Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

15 pages, 7602 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Markers and Population Genetic Analysis of the Hadal Amphipod Alicella gigantea across the Mariana and New Britain Trenches

by Lei Chen, Shouwen Jiang, Binbin Pan and Qianghua Xu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1117; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071117 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

Alicella gigantea, the largest amphipod scavengers found to date, play key roles in the food web of the hadal ecosystem. However, the genetic structure of A. gigantea populations among different trenches has not been reported yet. In this study, SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) [...] Read more.

Alicella gigantea, the largest amphipod scavengers found to date, play key roles in the food web of the hadal ecosystem. However, the genetic structure of A. gigantea populations among different trenches has not been reported yet. In this study, SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) markers were developed for three A. gigantea geographic populations collected from the southern Mariana Trench (SMT), the central New Britain Trench (CNBT), and the eastern New Britain Trench (ENBT), based on the SLAF-seq (specific locus amplified fragment sequencing) technology. A total of 570,168 filtered SNPs were screened out for subsequent population genetic analysis. Results showed that the inbreeding levels across the three geographic populations were relatively low, and the genomic inbreeding coefficients of the three populations were similar in magnitude. Based on the results of phylogenetic analysis, population structure analysis, and principal component analysis, it is believed that the three A. gigantea geographic populations belong to the same population, and the kinship relationship between the ENBT and CNBT populations is close. Moreover, the differential candidate adaptive sites on the SNPs suggest that there may be variations in metabolic rates among the three geographic populations, possibly linked to differences in food availability and sources in different trenches, ultimately resulting in different survival strategies in A. gigantea populations within distinct trenches. Compared with the Mariana Trench, the New Britain Trench has a richer organic matter input, and it is speculated that the A. gigantea Mariana Trench population may adopt a lower metabolic rate to cope with the harsher environment of nutrient deficiency. Full article

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14 pages, 1133 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysing the Directional Dependence of Wind and Wave Interactions for Offshore Wind Turbines Using Environmental Contours

by Malte Kaliske and Boso Schmidt

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071116 - 2 Jul 2024

Viewed by 90

Abstract

The structural design of offshore wind turbines is dominated by environmental conditions such as wind and waves, in addition to deadweight loads and loads from operation. Probabilistic combination approaches exist for the ultimate limit state (ULS) to estimate the simultaneous occurrence of extreme [...] Read more.

The structural design of offshore wind turbines is dominated by environmental conditions such as wind and waves, in addition to deadweight loads and loads from operation. Probabilistic combination approaches exist for the ultimate limit state (ULS) to estimate the simultaneous occurrence of extreme meteorological and oceanographic (metocean) environmental conditions at the site of an offshore wind turbine. The site-specific direction of action of the load parameters is mostly neglected in these approaches; the design of offshore wind turbines in the ULS is usually carried out for the most structurally unfavourable directional superposition of load parameters—which is not based on physical principles and wastes potential material savings. The reasons for different load parameters in different directions of action are the influences of nearby land masses and the topographic shape of the sea floor, atmospheric air circulation, and marine current systems. In this paper, wind and sea state data from the coastDat-2 WAM database are statistically analysed for two sites in the North Sea, common environmental contours are estimated using the example of significant wave height and wind speed, and the site-specific influence of the direction of the load parameters on the environmental contours are investigated. It is shown that, depending on the site under consideration, the direction of action can significantly influence the metocean environmental conditions and that direction-resolved probabilistic combination approaches can contribute to a safe and economic structural design of offshore wind turbines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)

20 pages, 4812 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Trajectory Prediction with the Nonlinear Kepler Optimization Algorithm–Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory–Time-Variable Attention Model

by Jieen Yao, Junzheng Yang, Chenghao Zhang, **g Zhang and Tianchi Zhang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1115; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071115 - 2 Jul 2024

Viewed by 76

Abstract

Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) have been widely used in ocean missions. When they fail in the ocean, it is important to predict their trajectory. Existing methods rely heavily on historical trajectory data while overlooking the influence of the ocean environment on an AUV’s [...] Read more.

Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) have been widely used in ocean missions. When they fail in the ocean, it is important to predict their trajectory. Existing methods rely heavily on historical trajectory data while overlooking the influence of the ocean environment on an AUV’s trajectory. At the same time, these methods fail to use the dependency between variables in the trajectory. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an AUV trajectory prediction model known as the nonlinear Kepler optimization algorithm–bidirectional long short-term memory–time-variable attention (NKOA-BiLSTM-TVA) model. This paper introduces opposition-based learning during the initialization process of the KOA and improves the algorithm by incorporating a nonlinear factor into the planet position update process. We designed an attention mechanism layer that spans both time and variable dimensions, called TVA. TVA can extract features from both the time and variable dimensions of the trajectory and use the dependency between trajectory variables to predict the trajectory. First, the model uses a convolutional neural network (CNN) to extract spatial features from the trajectory. Next, it combines a BiLSTM network with TVA to predict the AUV’s trajectory. Finally, the improved NKOA is used to optimize the model’s hyperparameters. Experimental results show that the NKOA-BiLSTM-TVA model has an excellent parameter optimization effect and higher prediction accuracy in AUV trajectory prediction tasks. It also achieves excellent results in ship trajectory prediction. Full article

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4 pages, 144 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in Marine Mechanical and Structural Engineering

by Kun Liu, Bin Liu and Chenfeng Li

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071114 - 2 Jul 2024

Viewed by 125

Abstract

In the design of modern ship and offshore structures, one of the key issues is the accurate prediction of strength with regard to various new materials and structures used in the structural design stage and under extreme sea environment and accidental states [...] [...] Read more.

In the design of modern ship and offshore structures, one of the key issues is the accurate prediction of strength with regard to various new materials and structures used in the structural design stage and under extreme sea environment and accidental states [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Marine Mechanical and Structural Engineering)

17 pages, 1493 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wind and Wave-Induced Vibration Reduction Control for Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Using Delayed Signals

by Shouxiang Yan, Yilong Wang, Fengbin Pang, Wei Zhang and Bao-Lin Zhang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1113; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071113 - 2 Jul 2024

Viewed by 107

Abstract

Active vibration control is a critical issue of the wind turbine in the field of marine energy. First, based on a three-degree-of-freedom wind turbine, a state space model subject to wind and wave loads is obtained. Then, a delayed state feedback control scheme [...] Read more.

Active vibration control is a critical issue of the wind turbine in the field of marine energy. First, based on a three-degree-of-freedom wind turbine, a state space model subject to wind and wave loads is obtained. Then, a delayed state feedback control scheme is illustrated to reduce the vibration of platform pitch angle and tower top foreaft displacement, where the control channel includes time-delay state signals. The designed controller’s existence conditions are investigated. The simulation results show that the delayed feedback

H_{\infty}

controller can significantly suppress wind- and wave-induced vibration of the wind turbine. Furthermore, it presents potential advantages over the delay-free feedback

H_{\infty}

controller and the classic linear quadratic regulator in two aspects: vibration control performance and control cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends, Challenges and Opportunities in Offshore Wind Technology)

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18 pages, 544 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mega Ports’ Mitigation Response and Adaptation to Climate Change

by Martí Puig, Arnau Cirera, Chris Wooldridge, Fani Sakellariadou and Rosa Mari Darbra

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1112; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071112 - 2 Jul 2024

Viewed by 208

Abstract

Mega ports, defined in this study as those handling over 5 million TEUs annually, are major hubs within the dynamic framework of global trade, influencing both economic and environmental landscapes. This study identifies climate change as the foremost environmental concern for these ports, [...] Read more.

Mega ports, defined in this study as those handling over 5 million TEUs annually, are major hubs within the dynamic framework of global trade, influencing both economic and environmental landscapes. This study identifies climate change as the foremost environmental concern for these ports, necessitating urgent and strategic responses. Through comprehensive research, this paper explores the main Climate Change Mitigation (CCM) strategies and evaluates their implementation across mega ports worldwide. Findings indicate widespread adoption of certain strategies, such as setting greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets and providing on-shore power supply (OPS), while also identifying challenges, particularly in implementing environmentally differentiated port fees. Additionally, this paper outlines key strategies for climate change adaptation (CCA) in ports. The results of this research offer insights into sustainable practices and collaborative efforts to confront climate change challenges effectively. These findings have the potential to significantly improve maritime policy and ship management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research on Sustainable and Safe Maritime Transportation)

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4 pages, 151 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advanced Analysis of Marine Structures

by Bin Liu, Kun Liu and Chenfeng Li

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1111; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071111 - 2 Jul 2024

Viewed by 153

Abstract

In the analysis and design of marine structures, one of the key issues is the accurate prediction of their strength under various load conditions, particularly impact and ultimate and fatigue strength [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Analysis of Marine Structures)

20 pages, 8337 KiB

Open AccessArticle

YOLO-Based 3D Perception for UVMS Gras**

by Yanhu Chen, Fuqiang Zhao, Yucheng Ling and Suohang Zhang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1110; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071110 - 2 Jul 2024

Viewed by 144

Abstract

This study develops a YOLO (You Only Look Once)-based 3D perception algorithm for UVMS (Underwater Vehicle-Manipulator Systems) for precise object detection and localization, crucial for enhanced gras** tasks. The object detection algorithm, YOLOv5s-CS, integrates an enhanced YOLOv5s model with C3SE attention and SPPFCSPC [...] Read more.

This study develops a YOLO (You Only Look Once)-based 3D perception algorithm for UVMS (Underwater Vehicle-Manipulator Systems) for precise object detection and localization, crucial for enhanced gras** tasks. The object detection algorithm, YOLOv5s-CS, integrates an enhanced YOLOv5s model with C3SE attention and SPPFCSPC feature fusion, optimized for precise detection and two-dimensional localization in underwater environments with sparse features. Distance measurement is further improved by refining the SGBM (Semi-Global Block Matching) algorithm with Census transform and subpixel interpolation. Ablation studies highlight the YOLOv5s-CS model’s enhanced performance, with a 3.5% increase in mAP and a 6.4% rise in F1 score over the base YOLOv5s, and a 2.1% mAP improvement with 15% faster execution than YOLOv8s. Implemented on a UVMS, the algorithm successfully conducted pool gras** experiments, proving its applicability for autonomous underwater robotics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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14 pages, 6566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of Marine Heatwaves in the Southeastern Baltic Sea Based on Long-Term In Situ and Satellite Observations

by Toma Dabulevičienė and Inesa Servaitė

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1109; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071109 - 2 Jul 2024

Viewed by 144

Abstract

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are known to pose a threat to aquatic ecosystems and coastal communities and, as a result, they receive significant attention nowadays, thus motivating our scientific interest in better understanding the regional patterns of these events. In this study, we analyze [...] Read more.

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are known to pose a threat to aquatic ecosystems and coastal communities and, as a result, they receive significant attention nowadays, thus motivating our scientific interest in better understanding the regional patterns of these events. In this study, we analyze MHWs in the SE part of the Baltic Sea, defining them as anomalously warm water events, where the water temperature exceeds the 90th percentile threshold of the corresponding calendar day for at least five or more consecutive days. Our study is based on a combination of long-term (1993–2023) in situ data, field measurements, and satellite-derived sea surface temperature data during the warm (May–August) period. Study results suggest that although short-lived (5–9 days) MHW events typically dominate throughout the analyzed period, the occurrences of longer (more than three weeks) and more intense MHWs have increased in our study region in the recent decade. The heatwaves are observed both in coastal and open waters, with SST anomalies up to around 5–6 °C above the 90th percentile threshold during extreme events, extending thermal influence as deep as 20 m during prolonged and more intense events. We believe that the results of this study contribute to a better understanding of MHW patterns in the study region, which is important from an ecological and socio-economic point of view, providing valuable insights for human health aspects as well. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Oceanography)

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15 pages, 6094 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Current Harmonic Suppression in Maritime Vessel Rudder PMSM Drive System Based on Composite Fractional-Order PID Repetitive Controller

by Tianqing Yuan, Tianli Wang, **gwen Fan and **g Bai

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1108; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071108 - 30 Jun 2024

Viewed by 270

Abstract

To address the control performance and harmonic suppression issues in maritime vessel rudder permanent magnet servo systems, a fractional-order PID controller was introduced into the existing improved repetitive control strategy. We used the Oustaloup approximation algorithm and particle swarm optimization for tuning the [...] Read more.

To address the control performance and harmonic suppression issues in maritime vessel rudder permanent magnet servo systems, a fractional-order PID controller was introduced into the existing improved repetitive control strategy. We used the Oustaloup approximation algorithm and particle swarm optimization for tuning the fractional-order PID controller. The optimized parameters substantially improved the control performance. By integrating the fractional-order PID controller with the improved repetitive controller, a composite fractional-order PID repetitive control strategy was formed. Finally, MATLAB/Simulink simulations were conducted to compare and verify the disturbance rejection and harmonic suppression capabilities of the improved control strategy. The results demonstrate its superior control performance, thereby increasing the practicality of the control system in dealing with various situations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Power Management Systems for Hybrid Electric Vessels)

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19 pages, 1719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Submerged Breakwaters for Maximum Power of a Point-Absorber Wave Energy Converter Using Bragg Resonance

by Sanghwan Heo and Weoncheol Koo

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071107 - 29 Jun 2024

Viewed by 212

Abstract

This study focused on optimizing the power generation of a heaving point-absorber wave energy converter (HPA-WEC) by integrating submerged breakwaters. An optimization analysis was conducted based on a framework developed in the authors’ previous work, aiming to maximize the capture width ratio (CWR) [...] Read more.

This study focused on optimizing the power generation of a heaving point-absorber wave energy converter (HPA-WEC) by integrating submerged breakwaters. An optimization analysis was conducted based on a framework developed in the authors’ previous work, aiming to maximize the capture width ratio (CWR) by inducing Bragg resonance. Numerical simulations were conducted using a two-dimensional frequency domain boundary element method (FD-BEM) under irregular wave conditions. Advanced particle swarm optimization (PSO) was used for the optimization, with design variables that included the power take-off (PTO) dam** coefficient, spring constant, and position and shape of the submerged breakwaters. The results showed that the CWR almost doubled when two breakwaters were used compared with the case without breakwaters. The CWR significantly increased, even with only one breakwater installed behind the WEC. A coastal stability analysis showed that installing two breakwaters provided the best performance, reducing the transmitted wave energy by approximately 25%. Furthermore, the CWR reached its maximum when the distance between the breakwater endpoints equaled the wavelength of the peak wave frequency, indicating the occurrence of Bragg resonance. This study underscores the potential of submerged breakwaters in enhancing power generation and coastal stability in the design of HPA-WECs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Stability and Safety of Ships in Waves)

12 pages, 2506 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Artificial Neural Network for Glider Detection in a Marine Environment by Improving a CNN Vision Encoder

by Jungwoo Lee, Ji-Hyun Park, Jeong-Hwan Hwang, Kyoungseok Noh, Youngho Choi and **ho Suh

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071106 - 29 Jun 2024

Viewed by 224

Abstract

Despite major economic and technological advances, much of the ocean remains unexplored, which has led to the use of remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and gliders for surveying. ROVs and underwater gliders are essential for ocean data collection. Gliders, which control their own buoyancy, [...] Read more.

Despite major economic and technological advances, much of the ocean remains unexplored, which has led to the use of remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and gliders for surveying. ROVs and underwater gliders are essential for ocean data collection. Gliders, which control their own buoyancy, are particularly effective unmanned platforms for long-term observations. The traditional method of recovering the glider on a small boat is a risky operation and depends on the skill of the workers. Therefore, a safer, more efficient, and automated system is needed to recover them. In this study, we propose a lightweight artificial neural network for underwater glider detection that is efficient for learning and inference. In order to have a smaller parameter size and faster inference, a convolutional neural network (CNN) vision encoder in an artificial neural network splits an image of a glider into a number of elongated patches that overlap to better preserve the spatial information of the pixels in the horizontal and vertical directions. Global max-pooling, which computes the maximum over all the spatial locations of an input feature, was used to activate the most salient feature vectors at the end of the encoder. As a result of the inference of the glider detection models on the test dataset, the average precision (AP), which indicates the probability that an object is located within the predicted bounding box, shows that the proposed model achieves AP = 99.7%, while the EfficientDet-D2 model for comparison of detection performance achieves AP = 69.2% at an intersection over union (IOU) threshold of 0.5. Similarly, the proposed model achieves an AP of 78.9% and the EfficientDet-D2 model achieves an AP of 50.5% for an IOU threshold of 0.75. These results show that accurate prediction is possible within a wide range of recall for glider position inference in a real ocean environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applications and Development of Underwater Robotics and Underwater Vision Technology)

31 pages, 2985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrodynamic Performance Assessment of Emerged, Alternatively Submerged and Submerged Semicircular Breakwater: An Experimental and Computational Study

by Faris Ali Hamood Al-Towayti, Hee-Min Teh, Zhe Ma, Idris Ahmed Jae, Agusril Syamsir and Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071105 - 29 Jun 2024

Viewed by 179

Abstract

Coastal protection structures are essential defenses against wave energy, safeguarding coastal communities. This study aims to refine coastal protection strategies by employing a semicircular breakwater (SBW) model. Through a combination of physical and computational models, the hydrodynamic properties of the SBW under regular [...] Read more.

Coastal protection structures are essential defenses against wave energy, safeguarding coastal communities. This study aims to refine coastal protection strategies by employing a semicircular breakwater (SBW) model. Through a combination of physical and computational models, the hydrodynamic properties of the SBW under regular wave conditions were thoroughly examined. The primary objectives included delineating the hydrodynamic characteristics of SBWs, develo** a computational model to validate experimental findings. Hydrodynamic characteristics of the SBW model were scrutinized across various wave conditions. Experimental testing in a wave flume covered a range of relative water depths (d/h) from 0.667 to 1.667, wave steepness (H_i/L) spanning 0.02 to 0.06 and wave periods ranging from 0.8 to 2.5 s. Notably, analysis of an emerged SBW with d/h = 0.667 revealed superior wave reflection, while an alternative submerged SBW with d/h = 1.000 showed the highest energy loss. These findings are further corroborated by the validation of computational models against experimental outcomes for d/h = 0.667, 1.000, 1.333 and 1.667. Moreover, the investigation of forces revealed an inverse correlation between horizontal forces and wave height, while vertical forces showed nuanced variations, including a slightly decreasing average vertical force with greater relative wave period (B/L) for different immersion scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)

3 pages, 142 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advanced Research on the Sustainable Maritime Transportation

by **anhua Wu, Jian Wu and Lang Xu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071104 - 29 Jun 2024

Viewed by 289

Abstract

With globalization and environmental sustainability growing in importance, the sustainable development of maritime transportation, as the main mode of international trade, is particularly significant [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on the Sustainable Maritime Transportation)

20 pages, 1048 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Container Yard Layout Design Problem with an Underground Logistics System

by Bin Lu, Mengxia Zhang, **aojie Xu, Chengji Liang, Yu Wang and Hongchen Liu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1103; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071103 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 349

Abstract

In recent years, underground logistics systems have attracted more and more attention from scholars and are considered to be a promising new green and intelligent transportation mode. This paper proposes a yard design problem considering an underground container logistics system. The structure and [...] Read more.

In recent years, underground logistics systems have attracted more and more attention from scholars and are considered to be a promising new green and intelligent transportation mode. This paper proposes a yard design problem considering an underground container logistics system. The structure and workflow of the underground container logistics system are analyzed, and key features are recognized for the yard design problem, such as the container block layout direction, the lane configuration in the yard, and the number of container blocks. We formulate the problem into mathematical models under different scenarios of the key features with the comprehensive objective of maximizing the total throughput and minimizing the total operation cost simultaneously. An improved tabu search algorithm is designed to solve the problem. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can generate a satisfactory layout design solution for a real-size instance. Our research studies different container yard design options for introducing the underground logistics system into port terminals, which provides an important scientific foundation for promoting the application of underground container logistics systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

18 pages, 1637 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Method for Analyzing Sandbar Distribution in Shelf-Type Tidal Deltas Using Sediment Dynamic Simulation

by Mingming Tang, Sichen **ong, Qian Zhang, Ruifeng Hong, Chenyang Peng and Rong **e

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071102 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 267

Abstract

Shallow marine shelf sedimentation is a hot and difficult topic in today’s reservoir sedimentology research, and it is widely present in the world. The shallow marine shelf sedimentation is not only affected by complex hydrodynamic effects such as tides and waves, but also [...] Read more.

Shallow marine shelf sedimentation is a hot and difficult topic in today’s reservoir sedimentology research, and it is widely present in the world. The shallow marine shelf sedimentation is not only affected by complex hydrodynamic effects such as tides and waves, but also controlled by bottom tectonic features, forming a complex and varied sedimentation pattern. During the Middle Jurassic period, the northern part of West Siberian Basin was characterized by a shallow marine shelf sedimentary environment. In the central reion of this basin, a typical tectonic uplift zone developed, forming a tectonic background of “one uplift zone between two depressions”. Simultaneously, the dominant influence of tides in the shallow marine shelf environment facilitated the formation of a typical shelf-type tidal delta sedimentation system in the Jurassic strata of the northern part of West Siberian Basin. This sedimentation constitutes a significant natural gas reservoir, and it is important to investigate the sedimentary evolution of shelf-type tidal deltas and to clarify the internal structure and distribution of sedimentary sand bodies and interlayers in shelf-type tidal deltas, which is the basis for the fine development of this type of reservoir. This paper takes the Jurassic strata in the Y region of northern part of West Siberian Basin as the research object, and conducts numerical simulation based on sedimentary dynamics for the shelf-type tidal delta sedimentation formed under the tectonic background of “one uplift zone between two depressions”. In addition, tidal amplitude and initial water level were selected for different hydrodynamic factors to study the main controlling factors of shelf-type tidal delta sedimentation. The simulation results show that tidal amplitude is positively correlated with three-dimensional configuration characteristic parameters of the sedimentary sand bodies, and the development of tidal bars becomes more and more limited as the initial water level increases. This paper systematically investigates the sedimentary evolution of shelf-type tidal delta under the tectonic background of “one uplift zone between two depressions” by the sedimentary dynamics method, which deepens the understanding of the shelf-type tidal delta sedimentation process and provides a new thinking for the development of this sedimentary reservoir type (School of Geosciences China University of Petroleum (East China)). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Efficient Exploration and Development of Oil & Gas from Ocean—2nd Edition)

26 pages, 5443 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Horizontal Cylinder Load under Different Conditions in Regards to Waves and Flows

by **aoguo Zhou, Qingdian Jiang, Kai Wang and Shuqi Wang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071101 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 204

Abstract

A numerical simulation based on the CFD method is used to study the interaction between a horizontal cylinder and wave flow. Firstly, a two-dimensional numerical calculation model of both a fixed and a rigid moving cylinder, with a free surface under varying wave [...] Read more.

A numerical simulation based on the CFD method is used to study the interaction between a horizontal cylinder and wave flow. Firstly, a two-dimensional numerical calculation model of both a fixed and a rigid moving cylinder, with a free surface under varying wave flow conditions, is created. In the established model, the loads on the horizontal cylinder under different submergence depths, flow velocities, cylinder sizes, wave periods, and k values (spring stiffness) are analyzed and calculated. The results show that, when the cylinder is close to the free surface, its hydrodynamic load under wave flow conditions is more sensitive to changes in submergence depth, which essentially affects wave reflection and blockage. At different flow velocities, k values, cylinder radii, and arm lengths, the main frequency of the Fourier transform of the cylinder motion curve remains unchanged; however, the main frequency does change with the wave period and submergence depth. The efficiency of rotary cylindrical energy harvesting is influenced by various factors, among which an initial increase and then decrease are observed with a gradually increasing k value, arm length, period, and radius, in addition to an observed decrease with increasing flow velocity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Marine Engineering Hydrodynamics)

18 pages, 6393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Experimental Research of a Lifting-Type Tidal Energy Capture Device

by Lingjie Bao, Ying Wang, Hao Li, Junhua Chen, Fang** Huang and Chuhua Jiang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1100; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071100 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 211

Abstract

In this study, in order to promote the development of far-reaching marine aquaculture equipment in an intelligent direction and solve the problems related to power supply, a tidal current energy harvesting device for a low-velocity sea area is proposed. For low-velocity waters in [...] Read more.

In this study, in order to promote the development of far-reaching marine aquaculture equipment in an intelligent direction and solve the problems related to power supply, a tidal current energy harvesting device for a low-velocity sea area is proposed. For low-velocity waters in farming areas, the device can effectively harness tidal energy to provide a stable power supply to open sea cages. A mathematical model of the Savonius turbine blade is established, and the influence of the distance between the impeller center and the water surface on the energy capture efficiency of the turbine is analyzed through numerical simulation. Using ANSYS2021R1 software, the velocity field of the floating body is simulated, and the overall structure and anchoring system of the power generation device is designed. In order to verify the effectiveness of the power generation device, a test model is built and a physical model test is carried out. The variation in parameters related to the relative distance between the impeller and the water under different flow velocities is tested, and the test data are analyzed. The test results show that the floating body can increase the flow speed by 10%. Optimizing the blade number and order of the S-turbine can capture more than 20% of the energy. Under different flow velocities, the capture power of the impeller first increases and then decreases with increasing distance from the water. When the center of the impeller is one-quarter of the impeller diameter higher than the water surface, the output power of the impeller is at the maximum. This indicates that the proposed power generation device can effectively use tidal energy under different water depth conditions and provide a stable power supply for far-reaching marine aquaculture equipment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Energy)

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11 pages, 517 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Pile Running during Installation Using Deep Learning Method

by Ben He, Ruilong Shi, Qingzheng Guan and Yitao Yang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1099; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071099 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 165

Abstract

Pile running during the installation of offshore large diameter pipe piles poses a significant challenge to construction safety and pile bearing capacity. This paper proposes a deep learning (DL)-based method for predicting pile running occurrences. Utilizing a dataset of pile installation records collected [...] Read more.

Pile running during the installation of offshore large diameter pipe piles poses a significant challenge to construction safety and pile bearing capacity. This paper proposes a deep learning (DL)-based method for predicting pile running occurrences. Utilizing a dataset of pile installation records collected from various construction sites, the DL model was trained and tested. The predictive capacity of the DL model was compared with conventional analytical methods, demonstrating its superior performance in terms of accuracy and robustness. Additionally, the SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) method was employed for the sensitivity analysis of the model’s input variables, and the resultant importance ranking agreed well with the findings of existing studies, thus enhancing the reliability and interpretability of the model’s predictions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

25 pages, 13461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Ship Energy Consumption Prediction Method Based on TGMA Model and Feature Selection

by Yuhang Liu, Kai Wang, Yong Lu, Yongfeng Zhang, Zhongwei Li, Ranqi Ma and Lianzhong Huang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071098 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 250

Abstract

Optimizing ship energy efficiency is a crucial measure for reducing fuel use and emissions in the ship** industry. Accurate prediction models of ship energy consumption are essential for achieving this optimization. However, external factors affecting ship fuel consumption have not been comprehensively investigated, [...] Read more.

Optimizing ship energy efficiency is a crucial measure for reducing fuel use and emissions in the ship** industry. Accurate prediction models of ship energy consumption are essential for achieving this optimization. However, external factors affecting ship fuel consumption have not been comprehensively investigated, and many existing studies still face efficiency and accuracy challenges. In this study, we propose a neural network model called TCN-GRU-MHSA (TGMA), which incorporates the temporal convolutional network (TCN), the gated recurrent unit (GRU), and multi-head self-attention mechanisms to predict ship energy consumption. Firstly, the characteristics of ship operation data are analyzed, and appropriate input features are selected. Then, the prediction model is established and validated through application analysis. Using the proposed model, the prediction accuracy of ship energy consumption can reach up to 96.04%. Comparative analysis results show that the TGMA model outperforms existing models, including those based on LSTM, GRU, SVR, TCN-GRU, and BP neural networks, in terms of accuracy. Therefore, the developed model can effectively predict ship fuel usage under various conditions, making it essential for optimizing and improving ship energy efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Pollution)

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19 pages, 938 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the On-Board Storage and Use of Ammonia as a Fuel Applying the House of Quality

by Evanthia Kostidi, **aofei Cui and Dimitrios Lyridis

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071097 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 146

Abstract

Ammonia as a fuel has been known for several years, but only relatively recently has it attracted interest for study and use as a marine fuel. A forthcoming generation of sustainable, economically viable, and safe technologies for the large-scale onboard storage of ammonia [...] Read more.

Ammonia as a fuel has been known for several years, but only relatively recently has it attracted interest for study and use as a marine fuel. A forthcoming generation of sustainable, economically viable, and safe technologies for the large-scale onboard storage of ammonia as a marine fuel is being developed. This article presents a structured approach to carrying out Quality Function Deployment (QFD) for evaluating a project solution at the strategic level. The “House of Quality” (HoQ) method is utilised since it provides the means for inter-functional planning and communications among people with different problems and responsibilities. The project requirements are defined and lead to functional technical characteristics to satisfy these needs. The approach allows for the application of a weighting scheme to rank the perceived relative importance of the requirements, the difficulty involved in implementing the technologies, and the relationship between requirements and functional technical characteristics. QFD analysis prioritises safety compliance, technical specifications, emission control, and operational efficiency. The added value of this work is beyond the life of a project since it may provide assistance to the stakeholders in assessing the applicability of ammonia fuel solutions given the resources available to them. This feature will enable the justification of further investment into specific technologies based on their potential impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

35 pages, 2700 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vibration Suppression of Two Adjacent Cables Using an Interconnected Tuned Mass Damper/Nonlinear Energy Sink

by Che Yao, Dejian Li and **aojun Wei

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1096; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071096 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 157

Abstract

Due to their high flexibility, low dam**, and small mass, stay cables are prone to large-amplitude vibrations. Various mechanical measures, typically installed near the cable anchorage to the deck, have been developed to suppress cable vibration. These dampers, however, may not be effective [...] Read more.

Due to their high flexibility, low dam**, and small mass, stay cables are prone to large-amplitude vibrations. Various mechanical measures, typically installed near the cable anchorage to the deck, have been developed to suppress cable vibration. These dampers, however, may not be effective for ultralong cables since the damper is close to the cable anchorage, the cable node. In this paper, a tuned mass damper (TMD)/nonlinear energy sink (NES) are considered for installation between two adjacent stay cables for vibration mitigation. Firstly, the static equilibrium equation of the stay cable–damper system is established, and the influence of the self-weight of the damper on cable shape is investigated. The governing equations describing the motion of the two adjacent cables with a damper are then established using the Hamilton principle, which are then solved by the method of separation of variables. For cases of swept-sine excitation and harmonic excitation, the optimal designs of TMD and NES are achieved with the purpose of suppressing the first- and third-mode-dominated vibrations, respectively. Both optimal TMD and NES may substantially suppress cable vibrations, with each having advantages under certain situations. Finally, the dynamic response characteristics of two adjacent cables with an optimal damper are analyzed. Interesting dynamic behaviors, such as energy input suppression, phase shift, cable frequency shift, and phase diagram boundary rotation, are identified, and their mechanisms are explained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)

17 pages, 1826 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parameter Identification of Maritime Vessel Rudder PMSM Based on Extended Kalman Particle Filter Algorithm

by Tianqing Yuan, Tianli Wang, **g Bai and **gwen Fan

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1095; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071095 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 196

Abstract

To address the issue of system parameter variations during the operation of a maritime light vessel rudder permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), an extended Kalman particle filter (EKPF) algorithm that combines a particle filter (PF) with an extended Kalman filter (EKF) is proposed [...] Read more.

To address the issue of system parameter variations during the operation of a maritime light vessel rudder permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), an extended Kalman particle filter (EKPF) algorithm that combines a particle filter (PF) with an extended Kalman filter (EKF) is proposed in this paper. This approach enables the online identification of motor resistance and inductance. For highly nonlinear problems that are challenging for traditional methods such as Kalman filtering, this algorithm is typically a statistical and effective estimation method that usually yields good results. Firstly, a standard linear discrete parameter identification model is established for a PMSM. Secondly, the PF algorithm based on Bayesian state estimation as a foundation for subsequent research is derived. Thirdly, the advantages and limitations of the PF algorithm are analyzed, addressing issues such as sample degeneracy, by integrating it with the Kalman filtering algorithm. Specifically, the EKPF algorithm for online parameter identification is employed. Finally, the identification model within MATLAB/Simulink is constructed and the simulation studies are executed to ascertain the viability of our suggested algorithm. The outcomes from these simulations indicate that the proposed EKPF algorithm identifies resistance and inductance values both swiftly and precisely, markedly boosting the robustness and enhancing the control efficacy of the PMSM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Power Management Systems for Hybrid Electric Vessels)

27 pages, 12927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coastal Erosion Dynamics and Protective Measures in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta

by Tran Van Ty, Dinh Van Duy, Lam Tan Phat, Huynh Vuong Thu Minh, Nguyen Truong Thanh, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Uyen and Nigel K. Downes

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1094; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071094 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 272

Abstract

The dynamic shifts in shorelines due to erosion and deposition have become a significant challenge in coastal zone management, particularly in the context of climate change and rising sea levels. This paper evaluates the shoreline protection and efficiency of various wave-reducing breakwaters in [...] Read more.

The dynamic shifts in shorelines due to erosion and deposition have become a significant challenge in coastal zone management, particularly in the context of climate change and rising sea levels. This paper evaluates the shoreline protection and efficiency of various wave-reducing breakwaters in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. The delta exemplifies the coastal erosion issue faced by deltas worldwide. Landsat satellite images were used to establish a coastal development map for the period 2000 to 2022. The wave data in front and behind the breakwaters were analyzed to assess the wave reduction efficiency of various breakwater structures. Our results reveal that coastal erosion is deeply concerning, with almost 40% of the coastline experiencing severe erosion. Hotspot areas have been observed to reach annual erosion rates of nearly 95 m per year. The majority of provinces have adopted protective measures, with 68% of affected shorelines protected to some degree. Our results show breakwaters to be highly effective in reducing wave height, with a 62% reduction in waves reaching the shore. The process of creating offset has taken place in the area from the breakwater back to the mainland, with the rate of increase in compensation also quite fast at up to 3.1 cm/month. The stability of the pile–rock is very high; however, it is necessary to add rock to compensate for the settlement of the rock part. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Estuarine Monitoring and Management)

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22 pages, 6617 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of a Hybrid Wind–Wave Energy Converter System in Nearshore Deployment

by Phan Cong Binh, Tri Dung Dang and Kyoung Kwan Ahn

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071093 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 258

Abstract

A modeling technique for a nearshore hybrid wind–wave energy converter system (HWWECS) is presented in this research. The model consists of the buoy, wind system, and generator, allowing simulation of the HWWECS’s behavior in response to varied wave circumstances, such as different wave [...] Read more.

A modeling technique for a nearshore hybrid wind–wave energy converter system (HWWECS) is presented in this research. The model consists of the buoy, wind system, and generator, allowing simulation of the HWWECS’s behavior in response to varied wave circumstances, such as different wave heights and periods. The HWWECS is made up of two buoy units and a wind system that work together to power a generator. The Wave Analysis at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (WAMIT) software is used to calculate the hydrodynamic forces. A variable inertia hydraulic flywheel is used to bring the system into resonance with incident wave frequencies in order to improve power production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Control, Modeling, and the Development of Wave Energy Convertors)

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16 pages, 4411 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real-Time Infrared Sea–Sky Line Region Detection in Complex Environment Based on Deep Learning

by Yongfei Wang, Fan Li, Jianhui Zhao and Jian Fu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071092 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 227

Abstract

Fast and accurate infrared (IR) sea–sky line region (SSLR) detection can improve the early warning capability of the small targets that appear in the remote sea–sky junction. However, the traditional algorithms struggle to achieve high precision, while the learning-based ones have low detection [...] Read more.

Fast and accurate infrared (IR) sea–sky line region (SSLR) detection can improve the early warning capability of the small targets that appear in the remote sea–sky junction. However, the traditional algorithms struggle to achieve high precision, while the learning-based ones have low detection speed. To overcome these problems, a novel learning-based algorithm is proposed; rather than detecting the sea–sky line first, the proposed algorithm directly provides SSLR, which mainly consists of three parts: Firstly, an IR sea–sky line region detection module (ISRDM) is proposed, which combines strip pooling and the connection mode of a cross-stage partial network to extract the features of the SSLR target, with an unbalanced aspect ratio, more specifically, thus improving the detection accuracy. Secondly, a lightweight backbone is presented to reduce the parameters of the model and, therefore, improve the inference speed. Finally, a Detection Head Based on the spatial-aware attention module (SAMHead) is designed to enhance the perception ability of the SSLR and further reduce the inference time. Extensive experiments conducted on three datasets with more than 26,000 frames show that the proposed algorithm achieved approximately 80% average precision (AP), outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithms in accuracy, and can realize real-time detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning Methodologies and Ocean Science)

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15 pages, 5302 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Learning-Based Geomorphic Feature Identification in Dredge Pit Marine Environment

by Wenqiang Zhang, **aobing Chen, **angwei Zhou, Jianhua Chen, Jianguo Yuan, Taibiao Zhao and Kehui Xu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1091; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071091 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 260

Abstract

Deep learning methods paired with sidescan sonar (SSS) are commonly used in underwater search-and-rescue operations for drowning victims, wrecks, and airplanes. However, these techniques are primarily used to detect mine-like objects and are rarely applied to identifying features in dynamic dredge pit environments. [...] Read more.

Deep learning methods paired with sidescan sonar (SSS) are commonly used in underwater search-and-rescue operations for drowning victims, wrecks, and airplanes. However, these techniques are primarily used to detect mine-like objects and are rarely applied to identifying features in dynamic dredge pit environments. In this study, we present a Sandy Point dredge pit (SPDP) dataset, in which high-resolution SSS data were collected from the west flank of the Mississippi bird-foot delta on the Louisiana inner shelf. This dataset contains a total of 385 SSS images. We then introduce a new Effective Geomorphology Classification model (EGC). Through ablation studies, we analyze the utility of transfer learning on different model architectures and the impact of data augmentations on model performance. This EGC model makes geomorphic feature identification in dredge pit environments, which requires extensive experience and professional knowledge, a quick and efficient task. The combination of SSS images and the EGC model is a cost-effective and valuable toolkit for hazard monitoring in marine dredge pit environments. The SPDP SSS image dataset, especially the feature of pit walls without a rotational slump, is also valuable for other machine learning models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)

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19 pages, 1611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection and Analysis of Corrosion on Coated Metal Surfaces using Enhanced YOLO v5 Algorithm for Anti-Corrosion Performance Evaluation

by Qifeng Yu, Yudong Han, Wuguang Lin and **njia Gao

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1090; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071090 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 268

Abstract

This study addresses the severe corrosion issues in the coastal regions of southern China by proposing an improved YOLO v5-GOLD-NWD model. Utilizing corrosion data from the National Center for Materials Corrosion and Protection Science of China, a dataset was constructed for metal-surface corrosion [...] Read more.

This study addresses the severe corrosion issues in the coastal regions of southern China by proposing an improved YOLO v5-GOLD-NWD model. Utilizing corrosion data from the National Center for Materials Corrosion and Protection Science of China, a dataset was constructed for metal-surface corrosion under different protective coatings. This dataset was used for model training, testing, and comparison. Model accuracy was validated using precision, recall, F1 score, and prediction probability. The results demonstrate that the proposed improved model exhibits better identification precision in metal corrosion detection, achieving 78%, a 4% improvement compared to traditional YOLO v5 models. Additionally, through identification and statistical analysis of corrosion image datasets from five types of coated metal specimens, it was found that powder epoxy coating, fluorocarbon coating, epoxy coating, and chlorinated rubber coating showed good corrosion resistance after 24 months of exposure. Conversely, Wuxi anti-fouling coating exhibited poor corrosion resistance. After 60 months of natural exposure, the powder epoxy coating specimens had the highest corrosion occurrence probability, followed by chlorinated rubber coating and epoxy coating, with fluorocarbon coating showing relatively lower probability. The fluorocarbon coating demonstrated relatively good corrosion resistance at both 24 and 60 months of exposure. The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for enhancing the corrosion protection effectiveness of steel structures in coastal areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on the Sustainable Maritime Transportation (2nd Edition))

26 pages, 3198 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Empirical Orthogonal Function Analysis on Long-Term Profile Evolution of Tidal Flats along a Curved Coast in the Qiantang River Estuary, China

by Ying Li and Dongzi Pan

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071089 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 261

Abstract

Tidal flats are dynamic coastal ecosystems continually reshaped by natural processes and human activities. This study investigates the application of Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis to the long-term profile evolution of tidal flats along the Jiansan Bend of the Qiantang River Estuary, China. [...] Read more.

Tidal flats are dynamic coastal ecosystems continually reshaped by natural processes and human activities. This study investigates the application of Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis to the long-term profile evolution of tidal flats along the Jiansan Bend of the Qiantang River Estuary, China. By applying EOF analysis to profiles observed from 1984 to 2023, this study identifies dominant modes of variability and their spatial and temporal characteristics, offering insights into the complex sediment transport and morphological evolution processes. EOF analysis helps unravel the complex interactions between natural and anthropogenic factors sha** tidal flats, with the first three eigenfunctions accounting for over 90% of the observed variance. The first spatial eigenfunction captures the primary trend, while the subsequent two eigenfunctions reveal secondary and tertiary modes of variability. A conceptual model developed in this study elucidates the interplay between hydrodynamic forces and morphological changes, highlighting the rotation and oscillation of tidal flat profiles in response to seasonal variations in hydrological conditions. The findings emphasize the effectiveness of EOF analysis in capturing significant geomorphological processes and underscore its potential in enhancing the understanding of tidal flat dynamics, thereby informing more effective management and conservation strategies for these critical coastal environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Morphological Processes and Evolution of Marine Geomorphology: Observations, Modeling and Applications)

16 pages, 887 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Analysis of Pirate Attacks on Southeast Asian Ships Based on Bayesian Networks

by Qiong Chen, **sheng Zhang, Jiaqi Gao, Yui-Yip Lau, Jieming Liu, Mark Ching-Pong Poo and Pengfei Zhang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071088 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 295

Abstract

As a bridge for international trade, maritime transportation security is crucial to the global economy. Southeast Asian waters have become a high-incidence area of global piracy attacks due to geographic location and complex security situations, posing a great threat to the development of [...] Read more.

As a bridge for international trade, maritime transportation security is crucial to the global economy. Southeast Asian waters have become a high-incidence area of global piracy attacks due to geographic location and complex security situations, posing a great threat to the development of the Maritime Silk Road. In this study, the factors affecting the risk of pirate attacks are analyzed in depth by using the Global Ship Piracy Attacks Report from the IMO Global Integrated Ship** Information System (GISIS) database (i.e., 2013–2022) in conjunction with a Bayesian Network (BN) model, and the Expectation Maximization algorithm is used to train the model parameters. The results show that piracy behaviors and the ship’s risk are the key factors affecting the risk of pirate attacks, and suggestions are made to reduce the risk of pirate attacks. This study develops a theoretical basis for preventing and controlling the risk of pirate attacks on ships, which helps maintain the safety of ship operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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J. Mar. Sci. Eng., Volume 12, Issue 7 (July 2024) – 82 articles

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