAB/Simulink simulations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Voltage and Frequency Support Control by the EV, New Energy and Energy Storages)
Open AccessReview
A Comprehensive Review on Smart Electromobility Charging Infrastructure
by
Idowu Adetona Ayoade and Omowunmi Mary Longe
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070286 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
This study thoroughly analyses Smart Electromobility Charging Infrastructure (SECI), exploring its multifaceted dimensions and advancements. Delving into the intricate landscape of SECI, the study critically evaluates existing technologies, integration methodologies, and emerging trends. Through a systematic examination of literature and empirical studies, the
[...] Read more.
This study thoroughly analyses Smart Electromobility Charging Infrastructure (SECI), exploring its multifaceted dimensions and advancements. Delving into the intricate landscape of SECI, the study critically evaluates existing technologies, integration methodologies, and emerging trends. Through a systematic examination of literature and empirical studies, the article elucidates the evolving ecosystem of smart charging solutions, considering aspects including advancements in charging protocols. Additionally, the review highlights challenges and prospects in the SECI domain, providing insightful information for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers involved in the dynamic field of electromobility. Technical potentials, including functionalities and integration with the smart grid, have been thoroughly reviewed. An analysis is conducted on the effects of intelligent charging on power distribution systems and strategies to lessen these effects. This study also examines the development of intelligent charging algorithms, optimisation methods, and security analysis. This paper, therefore, contributes to fostering a more thorough comprehension of the current state and future trajectories of Smart Electromobility Charging Infrastructure.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Charging Strategies for Plug-In Electric Vehicles)
Open AccessArticle
CTM-YOLOv8n: A Lightweight Pedestrian Traffic-Sign Detection and Recognition Model with Advanced Optimization
by
Qiang Chen, Zhongmou Dai, Yi Xu and Yuezhen Gao
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070285 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Traffic-sign detection and recognition (TSDR) is crucial to avoiding harm to pedestrians, especially children, from intelligent connected vehicles and has become a research hotspot. However, due to motion blurring, partial occlusion, and smaller sign sizes, pedestrian TSDR faces increasingly significant challenges. To overcome
[...] Read more.
Traffic-sign detection and recognition (TSDR) is crucial to avoiding harm to pedestrians, especially children, from intelligent connected vehicles and has become a research hotspot. However, due to motion blurring, partial occlusion, and smaller sign sizes, pedestrian TSDR faces increasingly significant challenges. To overcome these difficulties, a CTM-YOLOv8n model is proposed based on the YOLOv8n model. With the aim of extracting spatial features more efficiently and making the network faster, the C2f Faster module is constructed to replace the C2f module in the head, which applies filters to only a few input channels while leaving the remaining ones untouched. To enhance small-sign detection, a tiny-object-detection (TOD) layer is designed and added to the first C2f layer in the backbone. Meanwhile, the seventh Conv layer, eighth C2f layer, and connected detection head are deleted to reduce the quantity of model parameters. Eventually, the original CIoU is replaced by the MPDIoU, which is better for training deep models. During experiments, the dataset is augmented, which contains the choice of categories ‘w55’ and ‘w57’ in the TT100K dataset and a collection of two types of traffic signs around the schools in Tian**. Empirical results demonstrate the efficacy of our model, showing enhancements of 5.2% in precision, 10.8% in recall, 7.0% in F1 score, and 4.8% in mAP@0.50. However, the number of parameters is reduced to 0.89M, which is only 30% of the YOLOv8n model. Furthermore, the proposed CTM-YOLOv8n model shows superior performance when tested against other advanced TSDR models.
Full article
![](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/wevj/wevj-15-00285/article_deploy/html/images/wevj-15-00285-g001-550.jpg?1719395623)
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Factors Influencing the Adoption of Electric Jeepneys: A Philippine Perspective
by
Ma. Janice J. Gumasing, Elgene Dayne R. Ramos, Joshua Nathaniel C. Corpuz, Angelo James B. Ofianga, Juan Miguel R. Palad, Lyce Gariel B. Urbina, Mellicynt M. Mascariola and Ardvin Kester S. Ong
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070284 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
The implementation of e-jeepneys stands as a change process that will eventually transition to the modernization of the public transport system in the Philippines. To address concerns about jeepneys’ effects on the environment, energy use, society, the economy, and policies, their acceptability in
[...] Read more.
The implementation of e-jeepneys stands as a change process that will eventually transition to the modernization of the public transport system in the Philippines. To address concerns about jeepneys’ effects on the environment, energy use, society, the economy, and policies, their acceptability in the Philippines must be considered. This research study aims to identify the sources of influence on Filipinos’ adoption of e-jeepney utilization as a mode of transportation using the extended Pro-Environmental Planned Behavior (PEBP) model. A total of 502 commuters voluntarily answered the survey questionnaire. Based on the findings, perceived environmental concern (PEC) is the most significant determinant influencing attitude (AT) and, thus, affecting the Filipinos’ behavioral intention (BI) towards the adoption of e-jeepneys. Conversely, AT was the primary determinant of BI, which strongly supported the notion of AT as a strong driving force sha** behavioral decisions. Moreover, perceived authority support (PAS) emerged as a strong predictor of subjective norms (SNs), demonstrating the influence of institutional support on societal perceptions. As a result, more environmentally conscious people are more likely to view e-jeepneys positively and intend to use them as a mode of transportation. The endorsement or support from authoritative figures or institutions notably influences subjective norms, which are individuals’ perceptions of social pressures regarding the use of e-jeepneys.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Design, Analysis, and Comparison of Electric Vehicle Drive Motor Rotors Using Injection-Molded Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Plastics
by
Huai Cong Liu, Jang Soo Park and Il Hwan An
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070283 - 25 Jun 2024
Abstract
Due to their excellent mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and ease of processing, carbon fiber and carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics are finding wide application in diverse fields, including aerospace, industry, and automobiles. This research explores the feasibility of integrating carbon fiber solutions into the rotors of
[...] Read more.
Due to their excellent mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and ease of processing, carbon fiber and carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics are finding wide application in diverse fields, including aerospace, industry, and automobiles. This research explores the feasibility of integrating carbon fiber solutions into the rotors of 85-kilowatt electric vehicle interior permanent magnet synchronous motors. Two novel configurations are proposed: a carbon fiber wire-wound rotor and a carbon fiber injection-molded rotor. A finite element analysis compares the performance of these models against a basic designed rotor, considering factors like no-load back electromotive force, no-load voltage harmonics, cogging torque, load torque, torque ripple, efficiency, and manufacturing cost. Additionally, a comprehensive analysis of system efficiency and energy loss based on hypothetical electric vehicle parameters is presented. Finally, mechanical strength simulations assess the feasibility of the proposed carbon fiber composite rotor designs.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Control of Electrical Machines in Electric Vehicles, 2nd Edition)
►▼
Show Figures
![](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/wevj/wevj-15-00283/article_deploy/html/images/wevj-15-00283-g001-550.jpg?1719324542)
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Impact of Temperature Variations on Torque Capacity in Shrink-Fit Junctions of Water-Jacketed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs)
by
David Sebastian Puma-Benavides, Luis Mixquititla-Casbis, Edilberto Antonio Llanes-Cedeño and Juan Carlos Jima-Matailo
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070282 - 25 Jun 2024
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of temperature variations on the torque capacity of shrink-fit junctions in water-jacketed permanent magnet synchronous motors. Focusing on both baseline and improved designs; torque capacities were evaluated across a temperature range from −40 °C to 120 °C under
[...] Read more.
This study investigates the impact of temperature variations on the torque capacity of shrink-fit junctions in water-jacketed permanent magnet synchronous motors. Focusing on both baseline and improved designs; torque capacities were evaluated across a temperature range from −40 °C to 120 °C under different material conditions: Least material condition, nominal, and maximum material condition. The baseline design exhibited torque capacities from 7648 Nm to 9032 Nm at −40 °C, decreasing significantly to 549 Nm to 1533 Nm at 120 °C. The improved design showed enhanced performance, with torque capacities ranging from 8055 Nm to 9247 Nm at −40 °C and from 842 Nm to 1618 Nm at 120 °C. The maximum improvement was observed at 120 °C for least material conditions, with a 55.4% increase, and the minimum improvement at −40 °C for maximum material conditions, with a 2.4% increase. Our findings demonstrate a significant increase in torque capacity by up to 20% under varied thermal conditions. These results underscore the effectiveness of design modifications in enhancing thermal stability and torque capacity, making the improved design a more reliable choice for high-performance applications subject to significant thermal fluctuations. This research highlights the critical role of material selection, thermal management, and precise design adjustments in optimizing the performance and reliability of permanent magnet synchronous motors.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Energy Efficiency of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations with Minimal Grid Impact)
Open AccessArticle
Motor Bearing Fault Diagnosis Based on Current Signal Using Time–Frequency Channel Attention
by
Zhiqiang Wang, Chao Guan, Shangru Shi, Guozheng Zhang and **n Gu
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070281 - 24 Jun 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
As they are the core components of the drive motor in electric vehicles, the accurate fault diagnosis of rolling bearings is the key to ensuring the safe operation of electric vehicles. At present, intelligent diagnostic methods based on current signals (CSs) are widely
[...] Read more.
As they are the core components of the drive motor in electric vehicles, the accurate fault diagnosis of rolling bearings is the key to ensuring the safe operation of electric vehicles. At present, intelligent diagnostic methods based on current signals (CSs) are widely used owing to the advantages of the easy collection, low cost, and non-invasiveness of CSs. However, in practical applications, the fault characteristics of the CS are weak, resulting in diagnostic performance that fails to meet the expected standards. In this paper, a diagnosis method is proposed to address this problem and enhance the diagnosis accuracy. Firstly, CSs from two phases are processed by periodic resampling to enhance data features, which are then fused through splicing operations. Subsequently, a feature enhancement module is constructed using multi-scale feature fusion for decomposing the input. Finally, a diagnosis model is constructed by using an improved channel attention module (CAM) for enhancing the diagnosis performance. The results from experiments containing two different types of bearing datasets show that the proposed method can extract high-quality fault features and improve the diagnosis accuracy, presenting great potential in intelligent fault diagnosis and the maintenance of electric vehicles.
Full article
![](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/wevj/wevj-15-00281/article_deploy/html/images/wevj-15-00281-g001-550.jpg?1719228822)
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Lithium-Ion Battery SOH Estimation Method Based on Multi-Feature and CNN-BiLSTM-MHA
by
Yujie Zhou, Chaolong Zhang, Xulong Zhang and Ziheng Zhou
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070280 - 24 Jun 2024
Abstract
Electric vehicles can reduce the dependence on limited resources such as oil, which is conducive to the development of clean energy. An accurate battery state of health (SOH) is beneficial for the safety of electric vehicles. A multi-feature and Convolutional Neural Network–Bidirectional Long
[...] Read more.
Electric vehicles can reduce the dependence on limited resources such as oil, which is conducive to the development of clean energy. An accurate battery state of health (SOH) is beneficial for the safety of electric vehicles. A multi-feature and Convolutional Neural Network–Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory–Multi-head Attention (CNN-BiLSTM-MHA)-based lithium-ion battery SOH estimation method is proposed in this paper. First, the voltage, energy, and temperature data of the battery in the constant current charging phase are measured. Then, based on the voltage and energy data, the incremental energy analysis (IEA) is performed to calculate the incremental energy (IE) curve. The IE curve features including IE, peak value, average value, and standard deviation are extracted and combined with the thermal features of the battery to form a complete multi-feature sequence. A CNN-BiLSTM-MHA model is set up to map the features to the battery SOH. Experiments were conducted using batteries with different charging currents, and the results showed that even if the nonlinearity of battery SOH degradation is significant, this method can still achieve a fast and accurate estimation of the battery SOH. The Mean Absolute Error (MAE) is 0.1982%, 0.1873%, 0.1652%, and 0.1968%, and the Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) is 0.2921%, 0.2997%, 0.2130%, and 0.2625%, respectively. The average Coefficient of Determination (R2) is above 96%. Compared to the BiLSTM model, the training time is reduced by an average of about 36%.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Modelling & Simulation Technology of E-Mobility)
►▼
Show Figures
![](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/wevj/wevj-15-00280/article_deploy/html/images/wevj-15-00280-g001-550.jpg?1719212986)
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Conceptual Design of an Unmanned Electrical Amphibious Vehicle for Ocean and Land Surveillance
by
Hugo Policarpo, João P. B. Lourenço, António M. Anastácio, Rui Parente, Francisco Rego, Daniel Silvestre, Frederico Afonso and Nuno M. M. Maia
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070279 - 22 Jun 2024
Abstract
Unmanned vehicles (UVs) have become increasingly important in various scenarios of civil and military operations. The present work aims at the conceptual design of a modular Amphibious Unmanned Ground Vehicle (A-UGV) that can be easily adapted for different types of land and/or water
[...] Read more.
Unmanned vehicles (UVs) have become increasingly important in various scenarios of civil and military operations. The present work aims at the conceptual design of a modular Amphibious Unmanned Ground Vehicle (A-UGV) that can be easily adapted for different types of land and/or water missions with low monetary cost (EUR < 5 k, without sensors). Basing the design on the needs highlighted in the 2021 review of the Strategic Directive of the Portuguese Navy, the necessary specifications and requirements are established for two mission scenarios. Then, a market research analysis focused on vehicles currently available and their technological advances is conducted to identify existing UV solutions and respective characteristics/capabilities of interest to the current work. To study and define the geometry of the hull and the configuration of the A-UGV itself, preliminary computational structural and fluid analyses are carried out to ensure it complies with the specifications initially established. As a result, one obtains a fully electric vehicle with approximate dimensions of 1050 × 670 × 450 mm (length–width–height), enabled with 6 × 6 traction capable of reaching 20 km/h on land, which possesses amphibious capabilities of independent propulsion in water up to 8 kts and an estimated autonomy of over 60 min.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design Theory, Method and Control of Intelligent and Safe Vehicles)
►▼
Show Figures
![](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/wevj/wevj-15-00279/article_deploy/html/images/wevj-15-00279-g001-550.jpg?1719368110)
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Improvement of the Cybersecurity of the Satellite Internet of Vehicles through the Application of an Authentication Protocol Based on a Modular Error-Correction Code
by
Igor Anatolyevich Kalmykov, Aleksandr Anatolyevich Olenev, Natalya Vladimirovna Kononova, Tatyana Aleksandrovna Peleshenko, Daniil Vyacheslavovich Dukhovnyj, Nikita Konstantinovich Chistousov and Natalya Igorevna Kalmykova
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070278 - 21 Jun 2024
Abstract
The integration of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) and low-orbit satellite Internet not only increases the efficiency of traffic management but also contributes to the emergence of new cyberattacks. Spoofing interference occupies a special place among them. To prevent a rogue satellite from
[...] Read more.
The integration of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) and low-orbit satellite Internet not only increases the efficiency of traffic management but also contributes to the emergence of new cyberattacks. Spoofing interference occupies a special place among them. To prevent a rogue satellite from imposing unauthorized content on vehicle owners, a zero-knowledge authentication protocol (ZKAP) based on a modular polyalphabetic polynomial code (MPPC) was developed. The use of MPPC allowed for increasing the authentication speed of the satellite performing the role of RSU. As a result, a reduction in the time needed to guess the prover’s signal also reduces the probability of granting a rogue satellite the communication session and increases the imitation resistance of the satellite IoV. At the same time, the MPPC allows for improving the noise resistance of the ZKAP. An algorithm for calculating the control residuals for a noise-resistant MPPC was developed for this purpose, as well as an algorithm for correcting errors arising in the communication channel due to interference. Thus, the developed authentication protocol based on a noise-resistant modular code allows for simultaneously reducing the probabilities of the first-order and second-order errors, which leads to the increased cybersecurity of satellite IoV.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments and Research in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs))
Open AccessArticle
A Finite-Set Integral Sliding Modes Predictive Control for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive System
by
Hector Hidalgo, Rodolfo Orosco, Hector Huerta, Nimrod Vazquez, Leonel Estrada, Sergio Pinto and Angel de Castro
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070277 - 21 Jun 2024
Abstract
Finite-set model predictive control (FS-MPC) is an easy and intuitive control technique. However, parametric uncertainties reduce the accuracy of the prediction. Classical MPC requires many calculations; therefore, the calculation time generates a considerable time delay in the actuation. This delay deteriorates the performance
[...] Read more.
Finite-set model predictive control (FS-MPC) is an easy and intuitive control technique. However, parametric uncertainties reduce the accuracy of the prediction. Classical MPC requires many calculations; therefore, the calculation time generates a considerable time delay in the actuation. This delay deteriorates the performance of the system and generates a significant current ripple. This paper proposes a finite-set integral sliding modes predictive control (FS-ISMPC) for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The conventional decision function is replaced by an integral sliding cost function, which has several advantages, such as robustness to parameter uncertainties, and convergence in finite time. The proposed decision function does not require the inductance and resistance parameters of the motor. In addition, the proposal includes compensation for the calculation delay of the control vector. The proposed control strategy was compared with traditional predictive control with delay compensation using a real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation. The results obtained from the comparison indicated that the proposed controller has a lower THD and computational burden.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Technology Development, Energy and Environmental Implications, and Decarbonization)
►▼
Show Figures
![](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/wevj/wevj-15-00277/article_deploy/html/images/wevj-15-00277-g001-550.jpg?1719387703)
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Providing an Intelligent Frequency Control Method in a Microgrid Network in the Presence of Electric Vehicles
by
Mousa Alizadeh, Lilia Tightiz and Morteza Azimi Nasab
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070276 - 21 Jun 2024
Abstract
Due to the reduction in fossil fuel abundance and the harmful environmental effects of burning them, the renewable resource potentials of microgrid (MG) structures have become highly highly. However, the uncertainty and variability of MGs leads to system frequency deviations in islanded or
[...] Read more.
Due to the reduction in fossil fuel abundance and the harmful environmental effects of burning them, the renewable resource potentials of microgrid (MG) structures have become highly highly. However, the uncertainty and variability of MGs leads to system frequency deviations in islanded or stand-alone mode. Usually, battery energy storage systems (BESSs) reduce this frequency deviation, despite limitations such as reducing efficiency in the long term and increasing expenses. A suitable solution is to use electric vehicles (EVs) besides BESSs in systems with different energy sources in the microgrid structure. In this field, due to the fast charging and discharging of EVs and the fluctuating character of renewable energy sources, controllers based on the traditional model cannot ensure the stability of MGs. For this purpose, in this research, an ultra-local model (ULM) controller with an extended state observer (ESO) for load frequency control (LFC) of a multi-microgrid (MMG) has been systematically developed. Specifically, a compensating controller based on the single-input interval type fuzzy logic controller (FLC) was used to remove the ESO error and improve the LFC performance. Since the performance of the ULM controller based on SIT2-FLC depends on specific parameters, all of these coefficients were adjusted by an improved harmony search algorithm (IHSA). Simulation and statistical analysis results show that the proposed controller performs well in reducing the frequency fluctuations and power of the system load line and offers a higher level of resistance than conventional controllers in different MG scenarios.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Overview of Sustainable Mobility: The Role of Electric Vehicles in Energy Communities
by
Jozsef Menyhart
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(6), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15060275 - 20 Jun 2024
Abstract
From 2035 onward, the registration of new conventional internal combustion engine vehicles will be prohibited in the European Union. This shift is driven by steadily rising fuel prices and growing concerns over carbon dioxide emissions. Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly popular across
[...] Read more.
From 2035 onward, the registration of new conventional internal combustion engine vehicles will be prohibited in the European Union. This shift is driven by steadily rising fuel prices and growing concerns over carbon dioxide emissions. Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly popular across Europe, and many manufacturers now offer modified models, making pure internal combustion versions unavailable for certain types. Additionally, the comparatively lower operational costs of EVs for end users further bolster their appeal. In the European Union, new directives have been established to define innovative approaches to energy use in Member States, known as energy communities. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the architecture of energy communities, electric vehicles, and the V2X technologies currently on the market. It highlights the evolution of electric vehicle adoption in the EU, contextualizing it within broader energy trends and presenting future challenges and development opportunities related to energy communities. The paper details the diversification of electricity sources among Member States and the share of generated electricity that is utilized for transport.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power and Energy Systems for E-mobility)
►▼
Show Figures
![](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/wevj/wevj-15-00275/article_deploy/html/images/wevj-15-00275-g001-550.jpg?1719318896)
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Design and Experiment on Heat Dissipation Structures of Ducted Fan Motor for Flying Electric Vehicle
by
Ye Li, Qi Li, Tao Fan, Xuhui Wen and Junhui **ong
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(6), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15060274 - 20 Jun 2024
Abstract
Ducted fan motors play a crucial role in promoting various applications of flying electric vehicles. In ducted fan motor systems, motor performance affects the speed of the fan, the flow field of the fan affects the thermal field of the motor, and the
[...] Read more.
Ducted fan motors play a crucial role in promoting various applications of flying electric vehicles. In ducted fan motor systems, motor performance affects the speed of the fan, the flow field of the fan affects the thermal field of the motor, and the thermal field influences the performance of the motor. The coupling model between fan static thrust, motor power, and motor temperature rise is established in this paper. After confirming the external dimensions of the motor, three cooling schemes of the motor casing are designed. The casing forms are as follows: model 1 with smooth surface, model 2 with circular fins, and model 3 with longitudinal fins. The optimization work was carried out on the geometric dimensions of two types of fins for model 2 and model 3, and the static thrust and heat transfer performance of the motors were calculated. This study proposes that the ratio of thrust-to-temperature rise is an indicator for future optimization design of ducted fan motors. Model 3 with longitudinal fins has a higher thrust-to-temperature rise ratio. The thrust temperature rise in model 3 has increased by 24.77% compared to model 1.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Management System for Battery Electric Vehicle)
►▼
Show Figures
![](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/wevj/wevj-15-00274/article_deploy/html/images/wevj-15-00274-g001-550.jpg?1719299144)
Figure 1
![World Electric Vehicle Journal wevj-logo](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/wevj-logo.png?f309f59ad8705353)
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- WEVJ Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Society Collaborations
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Energies, Processes, Electronics, Applied Sciences, WEVJ
Energy Management and Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Converters and Related Systems
Topic Editors: Mario Marchesoni, Alfonso DamianoDeadline: 15 October 2024
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Batteries, Electricity, Electronics, Sensors, WEVJ, Technologies, Chips
Advanced Wireless Charging Technology
Topic Editors: Chong Zhu, Kailong LiuDeadline: 31 October 2024
Topic in
Computation, Electronics, Energies, Sensors, Sustainability, WEVJ
Modern Power Systems and Units
Topic Editors: Jan Taler, Ali Cemal Benim, Sławomir Grądziel, Marek Majdak, Moghtada Mobedi, Tomasz Sobota, Dawid Taler, Bohdan WęglowskiDeadline: 30 November 2024
Topic in
Energies, Materials, Sensors, Sustainability, Vehicles, WEVJ
Advanced Engines Technologies
Topic Editors: Davide Di Battista, Fabio Fatigati, Marco Di BartolomeoDeadline: 31 December 2024
![loading...](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1719563568)
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
WEVJ
Intelligent Modelling & Simulation Technology of E-Mobility
Guest Editors: Zonghai Chen, Chunlin Chen, Kailong Liu, Yujie WangDeadline: 20 July 2024
Special Issue in
WEVJ
Dynamics Modelling and Control of Electrified Chassis for Intelligent Vehicles
Guest Editors: Junnian Wang, Hongqing ChuDeadline: 31 July 2024
Special Issue in
WEVJ
Temperature Field, Electromagnetic Field, and Operation Control of Permanent Magnet Motor for Electric Vehicles
Guest Editor: Zhongxian ChenDeadline: 31 August 2024
Special Issue in
WEVJ
The Energy Efficiency of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations with Minimal Grid Impact
Guest Editor: Javier Martínez-GómezDeadline: 20 September 2024